2011暑假托福阅读基础班讲义printed version

PAGE 托福阅读基础班讲义 上海新东方学校国外部 Table of Contents 2Ⅰ.Basic Reading Requirements 21.1. Material Reference 31.2. Vocabulary 31.2.1 Functional Classification 311.2.2 Determining Meaning from Contexts 341.3 Sentence 391.3.1 Parallel Constructions 391.3.2Parenthetical sentence 401.3.3Phrases 531.3.4Appositons 531.3.5Attributive clauses 531.3.6Complex sentences 57Ⅱ.Effective Reading Practice 572.1 Theory of Coherence 582.2 Practices of Coherence 66Ⅲ.Critical Reading Practice 663.1Distinguish fact from opinion 673.2Topic (generalization) and main idea 693.3. Purpose and inference 77Complex sentences for practice Ⅰ.Basic Reading Requirements 1.1. Material Reference · §Building Skills for the TOEFL iBT (North Star) · §Old TOEFL Reading Passages · §Old TOEFL Vocabulary · §Cambridge Preparation for the TOEFL Test · §How to Master Skills for the TOEFL Reading 1.2. Vocabulary 1.2.1 Functional Classification · §How many words? · §How to promote efficiency? · §What kinds of words? · √ multivocal words · √ abstract words · √ academic words · √ correlative words √ multivocal words Directions: Please figure out all meanings of underlined words. · Little test: 1.The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds, grasses, bards, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes -not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonial objects. 2.Large domestic animals became the societies’ main source of animal protein, replacing wild game, and they also furnished wool, leather, and land transport. 3.The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes, which cannot scale the sheer rocks, and from ravens and other species of gulls, which have difficulty in landing on narrow ledges to steal eggs. 4.Most machines, no matter how complex they may be, are combinations of the lever and the inclined plane. 5.In the foreground rose the Gongtang Pagoda with its dazzling gilded stupa rising above a rectangular series of green tiled sloping roofs. Beyond, leading up to the mountains lay the fabled Labrang Monastery. Surrounding the entire complex stretched a reddish-brown wall, several kilometers long, lined with hundreds of prayer wheels. · More about multivocal words: 1.One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability-----rents. 2. The first wells were drilled into the Ogallala during the drought years of the early 1930’s. The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture, especially from the 1950’s onward, transformed the economy of the region. 3. The author mentions the Ice Age rope found in the French cave of Lascaux as an example of an item on which the marks of wear imply that it was used by a right-handed person 4. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship. 5. Black was considered inappropriate because of its association with death. 6. There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures. 7. As a famous woman, Fengjie’s disposition has been marked as extreme self-confidence. The disposition of Furong’s “S” posture cannot match up with Fengjie’s sudden turn of her face with a charming smile. The disposition of all these national treasures overseas has ignited the admiration of foreign news agency, such as the report of Brother sharp. 8. Passed from generation to generation by word of mouth, every society has a favorite imagined figure that is seen in the surface markings of the full moon. In Asia and Europe, it is commonly a hare, while North Americans see the "man in the moon" or the "lady in the moon." 9. In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them – even while building materials have changed dramatically. 10. Reflection on a complex task such as teaching is not easy." The teachers were taken through a program of talking about teaching events, moving on to reflecting about specific issues in a supported, and later an independent manner. the reflection in a mirror do sth. without sufficient reflection reflections on the current situation He is simply a reflection of his father. 11. The answer lay in a resource that unknowing Americans lands trampled underfoot in their haste to cross the "Great American Desert" to reach lands that sometimes proved barren. In the eastern parts of the United States, the preferred grass for forage was a cultivated plant. 12.One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. 13. Technical difficulties aside, crow research is daunting because the ways of the birds are so complex and various. As preeminent generalists, members of this species ingeniously exploit a great range of habitats and resources, and they can quickly adjust to changes in their circumstances. 14. Customers generally secured the silver for the silver objects they ordered. They saved coins, took them to smiths, and discussed the type of pieces they desired. Silversmiths complied with these requests by melting the money in a small furnace, adding a bit of copper to form a stronger alloy, and casting the alloy in rectangular blocks. 15. In the United States as well as in Great Britain, reformers extolled the virtues of handcrafted objects: simple, straightforward design; solid materials of good quality; and sound, enduring construction techniques. 16. There is a standard pattern to the process of hunting in groups. The process is initiated by a single female, who stations herself at a raised elevation to serve as a lookout to spot potential prey. 17. As can be seen from this description of the process, it is the females rather than the male or males in the pride that take part in the kill. The younger and stronger females are the ones who go on the attack. While the females are on the attack, the males stay behind to protect the rest of the pride from attack by predators such as hyenas. 18. The cores of sediment drilled by the Glomar Challenger have also yielded information critical to understanding the world's past climates. 19. For good measure, during the spring and summer, drought, heat, hail, grasshoppers, and other frustrations might await the wary grower. Under such conditions, Mandan women had to grow maize capable of weathering adversity. 