英国文学课件（刘炳善版）ppt格式

nullEnglish LiteratureEnglish LiteratureFor Juniors 2006.1--5Why Learn Literature?Why Learn Literature?It is just a course to get scores To make us more civilized, qualified and knowledgeable To amuse ourselves and others For further study 1.Postgraduate of English and American literature in FL institute 2. Postgraduate of literature of foreign countries in Chinese department research more What and How to Learn?What and How to Learn?Not merely satisfied with the textbook Learning literature is much more than reading famous works or knowing some schools of literature: history, philosophy and theories of literature and art at least Be an active reader: read, think and write sth on an author or work you are interested in most. History, philosophy, psychology, aesthetics and other disciplines to help learn literature ContentsContentsPart I Ancient Literature (before the Middle Ages) Part II Medieval Literature Part III Renaissance Literature Part IV Literature in 17th Century (Classicism) Part V Literature in18th Century (Enlightenment) Part VI Literature in19th Century (Romanticism, Realism & Naturalism etc.) Part VII Literature at the turn of 20th Century (Aestheticism, Symbolism etc) Part VIII Literature in 20th Century (Realism, Modernism & Post-modernism) Part I Ancient Literature Part I Ancient Literature Compared to the long history of Europe, GB has a relatively short one, so it is impossible to know well the history of English literature without knowing about the one of Europe The two origins of European culture: “二希”（希腊、希伯来）, they are interactive as well as contradictory in the long history 1. Greco-Roman Element 2. Judeo-Christian Element The idea of Humanism and almost all the artistic spirits of the modern literature in Europe originate from them To explore the origin, you will find the answers of many questions and mysteries on literature A. Greek and Roman OriginA. Greek and Roman Origin “Man” or “human” is the core and object of Greek and Roman culture To emphasize that “man”, opposite to “nature” and “society” is powerful and wise though often submissive to “fate”, ancient Greek literature sang highly to individualism and affirm the secular life and the value of individual lifeA. Greek and Roman OriginA. Greek and Roman OriginArtistic Styles: Greek and Roman literature is the source of almost all types of literature Myths: Greek and Roman Mythology. They reflected the life in the matriarchal and patriarchal society. Old Pedigree: Chaos---Uranus & Gae--- 12 Titans , 3 Giants and 3 Furies; Cronus & Rhea---Zeus, Poseidon and Hades A. Greek and Roman OriginA. Greek and Roman OriginNew Pedigree: (MAJOR) Zeus (King of Olympus, Jupiter), Hera (Queen, Juno), Poseidon (God of the Sea, Neptune), Hades(God of the Underworld, Pluto), Hestia (goddess of family, Vesta), Demeter (goddess of agriculture, Ceres), Athena (Goddess of war and wisdom, Minerva), Apollo (God of the sun, Apollo), Ares (God of war, Mars), Hephaestus (God of fire, Vulcan), Hermes (Messenger, Mercury), Aphrodite (Goddess of love, Venus), Artemis (Goddess of the moon, Diana) A. Greek and Roman OriginA. Greek and Roman Origin(MINOR) Eros (god of love, Cupid), Dionysus (god of wine, Bacchus), the Graces (3 goddesses of amusement), the Muses(9 goddesses of literature, art and science), the Fates (3 goddesses of life and death) 2.Epics: Homer’s epics Iliad (the story of the 10-year Trojan war) and Odyssey (the adventure of the hero Odyssey’s returning home and the reunion with his faithful wife) 3. Fables: Aesop’s Fables (The Fox and Grapes; The Farmer and the Snake; The Tortoise and the Hare) A. Greek and Roman OriginA. Greek and Roman Origin4. Drama: It originated from the celebrations of Dionysus the god of wine. Tragedy: based on the myths and legends(悲剧是将美好的东西毁灭给人看) three tragedians (many works of the great poets and novelists come from them) Aeschylus: trilogy Oresteia (Agamemnon Choephoroi, Eumenides); Prometheus Bound Sophocles: Oedipus the king (Oedipus Complex) Euripides: Medea (Jason and the golden fleece) Comedy: Aristophanes' Frogs, Clouds, Birds A. Greek and Roman OriginA. Greek and Roman Origin5. Lyric poetry: Sappho, the first woman poet, was praised by Plato as “ the 10th goddess of literature and art”. Pindar, known for his odes, which was imitated by Dryden, Keats etc. 6. essays: mainly in the form of speeches and philosophy and history works: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle & Herodotus, Thucydides A. Greek and Roman OriginA. Greek and Roman Origin7. Theories of literature and art Plato: Dialogues and Republic Plato has the famous line: Men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideas”, like beauty, truth and goodness. Only these ideas are completely real while the physical world is only relatively real. So his philosophy is called Idealism. Plato’s “the idea of