Chapter 2 formation of medical terminology (1)
here is a table of the most commonly used prefixes
prefix
meaning
example
a-/an-
without; not
aphasia [əˋfeiziə]: the inability to understand written or spoken words or to speak meaningfully失语症
ab-
away from
abortion [əˋbɔːʃn]: expulsion [ ɪk'spʌlʃn] from the uterus [ˋjuːtərəs](子宫)
流产
ad-
to; toward; near
adnasal [ædˈneizəl]: near the nose 近鼻的
acro-
a point or tip
acronyx: growing into the flesh嵌甲
alb-
white
albino [ælˋbiːnəu]: a person lacking normal pigmentation(色素沉着,着色) [ˏpiɡmənˋteiʃən] 白化病人,白化体
amb-/
ambi-
both
ambisexual [ˏæmbiˋseksjuəl]、bisexual [baiˋseksjuəl]: (person) who is sexually attracted to both males and famales 两性的,雌雄同体的
两性兼有行为
amphi-/
ampho-
both; both sides
amphicentric [ˏæmfiˋsentrik]: beginning and ending in the same vessel起止同源的
ana-
up; back again
anabolism [əˋnæbəlizm]: process of building up complex chemical substances on the basis of simpler ones 合成代谢,组成代谢
angio-
a blood vessel
angioma [ændʒiˋəumə]: benign tumor formed of blood vessel血管瘤
ante-
before
antenatal [ˏæntiˋneitl]: during the period between conception and childbirth 出生前的,产前的
anti-
against
antidepressant [ˏæntidiˋpresənt]: (drug) used to treat depression抗抑郁剂
audi-
hearing; sound
audiometry [ˏɔːdiˋɔmitri]: science of testing hearing听力测验法,测听法
auto-
self
autoantibody [ˏɔːtəuˋæntiˏbɔdi]: antibody formed to attack the body’s own cells自身抗体
bi-
two; twice
bicellular [baiˋseljulə]: two cells两细胞的
bio-
living organisms生命体
biochemistry [ˏbaiəuˋkemistri]: chemistry living tissues生物化学
brady-
slow
bradycardia [ˏbrædiˋkɑːdiə]: slow rate of heart contraction, shown by a slow pulse rate心动过缓,心搏徐缓
carcin-
carcinoma [ˏkɑːsiˋnəumə] or cancer癌;瘤
carcinogen [ˋkɑːsinədʒen]: a cancer-causing substance致癌物,致癌原
cata-
downwards; under; against;
along with
cataract [ˋkætərækt]: condition where the lens (晶状体)of the eye gradually becomes hard and opaque (不透明的,不透光的)[əuˋpeik]
白内障
centi-
one hundredth百分之一
centimeter: unit of measurement of length(=one hundredth of a meter)厘米
co(n)-
with or together
consanguineous [ˏkɔnsæŋˋɡwiniəs]: blood relationship血亲的,同血缘的
contra-
against
contraception [ˏkɔntrəˋsepʃn]: prevention of pregnancy by using devices or drugs 避孕,节育
de-
removal or loss
decaffeinated /diːˈkæfɪneɪtɪd/: (coffee) with the caffeine removed 脱去咖啡因的
deca-
ten
decagram [ˋdekəɡræm]: ten grams 十克
deci-
tenth
deciliter [ˋdesiˏliːtə]: unit of measurement of liquid(=one tenth of a little)1/10公升
di-
two
diglossia [ˏdaiˋɡlɔsiə]: a double tongue使用两种语言
dia-
through; between; apart; across
diathermy [ˋdaiəˏθəːmi]: process of (treating) through heat
透热疗法,,电热疗法,透热法
dis-
reversal or separate
disintegrate [disˈintigreit]: to come to pieces分解,分解,蜕变
dys-
bad; difficult; disordered
dysarthrosis [ˏdisɑːˋθrəusis]: deformity [diˋfɔːmiti](变形,畸形)or malformation [ˏmælfɔːˋmeiʃən](变形,畸形)of a joint
关节变形,构音障碍
echo-
sound
echocardiography [ˏekəuˏkɑːdiˋɔɡrəfi]: ultrasonography [ˏʌltrəsəˋnɔɡrəfi](超声波检查法,超声波扫描术)of the heart
