材料英文文献翻译

ThedevelopmentofplasticmouldChina'sindustrialplasticmouldsfromthestarttonow,aftermorethanhalfacentury,therehasbeengreatdevelopment,moldlevelshavebeengreatlyenhanced.Mouldhasbeenatlargecanproduce48-inchbig-screencolorTVMoldedCaseinjectionmold,6.5kgcapacitywashingmachinefullofplasticmolds,aswellastheoverallcarbumpersanddashboards,andotherplasticmouldprecisionplasticmolds,thecameraiscapableofproducingplasticmould,multi-cavitymoldsmallmodulusgearandmoldingmold.--SuchasTianjinandYantaidaysElectricalCo.,LtdPolarisIKCo.manufacturedmulti-cavitymoldVCDandDVDgear,thegearproductionofsuchsizeprecisionplasticparts,coaxial,beatingrequirementshavereachedasimilarforeignthelevelofproduct,butalsotheapplicationofthelatestgeardesignsoftwaretocorrectcontractionasaresultofthemoldingprofileerrortothestandardinvoluterequirements.Productioncanonly0.08mmthicknessofatwo-cavitymoldandtheairCupdifficultyofplasticdoorsandwindowsoutofhighmodulus,andsoon.Modelcavityinjectionmoldingmanufacturingaccuracyof0.02to0.05mm,surfaceroughnessRa0.2μm,moldquality,andsignificantlyincreaselifeexpectancy,non-hardeningsteelmouldlifeupto10~30million,hardeningsteelformupto50~10milliontimes,shortenthedeliverytimethanbefore,butstillhigherthanabroad,andthegapbetweenaspecificdatatable.Process,themulti-materialplasticmoldingdie,efficientmulticolorinjectionmould,insertsexchangestructureandcorepullingStrippingtheinnovativedesignhasalsomadegreatprogress.Gas-assistedinjectionmolding,theuseofmorematuretechnologies,suchasQingdaoHisenseCo.,Ltd.,Tianjinfactorycommunicationsandbroadcastingcompanies,suchasmoldmanufacturerssucceededin29~34-inchTVthick-walledshell,aswellassomepartsontheuseofgas-assistedmouldtechnologySomemanufacturersalsousetheC-MOLDgas-assistedsoftwareandachievedbetterresults.Prescott,suchasShanghai,suchasthenewcompanywillprovideuserswithgas-assistedmoldingequipmentandtechnology.Beganpromotinghotrunnermold,andsomeplantsuserateofmorethan20percent,thegeneralheat-thermalhotrunner,ordevice,asmallnumberofunitswiththeworld'sadvancedlevelofrigoroushotrunner-needledevice,asmallnumberofunitswithWorldadvancedlevelofrigorousneedle-hotrunnermould.However,theuseofhotrunneroverallrateoflessthan10%,withoverseascomparedto50~80%,thegaplarger.Inthemanufacturingtechnology,CAD/CAM/CAEtechnologyonthelevelofapplicationofanewleveltotheenterprisefortheproductionofhouseholdappliancesrepresentativeshaveintroducedaconsiderablenumberofCAD/CAMsystems,suchastheUnitedStatesEDSUGⅡ,theUnitedStatesParametricTechnologyPro/Engineer,theUnitedStatesCVCADS5company,theBritishcompanyDOCT5Deltacam,HZS'sCRADEJapan,thecompany'sCimatronIsrael,theUnitedStatesAC-C-TechMoldCompanyandAustralia'sMPAMoldflowMoldanalysissoftware,andsoon.Thesesystemsandtheintroductionofthesoftware,althoughalotofmoneyspent,butinourcountrydieindustry,andachievingaCAD/CAMintegration,andtosupportCAEtechnologytoformingprocessessuchasmoldingandcooling,suchascomputersimulation,andachievedcertainThetechnicalandeconomicbenefits,promoteandfacilitateChina'sCAD/CAMtechnology.Inrecentyears,China'sowndevelopmentoftheplasticmouldCAD/CAMsystemhasachievedsignificantdevelopment,themainguarantorSoftwareEngineeringInstitute,isthedevelopmentofCAXA,HuazhongUniversityofScienceHSC5.0developmentofthesystemandinjectionmoldCAEsoftware,andsoon,theseDieofdomesticsoftwarewiththespecificcircumstancesintheapplicationofcomputerandlowerprices,andothercharacteristics,inordertofurtheruniversalCAD/CAMtechnologyhascreatedgoodconditions.Inrecentyears,Chinahasbeenmoreextensiveuseofsomenewplasticmoldsteel,suchas:P20,3Cr2Mo,PMS,SMⅠ,SMⅡ,andthequalityoflifeofmoldhasadirectsignificantimpactontheoveralluseofthestillless.PlasticMouldsstandardmodelplanes,suchasstandardputterandspringhasgivenmoreapplications,andtherehavebeensomeofthecommercializationofdomestichotrunnersystemcomponents.However,atpresentChinaDielevelofstandardizationandcommercializationinthegenerallevelofbelow30percentandforeignadvancedindustrialcountrieshasreached70percentcomparedto80percent,stillalargegap.Table1,athomeandabroadplasticmouldtechnologycomparisontable，Domesticprojectsabroadcavityinjectionmodelaccuracyof0.005~0.010.02mm~0.05mmcavitysurfaceroughnessRa0.01~0.05μmRa0.20μmnon-hardenedsteeldielife10to60million10~30millionhardenedsteeldielife160~300millionof50~100millionhotrunnermouldoverallutilizationrateofmorethan80percentlessthan10percentlevelofstandardizationof70~80%lessthan30%ofmedium-sizedplasticmouldproductioncycleaboutamonth2~4monthsinthemoldindustryintheamountof30to40%25to30%Accordingtothepartiesconcernedforecast,themarket'soverallvigorousmoldisasmoothupward,inthenextDiemarket,thedevelopmentofplasticmouldfasterthantheotherDie,dieintheproportionofindustrywillgraduallyimprove.Withthecontinuousdevelopmentoftheplasticsindustry,putontheplasticmoldgrowingdemandsisanormal,andsosophisticated,large-scale,complex,long-lifeplasticmoulddevelopmentwillbehigherthantheoverallpaceofdevelopment.Atthesametime,importsinrecentyearsbecauseofthemold,precision