inspiration”(灵感说)has great influence on romanticism and modernismA. Greek and Roman OriginA. Greek and Roman OriginAristotle: Ethics, Poetics and Rhetoric He differed from his teacher Plato in many ways He emphasized direct observations of nature and insisted that theory should be based on fact “Idea” and matter together made up concrete individual realities. materialism He acknowledged the instructive role of the literature and art His theories has great influence on realism A. Greek and Roman OriginA. Greek and Roman OriginAncient Roman literature is the direct inheritance of Greek literature (Roman Empire conquered Greece militarily and politically but was conquered culturally.) Virgil Aeneid Horace Art of Poetics Ovid Metaporphoses B. Judeo-Christian OriginB. Judeo-Christian Origin The Bible and Christianity. Westerners give their names out of the Bible, and draw stories and daily epigrams, allusions and proverbs from it. The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: 1. The Old Testament: it is about God and the Laws of God and consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important are Pentateuch. (《摩西五经》or 《律法书》) Genesis(《创世纪》): a religious account of the origin of the world, of man, of the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph. B. Judeo-Christian OriginB. Judeo-Christian OriginExodus（《出埃及记》）: a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s law Leviticus（《利未记》）: a collection of primitive laws Numbers（《民数记》）: a continuation of the account o the flight from Egypt and more laws Deuteronomy（《申命记》）: the final words of Moses to his people, restating his orders and fifty year’s experiences as a leader its beliefs: monotheism: Jehovah. God is the only ruler of the world and man should be absolutely submissive obedient. B. Judeo-Christian OriginB. Judeo-Christian OriginThe Ten Commandments: You shall have no other gods before me. You shall not make for yourself a carved image---any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth; you shall not bow down to them or serve them. You shall not take the name of the LORD your God in vain. Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. B. Judeo-Christian OriginB. Judeo-Christian OriginHonor your father and your mother, that yours days may be prolonged. You shall not murder. You shall not commit adultery. You shall not steal. You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor. You shall not covet your neighbor’s house; you shall not covet your neighbor’s wife, nor his male servant, not his female servant, nor his ox, nor his donkey, nor anything that is your neighbour’s.B. Judeo-Christian OriginB. Judeo-Christian Origin2. The New Testament: It is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ and tells about the beginning of Christianity and includes four big accounts : Gospels(《福音书》): including Matthew’s Gospel , Mark’s Gospel, Luke’s Gospel, and John’s Gospel, four of Jesus' early followers. They tell of the birth, teaching, death and Resurrection of Jesus. Acts of the Apostles(《使徒行传》)：a history of the early Christian movement. B. Judeo-Christian OriginB. Judeo-Christian OriginEpistles(《使徒书信》)：letters to the church groups around the Mediterranean Revelation(《启示录》)：a visionary account of the final triumph of God’s purpose. its beliefs: God is the creator and ruler of the world, so man should be absolutely submissive to god; Man should believe Jesus is Son and so representative of God and is the savior of the world; Believers should be always kind and adhere to the truth and the creeds. B. Judeo-Christian OriginB. Judeo-Christian OriginComparison with Greek mythology Hebrew culture values the soul instead of the flesh, the group vs the individual and the next life vs the secular life. Heroes in Christian literature are godly man while heroes in Greek mythology are manly god. Man’s worship to God was altered and extremized in the Middle Ages B. Judeo-Christian OriginB. Judeo-Christian OriginAssignments: Read them in both English and Chinese Greek Mythology Bible stories Homer’s Epics More details on Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides Aesop’s Fables More details on Plato, Aristotle and their works and ideas C. Old English LiteratureC. Old English Literature Old English, or Anglo-Saxon, period extends from the destruction of Roman Empire to the Norman Conquest. It is the listening time, so people learned the history and Bible stories from songs of the minstrels (bards). Caedmon: the father of English song England, was just a kingdom of German Empire. So it had no history, or more exactly, its history of the native Celts was not recorded.C. Old English LiteratureC. Old English LiteratureBeowulf It is an Anglo-Saxon national epic, in alliterative verse, originating from the collective efforts of oral literature. originally in the oral form in 6th century and the present