超声心动描记术
ect-/
ecto-
outside or outer
ecchondroma [ˏekɔnˋdrəumə]: benign tumor on the surface of cartilage(软骨) [ˋkɑːtilidʒ] or bone外生软骨瘤
en-
in; within
enostosis [ˏenɔsˋtəusis]: benign growth inside a bone内生骨疣
endo-
inside
endocardium [ˏendəuˋkɑːdiəm]: membrane which lines the heart心内膜
epi-
on; over
epidermis: outer layer of skin表皮
ery-
red
erythrocyte [iˋriθrəusait]: mature non-nucleated red blood cell红细胞,红血球
eso-
inward; within(向内)
esotropia [ˏesəuˋtrəupiə]: turning inward of the eye内斜视
eu-
good
eugenics [juːˋdʒeniks]: study of how to improve the human race by genetic selection优生学
ex-/ exo-
out of
exhale [ eks'heɪl]: to breath out 呼出,排放
extra-
outside
extracapsular [ˏekstrəˋkæpsjulə]: outside a capsule [ˋkæpsjuːl](胶囊,囊,被膜)
关节囊外的,囊外的
hemi-
half
hemiplegia [ˏhemiˋpliːdʒiə]: severe paralysis affecting one side of the body 偏瘫,半身不遂
hydro-
water
hydrocele [ˋhaidrəsiːl]: collection of watery liquid found in a cavity such as the scrotum(肾囊,阴囊)[ˋskrəutəm]
水囊肿,阴囊水囊肿,睾丸鞘膜积液
hyper-
higher or too much
hyperglycaemia [ˌhʌɪpəglʌɪˈsiːmɪə]: excess of glucose [ˋɡluːkəus](葡萄糖) in the blood高血糖症
hypo-
less or too little
hypokalaemia [ˌhaipəkəˈli:miə]: deficiency of potassium(钾) [pəˋtæsjəm] in the blood 低血钾
in-
in or into
inbreeding ['inbri:diŋ]: breeding between a closely related male and female 近亲交配
in-
not
incoherent[ˏinkəuˋhiərənt]: not able to speak in a way which makes sense 不连贯的
infra-
below or beneath
infrapatellar [ˏinfrəpəˋtelə]: below or beneath the patella[pə'telə]( 膝盖骨; 膝节; 髌骨)
髌下的
inter-
between
interlobular [ˏintəˋlɔbjulə]: between lobules(小叶的) [ 'lɑbjuːl /'lɒb-]小叶间的
intra-
inside
intramedullary[ˏintrəmeˋdʌləri]: inside the bone marrow [ˋmærəu](髓) or spinal cord(脊髓) 髓内的
intro-
into
introvert [ˌintrəuˈvə:t]: person who thinks only about himself and his own mental state内向性格者
mal-
bad or abnormal
malfunction: abnormal working of an argan机能障碍,机能不良
meta-
changes
metaplasia [ˏmetəˋpleizjə]: change of one tissue to another
化生,转化,组织变形
micro-
very small
microcyte [ˋmaikrəsait]: abnormally small red blood cell小红细胞
mid-
middle
midcarpal [midˋdɑːpl]: between the two rows of carpal(腕骨的,腕骨) ['kɑ:pəl] bones
腕骨间的
milli-
one thousandth
milligram ['mɪlɪgræm]: unit of measurement of weight 毫克
mis-
error or wrong
miscarriage [mis'kæridʒ]: spontaneous abortion流产
multi-
many
multigravida [mʌlti'grævidə]: a woman who has been pregnant at least twice 经产孕妇
noct-
at night
nocturia [nɔk'tjuəriə]: passing abnormally large quantity of urine at night夜尿症
nona-
nine or the nineth
nonagon [ˈnɔnəɡən]: flat shape which has nine sides九边形
octa-
eight
octan ['ɔktən]: every eight days每八日出现的发热,每八日再发的
odont-
teeth
odontology [ˏɔdɔnˋtɔlədʒi]: study of teeth and associated structures, and their disorders
牙科学
onco-
tumours
oncology [ɔŋˋkɔlədʒi]: scientific study of new gowths肿瘤学
oro-
mouth
orolingual [ˏɔːrəuˋliŋɡwəl]: pertaining to the mouth and tongue口舌的
pachy-
thickening
pachysomia: condition where soft tissues of the body become abnormally thick躯体肥厚