20. Ancient humans are thought to have cut meat into strips by holding it between their teeth and slicing it with stone knives, as do the present-day Inuit. Occasionally the knives slip and leave scratches on the users' teeth. Scratches made with a left-to-right stroke direction (by right-handers) are more common than scratches in the opposite direction (made by left-handers). √ abstract words Directions: Please remember all usages of squared words and read through the context of each word. abandon: 用法：If you abandon a place, thing, or person, you leave them forever or for a long time, especially when you should not do so. 例句：As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.（1995-08） absorb: 用法：①If an object absorbs something such as liquid, gas, or heat, the liquid or heat enters the object or is drawn into it. 例句：Large animals that inhabit the desert have evolved a number of adaptations for reducing the effects of extreme heat. One adaptation is to be light in color, and to reflect rather than absorb the Sun's rays.（1997-01） ②If a group is absorbed into a larger group, it becomes part of the larger group. ③If you absorb information, you learn and understand it. ④If something absorbs a force or shock, it reduces its effect. ⑤If a system or society absorbs changes, effects, or costs, it is able to deal with them without being badly affected. ⑥If something absorbs something such as money, space, or time, it uses up a great deal of it. ⑦If something absorbs you, it interests you a great deal and takes up all your attention and energy. abstract:①An abstract idea or way of thinking is based on general ideas rather than on real things and events. ②Abstract art makes use of shapes and patterns rather than showing people or things they actually are. ③An abstract of an article, document, or speech is a short piece of writing that summarizes the main points of it. ④If you abstract something from somewhere, you take it from there. academic: Academic is used to describe things that relate to the work done in schools, colleges, and universities, especially work which involves studying and reasoning rather than practical or technical skills. acquire:①If you acquire something, you buy or obtain it for yourself, or someone gives it to you. ②If you acquire something, such as a skill or a habit, you gradually learn or develop it. ③If you describe something as an acquired taste, you mean that a lot of people do not like it when they first experience it, but often start to like it when they get to know it better. adapt:①If you adapt to a new situation, you change your ideas or behavior in order to deal with it successfully. ②If you adapt something, you change it to make it suitable for a new purpose or situation. ③If you adapt a book or play, you change it so that it can be made into a film or a television programme. capable: ①If a person or thing is capable of doing something, they have the ability, capacity, or potential to do it. ②A capable person is competent, efficient, or practical. capture: ①If you capture someone or something, you catch them or take possession of them, especially in a war, or after a struggle or chase. ②If you capture something that you are trying to obtain in competition with other people, you succeeding obtaining it. ③If something captures your attention or imagination, you begin to be interested in it or excited by it. ④If something or someone captures a particular quality, feeling, or atmosphere, they represent or express it successfully. ⑤If an event is captured in a photograph or on film, it is photographed or filmed. channel: ①If you do something through a particular channel, that is the system or organization that you use to achieve your aims or to communicate. ②If you channel money or resources into something, you arrange for them to be used for that thing, rather than for a wide range of things. ③If you channel your energies or emotions into something, you concentrate on or do that one thing, rather than a range of things. check: ①To check something, usually something bad, means to stop it from spreading or continuing. ②If someone or something is held or kept in check, they are prevented from becoming too great or powerful. Claim 用法：①If you say that someone claims that something is true, you mean they say that it is true but you are not sure whether or not they are telling the truth. ② A claim is something which someone says which they cannot prove and which may be false. 例句：①The advantages claimed for such foods over conventionally grown and marketed food products are now being debated.（1995-08） ② As a result, claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore.（1995-08） Coherent 用法：①If something is coherent, it is well planned, so that it is clear and sensible and all its parts go well with each other. ②If someone is coherent, they express their thoughts in a clear and calm way, so that other people can understand what they are saying. 例句：①The President's policy is perfectly coherent. ②He's so calm when he answers questions in interviews. I wish I could be that coherent. Coincide 用法：① If one event coincides with another, they happen at the same time. ② If the ideas or interests of two or more people coincide, they are the same. 例句：Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human well-being.（1995-12） Commit 用法：① If someone commits a crime or a sin, they do something illegal or bad. ② If you commit money or resources to something, you decide to use them for a particular purpose. ③ If you commit yourself to something, you say that you will definitely do it. If you commit yourself to someone, you decide that you want to have a long-term relationship with them. 例句：① And in numerous cities, art is being raised as a symbol of the commitment to revitalize urban areas.