,large,complex,long-lifedieinthemajority,therefore,reduceimportsperspective,inthemoldofsuchhigh-endmarketsharewillgraduallyincrease.TherapiddevelopmentoftheconstructionindustrysothatthevariousProfileExtrusionDie,PVCplasticpipefittingsDieDiemarketbecomeaneweconomicgrowthpoint,therapiddevelopmentofhighways,cartiresalsoputahigherdemand,radialtireDie,Dieparticularlyactivepaceofdevelopmentwillalsobehigherthantheoverallaverageleveloftheplasticandwood,plasticandmetaltomakeplasticmoldsintheautomotive,motorcycleindustryinthedemandforhugehouseholdappliancesindustryinthe"10thFive-YearPlan"periodavegreaterdevelopment,especiallyrefrigerators,air-conditionersandmicrowaveovens,andotherpartsofthegreatdemandforplasticmoulds,andelectronicsandcommunicationsproducts,inadditiontoaudio-videoproducts,suchascolortelevisions,laptopcomputersandset-topboxeswillbegivenawidernetworkdevelopment,whicharePlasticMoldmarketisthegrowthpoint.China'sindustrialandtechnologicalplasticmouldthefuturedirectionofthemajordevelopmentswillinclude:1,raisinglarge,sophisticated,complex,long-lifemolddesignandmanufacturingstandardsandproportion.Thisisduetothemoldingplasticmouldproductsincreasinglylarge,complexandhigh-precisionrequirements,aswellasrequirementsforhighproductivityandthedevelopmentofamulti-modedue.2,inthedesignandmanufactureofplasticmouldfullypromotetheuseofCAD/CAM/CAEtechnology.CAD/CAMtechnologyhasdevelopedintoarelativelymaturetechnologycommoninrecentyearsCAD/CAMtechnologyhardwareandsoftwarepriceshasbeenreducedtoSMEsgenerallyacceptablelevelofpopularityforfurthercreategoodconditions;basedonnetworkCAD/CAM/CAEsystemintegrationstructuretheinitialsignsofemerging,anditwillsolvethetraditionalmixedCAD/CAMsystemcannotmeettheactualproductionprocessrequirementsofthedivisionofcollaboration;CAD/CAMsoftwarewillgraduallyimproveintelligenceplasticpartsandthe3-Dmolddesignandprototypingprocess3-Danalysiswillbeinourplasticmouldindustriesplayanincreasinglyimportantrole.3,promotetheuseofhotrunnertechnology,gas-assistedinjectionmoldingtechnologyandhigh-pressureinjectionmoldingtechnology.Usinghotrunnermouldtechnologycanimprovetheproductivityandqualityofpartsandplasticpartscanbesubstantialsavingsofrawmaterialsandenergyconservation,extensiveapplicationofthistechnologyisabigplasticmouldchanges.HotRunnercomponentsformulatenationalstandards,andactivelyproducecheaphigh-qualitycomponents,thedevelopmentofhotrunnermoldisthekey.Gas-assistedinjectionmoldingproductqualitycanbeguaranteedunderthepremiseofsubstantiallylowercost.CurrentlyintheautomotiveandapplianceindustriesgraduallypromotetheuseoftheChiangKai-shek.Gas-assistedinjectionmoldingoftheordinarythanthetraditionalinjectionofmoreparametersneedtoidentifyandcontrol,anditsmorecommonlyusedinlarge,complexproducts,molddesignandcontrolmoredifficult,therefore,thedevelopmentofgas-assistedmoldingflowanalysissoftwareItseemsveryimportant.Ontheotherhandinordertoensureprecisionplasticpartstocontinuetostudythedevelopmentoftechnologyandhigh-pressureinjectionmoldingandinjection-compressionmoldingmouldanddietechnologyisalsoveryimportant.4,thedevelopmentofnewplasticsmoldingtechnologyandrapideconomicmold.Toadapttomorevariety,lessvolumeofproduction.5,andimprovestandardizationofplasticmouldstandardpartsusage.China'smoldanddielevelofstandardpartsstandardizationstilllow,thegapbetweenthelargeandforeign,toacertainextentconstrainingthedevelopmentofindustriesinourcountrydie,dietoimprovequalityandreducemanufacturingcostsDie,Diestandardpartstovigorouslypromotetheapplication.Tothisend,firstofall,toformulateaunifiednationalstandards,andinstrictaccordancewiththestandardsofproduction,secondlyitisnecessarytograduallyscaleproduction,toimprovethecommercializationofthestandardofquality,andreducecostsagainitisnecessarytofurtherincreasethestandardspecificationsofvarieties.6,Dieapplicationqualitymaterialsandadvancedsurfacetreatmenttechnologyforimprovingthequalityoflifeandmolditisnecessary.7,researchandapplicationofhigh-speeddiemeasurementtechnologyandreverseengineering.CMM-use3DscannerorreverseengineeringistherealizationofplasticmouldsCAD/CAMoneofthekeytechnologies.ResearchandApplicationofdiversity,adjustment,cheapdetectionequipmentistoachievethenecessarypreconditionforreverseengineering.塑料模具的发展中国塑料模工业自从开始到现在，已经经过了半个多世纪，有了非常伟大的发展，模具水平有了很大的提高。在大型模具方面已经能够生产48英寸大屏幕彩电塑壳注射模具、6.5kg大容量洗衣机全套塑料模具以及汽车保险杠和整体仪表板等塑料模具;精密塑料模具方面，已能生产照相机塑料件模具、多型腔小模数齿轮模具及塑封模具。例如天津津荣天和机电有限公司和烟台北极星I.K模具有限公司制造的多腔VCD和DVD齿轮模具，所生产的这类齿轮塑件的尺寸精度、同轴度、跳动等要求都与国外同类产品的水平差不多了，而且还采用了最新的齿轮设计软件，纠正了由于成型收缩所造成的齿形误差，达到了标准渐开线齿形要求。还能够生产厚度仅仅为0.08mm的一模两腔的航空杯模具和难度较高的塑料门窗挤出模等等。注塑模型腔制造精度可达0.02～0.05mm，表面粗糙度Ra0.2μm，模具质量、寿命明显提高了，非淬火钢模寿命可达10～30万次，淬火钢模达50～1000万次，交货期比较以前来讲缩短了，但和国外相比较而言仍然有较大的差距，具体的数据请见数据表。在成型工艺方面，多材质塑料成型模具、高效多色注射模具、镶件互换结构和抽芯脱模机构的创新和设计方面也取得了较大的进展。气体辅助注射成型技术的使用也更加趋向于成熟，例如青岛海信模具有限公司、天津通信广播公司模具厂等等厂家成功地在29～34英寸电视机外壳以及一些厚壁零件的模具上运用了气辅技术，一些厂家还使用了C-MOLD气辅软件，取得了很好的效果。例如上海新普雷斯等公司就能为用户提供气辅成型设备及技术。热流道模具开始推广，有的厂采用率达20%以上，一般采用内热式或者外热式热流道装置，少数单位采用具有世界先进水平的高难度针阀式热流道装置，少数单位采用具有世界先进水平的高难度针阀式热流道模具。