pali-/
palin-
against; pathologic repetition病态的重复
palindromic [ˏpælinˋdrəmik]: (disease) which recurs
复发的,再发的
pan-/pant-/
panto-
all
pancytopenia [ˏpænsaitəuˋpiːniə]: abnormal depression of all the cellular elements of the blood全血细胞减少症
para-
similar to or near; changed or beyond
paralyse or paralyze: to weaken (muscles) so that they cannot function使麻痹,使瘫痪
pen-/
penta-
five
pentosuria [ˏpentəuˋsjuəriə]: excretion[eks'kri:ʃən](排泄) of pentoses(戊糖(类),五碳糖(类))in the urine
戊糖尿
per-
through
percutaneous [ˏpəːkju(ː)ˋteinjəs]: done or administered through the skin经皮的
peri-
around
pericystitis[ˏperisisˋtaitis]: inflammation of tissue around the bladder膀胱周炎
pero-
deformed or defective畸形有缺陷的
peromelia[ˏpiːrəuˋmiːliə]: congenital deformity of the limbs
四肢不全
pharmaco-
drugs
pharmacology [ˏfɑːməˋkɔlədʒi]: study of drugs or medicines, and their action, properties and characteristics药理学,药物学
pleo-/
pleio-
too many
pleokaryocyte[ˏpli(ː)əˋkæriəsait]: condition where a greater than normal number of cells in cerebrospinal(脑脊髓的)[ˏseribrəuˋspainl] fluid多核细胞
pluri-
more
pluriglandular[ˏpluəriˋɡlændjulə]: pertaining to or affecting several glands多腺性的
pneum-/
pneumo-
air or the lungs; breathing
pneumonia[nju:'məunjə]: inflammation of a lung
肺炎
poly-
touching many organs/
many or much
polyphagia [ˏpɔliˋfeidʒiə]: condition where a patient eats too much; morbid desire for every kind of food 贪食症,杂食
post-
after or later
postprandial[pəust'prændiəl]: after a meal 餐后的
pre-
before of in front of
premature: early or before the normal time 早产儿,早期的
presby-
old age
presbyopia [.prezbi'əupiə]: an old person’s sight fails gradually老花眼,远视眼
pro-/
before or in front of
prognosis [prɔg'nəusis]: prediction of the outcome of a disease预测;预后
quadri-/
four
quadruplet[ˋkwɔdruplit] or quad: one of four babies born to a mother at the same time四胎儿,四联体
radio-
ray or radiation
radiotherapy [reidiəu'θerəpi]: treating a disease by exposing to radioactive rays(放射性的)[ˏreidiəuˋæktiv] 放射线疗法,放射疗法
semi-
half
semiptosis ['semi'ptəusis]: the downward sagging of half or part of an organ 轻度睑下垂
sub-
under
submucous [sʌbˋmjuːkəs]: under the mucous [ˈmjuːkəs](粘液的) membrane粘膜下的
super-
above; extremely
superalbuminosis: abnormal increase of albumin(白蛋白,清蛋白) [ælˋbjuːmin]
白蛋白过多
syn-
with; joint
syndesmosis [ˏsindezˋməusis]: joint where the ones are tightly linked by ligaments(韧带) [ 'lɪgəmənt] 韧带联合,韧带连结
supra-
above; over
suprarenal [su:pə'ri:nəl]: (situated) above a kidney 肾上腺,肾上的
tachy-
fast
tachycardia [.tæki'kɑ:diə]: rapid beating of the heart 心动过速
tetra-
four
tetracycline [.tetrə'saiklin] antibiotic used to treat a wide range of bacterial(细菌的,细菌引起的) [bæk'tiriəl] diseases
四环素
trans-
across; through; beyond
transmission [trænzˋmiʃən]: the transfer, as of a disease, from one person to another 传播,传递
tri-
three
tricephalus: a fetus with three heads 三头畸胎
ultra-
beyond; excess
ultrasonics [ˏʌltrəˋsɔniks]: the science dealing with ultrasound waves 超声波学,超声学