(2003-10) ②At the same time, important venues in New York, particularly Alfred Stteglitz's gallery known as 291 and in 1913, the gigantic exhibition of modern art known as the Armory Show, introduced European modernists to American audiences and nurtured a number of American artists committed not to realism but to experimental art During the 1930's, the country's focus turned inward, giving rise to new varieties of realist art based on intrinsically American themes.(2005-01) Comparable 用法：①Something that is comparable to something else is roughly similar, for example in amount or importance. ② If two or more things are comparable, they are of the same kind or are in the same situation, and so they can reasonably be compared. 例句：① Relatively little has been said, however, about diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems are comparable to rain forests in terms of richness of life.(1995-12) ② Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate animals, although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally different. Both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion, implying that the host has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism.(1996-01) ③ The comparable cells in the peripheral nervous system are termed "neurilemmal" cells.(1996-05) Concede 用法：①If you concede something, you admit, often unwillingly, that it is true or correct. ② If you concede something to someone, you allow them to have it as a right or privilege. 例句：① Bess finally conceded that Nancy was right. ② The government conceded the right to establish independent trade unions. Confirm 用法：If something confirms what you believe, suspect, or fear, it shows that it is definitely true. 例句：①If observations confirm the scientists' predictions, the theory is supported. If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further.(1996-01) ②This supposition was confirmed by missions to the Moon such as Surveyor and Apollo.(2002-08) Consistent 用法：Someone who is consistent always behaves in the same way, has the same attitudes towards people or things, or achieves the same level of success in something. 例句：Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of America's first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River.(1999-05) Constant 用法：You use constant to describe something that happens all the time or is always there. 例句：Notwithstanding preening and constant care, the marvelously intricate structure of a bird’s Feather inevitably wears out.（2001-05） 10. Consume 用法：① If you consume something, you eat or drink it. (FORMAL) ② If a feeling or idea consumes you, it affects you very strongly indeed. 例句：① Neolithic farmers usually raised more food than they could consume, and their surpluses permitted larger, healthier populations.（2002-09） ② The memories consumed him. Contain 用法：①If something such as a box, bag, room, or place contains things, those things are inside it. ②If a substance contains something, that thing is a part of it. 例句：① Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used.（1995-08） ② They contained niches for ceremonial objects, a central fire pit, and holes in the floor for communicating with the spirits of tribal ancestors.（1995-12） Controversy 用法：Controversy is a lot of discussion and argument about something, often involving strong feelings of anger or disapproval. 例句：An important controversy centering on the question of human effects on prehistoric wildlife Line concerns the sudden disappearance of so many species of large animals at or near the end of the Pleistocene epoch.(2002-01) Critical 用法：①A critical time, factor, or situation is extremely important. ② A critical situation is very serious and dangerous. 例句：① Observations of imprinting led to major concept that has been applied in child Development” the critical period.（2001-05） ② Biological diversity has become widely recognized as a critical conservation issue only in the past two decades.（1998-08） Debate 用法：① A debate is a discussion about a subject on which people have different views. ② A debate is a formal discussion, for example in a parliament or institution, in which people express different opinions about a particular subject and then vote on it. ③ If people debate a topic, they discuss it fairly formally, putting forward different views. You can also say that one person debates a topic with another person. 例句:① The advantages claimed for such foods over conventionally grown and marketed food products are now being debated.(1995-08) ② Sound bites in news and answers to questions in debates increasingly sound like advertisements. (1995-05) Define 用法：If you define something, you show, describe, or state clearly what it is and what its limits are, or what it is like. 例句：If we define residence time as the average time for a water molecule to pass through one of the three reservoirs-atmosphere, continent, and ocean-we see that the times are very different.（1998-10） Deliberate 用法：① If you do something that is deliberate, you planned or decided to do it beforehand, and so it happens on purpose rather than by chance. ② If a movement or action is deliberate, it is done slowly and carefully. ③ If you deliberate, you think about something carefully, especially before making a very important decision. 例句：①On this perfect surface, the artist would sketch a composition with chalk, refine it with inks, and then begin the deliberate process of applying thin layers of egg tempera paint (egg yolk in which pigments are suspended) with small brushes.（1996-08） ② Every step in the process was slow and deliberate. The quick-drying tempera demanded that the artist know exactly where each stroke be placed before the brush met the panel, and it required the use of fine brushes.（1996-08） Deposit 用法：①A deposit is a sum of money which is part of the full price of something, and which you pay when you agree to buy it. ② If you deposit something somewhere, you put it where it will be safe until it is needed again. 例句：①The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million years ago.（1995-10） ② The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million years