one written in 10th. The theme: it is set in Scandinavian and tells of his three major adventures---how the hero defeats the monster Grendel and Grendel’s mother, the sea monster and a fire-breathing dragon , but eventually receives his own death. Old English LiteratureOld English LiteratureAnalysis of the poem: Battle is a way of life. Strength, courage and loyalty are basic virtues for both kings and warriors. It shows how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader. But, the forces of wyrd (fate) seem to control man’s destiny with mysterious omnipotence---fatalism. Old English LiteratureOld English LiteratureArtistic features: structural alliteration: Rhymeless Metaphors understatements Part II. Medieval LiteraturePart II. Medieval LiteratureAppreciation of poetry: Versification(韵律) Foot(音步):a unit of poetic meter of stressed and unstressed syllable Monometer; Dimeter; Trimeter; Tetrameter Pentameter: iambic pentameter The land was ours before we were the land’s. Hexameter: if in iambics, it is called Alexandrine characterized in Pope’s. Heptameter; octameter Part II. Medieval LiteraturePart II. Medieval LiteratureMeter(格): the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. Iambic(抑扬格) I saw the sky descending black and white. Trochaic(扬抑格) Let her live to earn her dinner. anapest(抑抑扬) There are many who say that a dog has his day. Dactyl(扬抑抑) :Take her up tenderly Part II. Medieval LiteraturePart II. Medieval LiteratureNote: Foot is not to be confused with meter, though the names for feet end with “-meter”. Meter is based on syllables, indicating how stressed and unstressed syllables are arranged. Foot is applied with a single line, indicating how many meters are employed in that line. Part II. Medieval LiteraturePart II. Medieval LiteratureStanza:a unit of lines related Couplet(双韵，对偶句)： stanza of two lines, usu. with end-rhymes. The Octosyllabic couplet is iambic or trochaic tetrameter. Heroic couplet: a rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter, for in 18th century England, it is often used in epics. Triplet(三行联句) Terza rima(三行体)：a three-line stanza linked by rhyme to the next stanza: aba bcb cdc Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind” Part II. Medieval LiteraturePart II. Medieval LiteratureQuatrain(四行诗). The heroic quatrain is iambic pentameter rhyming abab. Rhyme royal: a 7-line stanza of iambic pentameter, rhyming ababbcc. Chaucer’s Ottava rima(八行体)a 8-line iambic pentameter, rhyming abababcc. Spenserian stanza: a 9-line stanza rhyming ababbcbcc Sonnet: English sonnet: 3 quatrains+1couplet, rhyming abab cdcd efef gg Italian sonnet: octave+sestet, rhyming abba abba cde cde. Milton, Wordsworth, Keats Part II. Medieval LiteraturePart II. Medieval LiteratureBlank verse: unrhymed iambic pentameter Free verse: rhythmical lines varying in length, adhering to no fixed metrical pattern, usu. unrhymed. Rhythm: it is communicated by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables. Rhyme: the repetition of the stressed vowel sound and all succeeding sounds Meter+foot =metrical rhythm/versificationPart II. Medieval LiteraturePart II. Medieval LiteratureThe language of poetry Rhyme, alliteration, simile, metaphor, pun, personification etc. 1. “To bed, to bed,”said Sleepy Head “Tarry awhile,” said Slow. “Put on the pan,” said Greedy Nan, “We’ll sup before we go.”Part II. Medieval LiteraturePart II. Medieval Literature 2. Memory One had a lovely face, And two or three had charm, But charm and face were in vain Because the mountain grass Cannot but keep the form Where the mountain hare has lain. ---W.B. YeatsPart II. Medieval LiteraturePart II. Medieval LiteraturePoetry is the main genre: epics; long narrative poems; lyric poems ballads etc. Types of the medieval literature Church literature Language used: Latin, Greek contents：Bible stories, stories of the apostles, prayer books, hymns, religious narrative poems,religious plays etc. Most originated from the Bible and describe God’s omnipotence, Virgin Mary’s miracles, the apostle’s preaching and practicing. Part II. Medieval LiteraturePart II. Medieval LiteratureEpics and ballads Epics: Beowulf (England); Song of Roland (France); Song of Cid (Spain); 《尼伯龙根之歌》(Germany); 《伊戈尔远征记》(Russian). All of them shows patriotism and heroism.Part II. Medieval LiteraturePart II. Medieval LiteratureBallads It is a narrative song which bears the characteristics of folklore The most obvious stylistic feature is its simple language. Two categories of ballads according to its contents “Border Ballads”: dealing with battles fought on the border of England and Scotland The series of 37 ballads in children’s collection:Robin Hood ballads. Part II. Medieval LiteraturePart II. Medieval LiteratureChivalry literature Creeds of the knights: being loyal to his lord; fighting for the church, protecting the weak; respecting women