uni-
one
uniglandular [ˏjuːniˋɡlændjulə]: affecting only one gland 单腺的
xen(o)-
strange; foreign
xenograft [ˋzenəɡrɑːft]: a graft of tissue transplanted between animals of different species 异种移植物,异种移植
Chapter 3 formation of medical terminology (2)
Here is a list of commonly used simple suffixes.
suffix
meaning
example
-ac
pertaining to
属于,附属,关于
cardiac: [ˋkɑːdiæk] pertaining to the heart
心脏(病)的
-al
pertaining to
medical: pertaining to medicine
-ar
pertaining to
molecular[məuˋlekjulə]: pertaining to a molecule
分子的
-ary
pertaining to
belonging to
ciliary[ˋsiliəri]: pertaining to the cilia [ˋsiliə](纤毛,睫毛)
睫毛的,纤毛的,毛状的
-ase
enzyme [ˋenzaim]酶
amylase[ˋæmileis]: any enzyme that converts starch [stɑːtʃ](淀粉)to sugar 淀粉酶
-cle
smallness
小,少,贫乏
follicle[ˋfɔlikl]: a small bodily cavity or sac [sæk](囊)
小囊,滤泡,卵泡
-e
an instrument 仪器
auriscope[ˋɔːriskəup]: an instrument for examining the ear (检查耳朵用的)耳镜
-eal
pertaining to
laryngeal: pertaining to the larynx[ˋlæriŋks](喉头)
喉的
-ia
condition; quality
phobia [ˋfəubjə]: abnormal fear 恐惧症
-ic
pertaining to
toxic[ˋtɔksik]: pertaining to toxin[ˋtɔksin](毒素)
有毒的,毒物的,毒素的
-ics
study of; name of a science
paediatrics ['pɪːdɪ'ætrɪks]: study of children, their development and diseases 儿科学
-ine/in
substance 物质
insulin [ˋinsjulin]:substance (hormone)
produced by the islets(小岛) of langerhans(胰岛) in the pancreas[ˋpæŋkriəs](胰腺)
胰岛素
-ism
process or condition
alcoholism: excessive drinking of alcohol which becomes addictive 酒精中毒
-ist
one who specializes in
精通于……的人
pharmacologist: a doctor who specializes in the study of drugs 药理专家
-itis
inflammation炎症
rhinitis [raiˋnaitis]: inflammation of the nasal[ˋneizəl](鼻的) passages(通道)
鼻炎,鼻粘膜的炎症
-(i)um
Refers to a part in relation to a whole; related to
与……相关
endometrium: inner lining of the uterus子宫内膜
-ive
characterizes by
antitussive [ˏæntiˋtʌsiv]: a drug that suppresses(镇压, 平定) coughing
止咳药,镇咳药,止咳的
-let
tiny; small
droplet: a tiny drop 小滴
-ment
the result or product of an action
development: thing which develops or is being developed; action of becoming mature
-oid
resembling; like
像
mucoid [ˋmjuːkɔid]: resembling mucus(粘液)
①粘液的,粘液样的;②粘蛋白样的;③类粘蛋白
-ole
little; small
centriole [ˋsentriəul]: the small dense structure in the middle of the centrosome [ˋsentrəsəum](中心体)
中心粒
-oma
tumor; swelling
dermatofibroma [ˏdəːmətəufaiˋbrəumə]: fibrous tumor of the skin
皮肤纤维瘤
-or/-er
Refers to a doer ,either a person or thing
receptor: a sensory nerve ending that responds to various stimuli感受器,受体
-ory
characterized by; pertaining to
suspensory [səsˋpensəri]: which is hanging down
悬吊式,悬带
-ose
sugar
fructose [ˋfrʌktəus]: fruits sugar found in honey and some fruit 果糖
-osis
abnormal condition
onychocryptosis [ˏɔnikəukripˋtəusis]: abnormal condition of a hidden nail 嵌甲
-ous
pertaining to
poisonous [ˋpɔiznəs]: pertaining to poison; also containing poison 有毒的,毒的
-somes
bodies
ribosome: the body of nucleic acid(核酸.
