初中英语名词

名词 一：概念及分类 （一）名词的定义 名词是表示人、事物和抽象概念等。 （二）名词的种类：名词可以根据其意义分为普通名词（common noun）和专有名词（proper noun）. 普通名词 1、个体名词 book 书， table 桌， house 房子， pencil铅笔 2、集体名词 family 家庭， crowd 人群， army 军队， police 警察 3、物质名词 milk 牛奶， water 水， honey 蜜， salt 盐 4、抽象名词 honesty 诚实， happiness 幸福， love 爱， experience 经历 注：有些集体名词如被看作整体时就作单数用，如被看作集体中各个成员时就作复数用. My family is a small one. His family are waiting for him. “people”通常视为person的复数形式，作“民族”解时则有复数形式（peoples） 二：名词的数 英语中名词可分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词在应用时有单数和复数形式。表示一个用单数，表示两个或两个以上用复数。复数名词的构成分为规则变化和不规则变化。 1.规则变化： 1) 一般在名词词尾加s， ① map—maps地图，bird—birds鸟， orange—oranges 桔子， bike—bikes自行车； 2) 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词加es， ① box—boxes盒子，class—classes班级，watch—watches手表， dish-dishes盘，碟子，餐具； 3) 以O结尾的名词后面加s或es ① 以o结尾的名词加“s”的如：photo—photos相片 radio—radios收音机 zoo—zoos动物园 等。 ②以o结尾的名词加“es”的如: Negro---negroes, hero---heroes, tomato—tomatoes西红柿 potato—potatoes土豆 4) 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i+es ① baby—babies婴儿 family—families家庭； 以元音字母加y结尾的名词直接加s ① boy—boys男孩 toy—toys 玩具； 5) 以fe或f结尾的名词，把fe或f变为ves ① knife—knives小刀 wife—wives妻子 leaf—leaves树叶。 三：名词复数的不规则变化 1）child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women 注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。 如： an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。 2）单复同形 如： deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin 但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如: a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters 3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。 如： people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说 a person，a policeman，a head of cattle,the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。 如： The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如： a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。 b. news 是不可数名词。 c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。 "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. <<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。 5) 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes 若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 6） 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼　 　 　四：不可数名词 　　1. 物质名词和抽象名词多为不可数名词。如：luggage，milk，rice，soup，water，money，meat等。 　　注意：不可数名词在表示量的时候需要用上适当的量词，当数词大于1时，量词须变为复数。如：a piece of advice（一条建议） five pieces of advice（五条建议），a bag of rice（一袋大米） three bags of rice（三袋大米）。 　　可数名词的量也可以用适当的量词来表达。 　　2. 不可数名词的转化 　　（1）物质名词表示种类或具体事物时则成为可数名词。如：glass（玻璃） a glass（一个玻璃杯），tea（茶） two teas（两杯茶），ice（冰） three ices（三个冰淇淋）。 　　（2）抽象名词具体化时也可成为可数名词。如：beauty（美丽）  a beauty（一个美人），youth（青春） a youth（一个青年）。 （3）表示具体事物的可数名词，用于表示抽象或物质意义是，便转化为不可数名词。如：a room（一个房间） room（空间），a chicken（一只小鸡） chicken（鸡肉）。 五：名词所有格 1. 名词所有格的用法 所有格 `s 或 s` 形式主要用于人或一些动物的名称，表示"所有"或修饰的关系。 如： John`s father 约翰的父亲， spiders` web 蜘蛛网 2. 名词所有格的构成 1）一般直接加" ` "， 如： this child`s book这个小孩的书, children`s books儿童书籍 2）加了-s 或-es 的复数名词后，只加" ` "， 如， girls` skirts 女孩子们的裙，the soldiers` horses 士兵们的马 3）以s结尾的单数名词或人名，可用以上两种写法的所有格， 如： the actress` son 或 the actress`s son 女演员的儿子 James`s works 或 James` works詹姆斯的作品 3. 事物的所有格 事物的的所有格常用of 表示， 如， the shade of a tree树阴, the top/bottom/side/inside/outside of a box.箱的顶部/底部/里面/外面 （注：一些复合名词不需of, 如：a table leg桌腿, the water supply水的供应，a tea cup 茶杯） 4. 部分无生命词用`s或s`表示所有格 无生命的东西在下列情况可用`s或s`所有格： 1. 表示时间，如： today`s newspaper今天的报纸, two days` work 两天的工作 2. 表示度量衡及价值 a mile`s distance 一英里的距离，ten dollars` value 10美元的价值 3. 表示自然现象 the moon`s rays月光 the earth`s atmosphere地球的大气层 4. 表示国家城市等实体，如： the city`s parks 城市的公园， the country`s ta xsystem 国家 5. 双重所有格 of -`s 结构叫双重所有格(double genitive), 如： a friend of my mother`s我父亲的一个朋友, a play of Shakespeare`s莎士比亚的戏剧. 名词的语法功能 名词在句子中可以用作： 1. 主语 The boy opened the door. 那个男孩把门打开了。 2. 宾语 分为动宾和介宾两种： I saw the boy .我看到那个男孩。（boy 作动词saw的宾语） Give the money to your brother. 把这些钱给你兄弟。(brother 作介词to的宾语) 3. 表语 He is a clever boy. 他是个聪明的孩子。 4. 宾语补足语 They called him a fool. 他们叫他傻瓜。 5. 定语 Is it a colour film? 是彩色影片吗？ 6. 同位语 This is my friend John. 7. 主语补足语 He is considered a good officer. 他被认为是个好官员。 同步练习题 一、       写出下列名词的复数形式 1、orange 2、class 3、text 4、monkey 5、piano 　6、child 7、shelf 8、bed 9、country 10、family 11、toy 12、foot 13、Japanese 14、radio 15、photo 16、army 17、tomato 18、fox 19、woman 20、knife 22、sheep 23.am 24.is 25.he 26.she 27.it 28.that 29.this 二：按要求变换句型（把1—10句变为复数句。） 