of noble birth. The standardized plot: adventures or(and) love stories of the knights genres：Lyric poems & Romance Part II. Medieval LiteraturePart II. Medieval LiteratureRepresentative works: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight King Arthur and his round-table knights Monstrous green knight’s challenge Promise to accept a similar one in exactly one year’s time Questing for the green knight CastlePart II. Medieval LiteraturePart II. Medieval LiteratureHost going hunting and host seducing him Girdle that is said to have magic property Time to come: the last deceit betrayed him He was slightly punished Theme: a series of tests on faith, courage, purity and human weakness Original sin Part II. Medieval LiteraturePart II. Medieval LiteraturePopular folk literature Langland’s Piers the Plowman Satirize corruption among clergyman and the secular authorities Upholds the dignity and value of labor It is written in a style of imaginative vigor It takes the form of a dream vision, a favorite device of medieval poemsPart II. Medieval LiteraturePart II. Medieval LiteratureGreat men to be known: Thomas Aquinas, an Italian philosopher and theologian who is noted for his “scholasticism”: God is the first cause of all, therefore man’s last end is to know God. Dante Alighieri and his Devine Comedy He is versatile: an attentive learner of Latin, rhetoric, logic, poetics, ethics, philosophy, theology, history, history, astronomy, geography, music, painting Theoretical works: On Monarchy, Concerning Vernacular Eloquence Part II. Medieval LiteraturePart II. Medieval LiteratureDante’s The Divine Comedy: A Christian vision of man’s temporal and eternal destiny. Allegory, taking the form of a journey through hell, purgatory and paradise. Written in Italian rather than Latin 33 chapters each plus the Prologue, so 100 chapters altogether Part II. Medieval LiteraturePart II. Medieval LiteratureBoccaccio and his Decameron: Flight of 10 young people (7+3) from Black Death to a rich watered countryside. Each member has a turn as king or queen deciding how to spend the day. Praising love stories, so for some time it was forbidden as a pornography book Satirizing Christianity, it was forbidden for some time as book against God. Regarded as “Human Comedy” A sense of spiritual realities and an affirmation of moral values Shakespeare, Goethe, Keats, Puskin Part II. Medieval LiteraturePart II. Medieval LiteratureGeoffrey Chaucer Life: Chaucer’s active career as courtier, soldier, diplomat, and civil servant provided him not only with knowledge but also experiences which accounted for the wide range of his writings. Literary career: The French period. He translated many French works and also familiarized with writings in Latin esp. Virgil and Ovid. Part II. Medieval LiteraturePart II. Medieval LiteratureThe Italian period. a. He immersed himself in the works of Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio. b. Here he wrote Troilus and Criseyde, the first modern novel, which also became the subject of Shakespeare and Dryden. The Mature period. The Canterbury Tales Religious attitude: a devout and orthodox Christian Part II. Medieval LiteraturePart II. Medieval LiteratureChaucer’s position in English literature Messenger of humanism: He affirmed man’s right to pursue earthly happiness and opposed Asceticism, praised man’s energy, quick wit and love of life. The first realistic writer: Compared with romance’s religious poetry and Langland’s dream vision, Chaucer, for the first time, presented a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all works of life. Part II. Medieval LiteraturePart II. Medieval Literature“Father ” of English poetry and novel: Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas to replace the Old English alliterative verse. Heroic couplet and octosyllabic couplet were employed in many of his poems. His Troilus and Criseyde was called the first modern novel for he developed the art of literature that could not be found in medieval literature. Part II. Medieval LiteraturePart II. Medieval LiteratureMaster of the English language Between the Norman conquest and 1200, languages used by educated men were French and Latin, Chaucer was the first great poet who wrote in the current English. He greatly increased the prestige of English as a literary language and extended the range of its poetic vocabulary. For the Renaissance, he was the English Homer. Spenser called him master; many of Shakespeare’s plays show assimilation of Chaucer’s comic spirit. Part III. RenaissancePart III. RenaissanceRenaissance in European history, refers to the period between 14th century to 17th century. “Renaissance” means “revival”, the revival of interest in Ancient Greek and Roman culture and getting rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introducing new ideas that express the interests o