) 核糖体
-um
structure; thing; substance
结构,物质
magnesium [mægˈni:zjəm]: a white metallic(金属的)chemical substance 镁(金属元素)
-y
condition; act; process
dystrophy [ˋdistrəfi]: disorder caused by
defective nutrition or metabolism(新陈代谢) 营养不良,营养障碍
the following is a list of the most commonly used compound suffixes
suffix
meaning
example
-algia
pain; painful condition
arthralgia [ɑːˋθrældʒiə]: pain in a joint 关节痛
--ase
enzyme [ˋenzaim] 酶素
protease [ˋprəutieis]: digestive enzyme 蛋白酶
-blast
embryo [ˋembriəu]胚,胚胎,胎儿
hemocytoblast [ˏhiːməˋsaitəblæst]: blast cell成血细胞,淋巴样细胞
-carcinoma
malignant [məˋliɡnənt] tumor developing from connective tissue结缔组织的恶性肿瘤
adenocarcinoma [ˏædinəuˏkɑːsiˋnəumə]: malignant tumor developing from glandular [ˋɡlændjulə](腺的,腺性的) tissue 腺癌
-cele
protrusion; distention突出;膨胀,延伸
esophagocele: abnormal distention of the esophagus [i(ː)ˋsɔfəgəs](食道,食管)
食管突出
-centesis
surgical puncture 手术穿孔
paracentesis [ˏpærəsenˋtiːsis]: surgical puncture of a cavity for the aspiration of fluid 穿刺术
-capnia
carbon dioxide 二氧化碳
acapnia [əˋkæpniə]: absence of carbon dioxide 血液二氧化碳缺乏
-cide
kill
germicide [ˋdʒəːmisaid]: (substance) which can kill germs
杀菌剂
-cyte
cell
phagocyte [ˋfægəusait]:cell, especially a white blood cell, which can surround and destroy other cells 噬菌细胞
-dynia
pain
glossodynia [ˏglɔsəuˋdiniə]: pain in the tongue 舌痛
-ectasia/
-ectasis
expansion; dilation(膨胀,扩张)
atelectasis [ˏætiˋlektəsis]: incomplete expansion of the lungs at birth 肺不张,肺膨胀不全
-ectomy
surgical excision or removal of
gastrectomy [gæsˋtrektəmi]: surgical removal of the stomach胃切除术
-edema
excessive accumulation of serous fluid 水肿
myxoedema [ˌmiksiˈdiːmə]: condition caused when the thyroid [ˋθairɔid] gland (甲状腺)does not produce enough thyroid hormone(甲状腺激素)
粘液性水肿,粘液水肿
-emia
blood condition
leukemia: any of several malignant diseases where an abnormal number of leucocytes
| 'ljuːkəʊsaɪt] (白细胞)form in the blood
白血病
-emesis
vomiting 呕吐
hematemesis [ˏheməˋtemisis]: the vomiting of blood 咯血;吐血
-gen
something that produced or prouduces
pathogen: a microorganism(微生物) [ˏmaikrəuˋɔːgənizəm] or agent capable of producing disease 病菌,病原体
-genesis
production 生产
spermatogenesis [ˏspəːmətəuˋdʒenisis]: formation and development of spermatozoa [ˏspəːmətəuˋzəuə] (精子)in the testes精子发生
-globin
protein蛋白质
hemoglobin: an iron-containing protein produced by erythrocytes(红细胞)
血红素
-gnosis
knowledge
diagnosis[ˏdaiəgˋnəusis]: the process of identifying the nature or presence of a disease through knowledge and examination
诊断
-gram
image; picture
electrocardiogram: a graphic record of the electrical activity of heart muscle or heartbeat used in the diagnosis of heart disease.