1. This is my friend. 2. This is a bike. 　 3.That is her brother. 4.This is a book. 5.That is an eraser. 6.It is a red orange. 7.He is a teacher. 8. What’s this? 9.This is my mother. 10.He is a Chinese boy. 三. 找出下列句子中的错误并改正： 1. This is a pair of trouser. 2. He gave me some advices. 3.She went to the library with two ladies friends. 4.The police is looking for him. 四、选择填空 1、There on the wall .They are very beautiful. A. are photoes B. are photos C. is a photo D. is photos 2. This kind of car made in Shanghai. A. is B .are C .were D .has 3. There are four and two in the group. A. Japanese, Germen B Japaneses, Germen C. Japanese,German C.Japanese, Germans 4. That’a art book. A. an B. a C. the D are 5. The boys have got already. A. two bread B. two breads C. two pieces of bread D. two piece of bread 6. The old man wants . A. six boxes of apples B. six boxes of apple C. six box of apples D. six boxs of apples 7. There some in the river. A. is ,fish B. are, fishs C. is, fishs D. are ,fish 8. There two in the box. A. is watch B. are watches C. are watch D. is watches 9. We should clean twice a day. A .our tooth B. our tooths C.teeth D.our teeth 10.The _____ meeting room is near the reading room. A.teacher B.teacher’s C.teachers’ D.teachers 11 ________ is spoken the most widely in the world.  A. Chinese        B. English         C. French      D. Russian 12. I am thirsty. Would you bring me_______, please? A. some bread     B.some tea      C.some cakes     D. some eggs 13. What’s wrong with my son’s ________? He can’t see things clearly A. eyes      B. ears        C. mouth      D. nose 14．The Alps（阿尔卑斯山） an area of 200,000 square kilometers. A. is B. are C. has D. have 15． A pair of glasses what I need at the moment. A. is B. are C. has D. have 16. we live in the Western . A. Beijing’s outskirt B. Beijing’s outskirts C. outskirt of Beijing D. outskirts of Beijing 17.Five pounds as much as it used to. A. don’t buy B. doesn’t buy C. are buying D. is buying 18. plastics are made in this chemical works. A.Many kind of B. Many kinds of C. Many kinds D.Many kind 19.“Lao wang has just moved into a new flat.” “Did he have to buy for it?” A.many new furniture(家具) B. much new furnitures C. much new furniture D.many new furnitures 20. changed; whatever men can do, women can do too. A.The time has B.The times C.Times have D.Times 21.He has on his farm. A.20 head of cattles B.20 heads of cattles C.20 heads of cattle D.20 head of cattle 22.I wish I could give you . A.many advice B. much advice C.many advices D.a lot of advices 23.If you go to the hills, you will see there. A.much fine scenery B.few fine sceneries C.a few fine sceneries D.many fine sceneries 24.The news of the losses suffered by our enemy much worse than expected. A.was B.were C.are D.has 25.He opened the letter and it contained . A.an important information B.some important informations C.many important informations D.some important information 26.Our national football team reorganized(重新组建)。 A.have been B.are being C.has been D.is to 27.Remember ; thank your friend when you leave the party. A.your manner B.your manners C.his manner D.his manners 28.The students hope that they won ’t have to do today. A.much homework B.many homeworks C.a lot of homeworks D.few homework 29.They say the police always stopping people from doing what they want to do. A.is B.are C.has D.have 30.Where is China Daily? A.today B.today of C.today’s D.of today 31.The Lu Gou Bridge is described in Marco Polo’s “Travel” as most beautiful bridge. A.the world’s B.world’s C.the world D.world 32.Have you ever had in your country? A.a women’s boxer B.a woman’s boxer C.a women boxer D.a woman boxer 33.“How far is the new library from here?” “It’s about away.” A.ten minute walk B.ten minutes walk C.ten minutes’ walk D.ten-minute walk 34.They agreed to meet at . A.Peter and Helen B.Peter and Helen’s C.Peter’s and Helen D.Peter’s and Helen’s friend 35.There is on television this evening. A.a Beethoven (贝多芬)piano concerto(协奏曲) B.a Beethoven’s piano concerto C. Beethoven piano concerto D. piano concerto of Beethoven 按要求变换句型（把1—10句变为复数句。） 1. This is my friend. 2. This is a bike. 　 3.That is her brother. 4.This is a book. 5.That is an eraser. 6.It is a red orange. 7.He is a teacher. 8. What’s this? 9.This is my mother. 10.He is a Chinese boy.