但在总体上热流道的采用率还达不到10%，与国外的50～80%相比，差距较大。在制造技术方面，CAD/CAM/CAE技术的应用水平上了一个新台阶，以生产家用电器的企业单位作为代表，陆陆续续引进了相当多数量的CAD/CAM系统，例如美国EDS公司引进的UGⅡ、美国ParametricTechnology公司引进的Pro/Emgineer、美国CV公司引进的CADS5、英国Deltacam公司引进的DOCT5、日本HZS公司引进的CRADE、以色列公司引进的Cimatron、美国AC-Tech公司引进的C-Mold以及澳大利亚Moldflow公司引进的MPA塑模分析软件等等。这些系统和软件的引进，虽然花费了大量资金，但在我国模具行业中，实现了CAD/CAM的集成，并能支持CAE技术对成型过程，如充模和冷却等进行计算机模拟，取得了一定的技术经济效益，促进并且推动了我国模具CAD/CAM技术的发展。近些年来，中国自主开发研制的塑料模CAD/CAM系统有了很大程度的发展，主要的有北航华正软件工程研究所开发的CAXA系统、华中理工大学开发的注塑模HSC5.0系统以及CAE软件等，这些软件具有适应国内模具的具体情况、能在微机上应用且价格较低等特点，为进一步普及模具CAD/CAM技术创造了良好的条件。近些年来，中国国内已经较为广泛地采用一些新的塑料模具钢，如:P20、3Cr2Mo、PMS、SMⅠ、SMⅡ等，对模具的质量和使用寿命有着直接并且重大的影响，但是总体来说使用量仍然比较少。塑料模具标准模架、标准推杆和弹簧等越来越广泛地得到应用，并且出现了一些国产的商品化的热流道系统元件。但目前我国模具标准化程度和商品化程度一般在30%以下，和国外先进工业国家已达到的70%-80%相比之下，仍然有很大的差距。表一，国内外塑料模具技术比较表，项目国外国内注塑模型腔精度0.005～0.01mm，0.02～0.05mm，型腔表面粗糙度Ra0.01～0.05μm，Ra0.20μm，非淬火钢模具寿命10～60万次，10～30万次淬火钢模具寿命，160～300万次，50～100万次，热流道模具使用率80%，以上总体不足10%标准化程度70～80%小于30%中型塑料模生产周期一个月左右2～4个月在模具行业中的占有量30～40%，25～30%据有关方面预测，模具市场的总体趋热仍然是平稳向上的，在未来的模具市场之中，塑料模具的发展速度将远远高于其它种类的模具，在模具行业之中的比例将逐步提高。随着塑料工业的不断发展，对塑料模具提出越来越高的要求也是正常的，因此，精密、大型、复杂、长寿命塑料模具的发展将会逐渐高于总量发展速度。同时，由于近年来进口的模具之中，精密、大型、复杂、长寿命的模具占多数，所以，从减少进口角度这方面出发，这类高档模具在市场上的份额也将逐步增大。建筑行业的快速发展，使得各种各类异型材挤出模具、PVC塑料管材管接头模具成为了模具市场新的经济增长点，高速公路的迅速发展，对汽车轮胎也提出了更高要求，因此子午线橡胶轮胎模具，特别是活络模的发展速度也将逐渐高于总体平均水平，用塑料来代替木材，用塑料来代替金属也使塑料模具在汽车、摩托车工业中的需求量巨大，家用电器行业在“十五”期间将有较大发展，特别是电冰箱、空调器和微波炉等的零配件的塑料模需求很大，而电子以及通讯产品方面，除了彩电等音像产品之外，笔记本电脑和网机顶盒也将会有较大的发展，这些全部都是塑料模具市场的增长点。中国塑料模具工业和技术今后的主要发展方向将包括：第一、提高大型、精密、复杂、长寿命模具的设计制造水平及比例。这是由于塑料模成型的制品日渐大型化、复杂化和高精度要求以及因高生产率要求而发展的一模多控所致。第二、在塑料模设计制造中全面推广应用CAD/CAM/CAE技术。CAD/CAM技术已发展成为一项比较成熟的共性技术，近年来模具CAD/CAM技术的硬件与软件价格已降低到中小企业普遍可以接受的程度，为其进一步普及创造了良好的条件;基于网络的CAD/CAM/CAE一体化系统结构初见端倪，其将解决传统混合型CAD/CAM系统无法满足实际生产过程分工协作要求的问题，CAD/CAM软件的智能化程度将逐步提高，塑料制件及模具的3D设计与成型过程的3D分析将在我国塑料模具工业中发挥越来越重要的作用。第三、推广应用热流道技术、气辅注射成型技术和高压注射成型技术。采用热流道技术的模具可以提高制件的生产率和质量，并且能够大幅度节省塑料制件的原材料并且节约能源，所以广泛应用这项技术是塑料模具的一大变革。制订热流道元器件的国家标准，积极生产价格便宜质量还好的元器件，是发展热流道模具的关键。气体辅助注射成型可在保证产品质量的前提之下，大幅度降低成本。目前在汽车和家电行业之中正逐步推广使用。气体辅助注射成型比传统的普通注射工艺有更多的工艺参数需要确定和控制，而且其常用于较复杂的大型制品当中，模具设计和控制的难度比较大，因此，开发气体辅助成型流动分析软件，显得十分重要。另一方面为了确保塑料件精度，继续研究发展高压注射成型工艺与模具以及注射压缩成型工艺与模具也非常重要。第四、开发新的塑料成型工艺和快速经济模具。以适应多品种、少批量的生产方式。第五、提高塑料模标准化水平和标准件的使用率。中国模具标准件水平和模具标准化程度仍较低，与国外差距甚大，在一定程度上制约着中国模具工业的发展，为提高模具质量和降低模具制造成本，模具标准件的应用要大力推广。为此，首先要制订统一的国家标准，并严格按标准生产，其次要逐步形成规模生产、提高商品化程度、提高标准件质量、降低成本，再其次是要进一步增加标准件的规格品种。第六、应用优质模具材料和先进的表面处理技术对于提高模具寿命和质量显得十分有必要。第七、研究和应用模具的高速测量技术与逆向工程。采用三坐标测量仪或三坐标扫描仪实现逆向工程是塑料模CAD/CAM的关键技术之一。研究和应用多样、调整、廉价的检测设备是实现逆向工程的必要的前提。