abbr. ecg and ekg. syn. cardiogram
心电图
-graph(y)
process of recording
记录过程
electocardiography: the process of making or recording electrocardiograms. syn. cardiography 心电图记录
-iasis
condition; state
情况,状况
cholelithiasis [ˏkɔliliˋθaiəsis]: the formation of gallstones(胆石)
胆石病
-iatry/
-iatrics
healing, frequently refers to a branch of medicine 康复,常指医学的一个分支
podiatry[pəuˋdaiətri]: treatment of foot disorders
手足医术
-lith
stone
cholelith[ˋkɔliliθ]: a gallstone; a stone formed in the gallbladder 胆石
-logy
the study of
cytology: [saiˋtɔlədʒi] the science study of cells 细胞学
-logist
one who studies and treats
urologist : [ˏjuərəuˋlɔdʒist] a physician who specializes in the practice of urology [juəˋrɔlədʒi](泌尿学)
泌尿科医生
-lysis
breakdown, destruction
hemolysis[hiˋmɔlisis]: the destruction or breakdown of red blood cells with release of hemoglobin(血红素)
溶血,溶血作用
-malacia
softening
osteomalacia[ˏɔstiəuməˋleiʃiə]: softening of bone
骨软化,骨软化病症
-mania
extreme compulsion or preoccupation强迫症
kleptomania[ˏkleptəˋmeiniə]: a morbid [ˋmɔːbid](病的,不健康的), uncontrollable compulsion to steal 偷窃狂
-megaly
giant
acromegaly[ˏækrəuˋmegəli]: a condition in which there is an enlargement of the facial bones as well as those of the limbs 肢端肥大症
-metry/
-meter
measurement
spirometry[ˏspaiərəˋmetri]: measurement of the volume of air inhaled and exhaled or the air capacity of the lungs肺量测定法,呼吸量测定法
-odynia
pain
cardiodynia: pain in the heart region 心痛,胸痛
-one
hormone[ˋhɔːməun]荷尔蒙,激素
parathormone [ˏpærəˋθɔːməun]:
which regulates calcium balance among the blood, bones, and teeth
甲状旁腺激素
-opia
a defect in the eye眼睛的毛病
myopia[maiˋəupiə]: being short-sighted 近视
-opsy
to view
-osis
morbid condition病态的
sclerosis[skliəˋrəusis]: abnormal hardening 硬化症
-osmia
smell
anosmia[æˋnɔzmiə]: loss of the sense of smell嗅觉丧失
-ostomy
process of making an opening into or a connection between
造瘘
gastrostomy[gæsˋtrɔstəmi]: surgical construction of an opening from the surface of the abdomen into the stomach胃造口术
-oxia
level of oxygen氧水平
hypoxia [haiˋpɔksiə]: a low oxygen level or a lack of oxygen in body tissues低氧,缺氧
-pathy
disease; diseased condition
ophthalmopathy [ˏɔfθælˋmɔpəθi]: any eye disease眼病
-penia
deficiency
leukopenia [ˌlju:kəˈpi:niə]: deficiency of leukocytes [ˈlju:kəsait] (白细胞)in the blood. syn.(同物异名) leukocytopenia [ˌlju:kəˌsaitəˈpi:niə]
白细胞减少症
-pepsia
digestion 消化
eupepsia[juˋpepsiə]: good digestion 消化良好
--pexy
a fixing or setting firmly in place by suturing|'suːtʃə(r)] 缝合固定
hepatopexy [ˋhepətəˏpeksi]: surgical fixation of a displace liver肝固定术
-phagia/phagy
eating; swallowing 吃,吞咽
dysphagia [disˋfeidʒiə]: difficulty in swallowing吞咽困难
-phil
attraction吸引,具有吸引力的事物
basophil [ˋbeisəufil]: type of leucocyte [ˋljuːkəsait](白细胞) or white blood cell which contains granules (小粒,颗粒) [ 'grænjuːl]嗜碱细胞,嗜碱的
-phobia
fear
xenophobia [ˏzenəˋfəubiə]: irrational (不合理的)fear of strangers 生客恐怖
-plasia
formation; development
hyperplasia[ˏhaipəˋpleiziə]: overdevelopment or enlargement of an organ or tissue增生,过度增生
-phonia
voice
dysphonia [disˋfəuniə]: difficulty in speaking发声困难,发音障碍
-plasm
formation; growth or substance of formation
cytoplasm[ˋsaitəˏplæzm]: jelly substance in the cell细胞浆,细胞质
-plasty
surgical repair
osteoplasty [ˋɔstiəˏplæsti]: surgical repair of the bone骨整形术,骨成形术
--plegia
stroke; paralysis 中风,麻痹
thermoplegia [ˏθəːməuˋpliːdʒiə]: heat or sunsrtoke热射病,中暑
-pnea
breathing
eupnea [juːpˋniːə]: normal breathing呼吸正常,平静呼吸
--ptosis
a falling, the dropping or sagging of an organ器官下移
hepatoptosis [hepətəpˈtəusis]: abnormally low position of the liver肝下垂
-ptysis
spitting吐痰,吐口水
melanoptysis [ˏmeləˋnɔptisis]: spitting of the spleen黑色痰液;咳黑痰
-poiesis
production
hemopoiesis [ˏhiːməupɔiˋiːsis]: production of blood cells造血; 红细胞生成作用
-rrhage/
-rrhagia
bursting forth of blood 出血
menorrhagia [ˏmenəˋreidʒiə]: very heavy bleeding during menstruation (月经)[ˏmenstruˋeiʃən] 月经过多
-rrhaphy
surgical sewing缝合or suturing
splenorrhaphy [spliˋnɔrəfi]: suture of the spleen脾缝合术
-rrhea
overflow 溢出
hydrorrhea [ˏhaidrəuˋriːə]: watery discharge液溢
-(o)rrhexis
splitting or rupture 撕裂,破裂,疝气
amniorrhexis [ˏæmniəuˋreksis]: rupture of the amniotic ac
羊膜破裂
-sarcoma
malignant tumor developing from connective tissue
liposarcoma [ˏlipəusɑːˋkəumə]: malignant tumor containing fat
脂肪肉瘤,脂肉瘤
-schesis
a holding back; suppression(抑制) of discharge阻碍;抑制排放
uroschesis [juəˋrɔskəsis]: suppression of urine闭尿,尿潴留
-sclerosis
a hardening
dermatosclerosis [ˏdəːmətəuskliəˋrəusis]: hardening of the skin硬皮病
-scope
instrument for viewing
stethoscope [ˈsteθəˌskəʊp]: an instrument for performing medicate auscultation [ˏɔːskəlˋteiʃn](听诊)
听诊器
-scopy
process of examining visually
hepatoscopy [ˏhepəˋtɔskəpi]: examination
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