动词不定式及用法

第二课 不定式（The Infinitive）       定义：带“to”的非谓语形式。       形式：不定式符号“to”+动词原形。有主动形式和被动形式之分，也有时态变化，但没有人称和数的变化。   主动形式 被动形式 一般式 to make to be made 进行式 to be making   完成式 to have made to have been made     不定式有否定形式，就是在不定式的肯定形式前加否定词“not”，如：not to make, not to be making, not to have made。       意义：一个简单的句子也许就只有一个动词说明一个主语。例如，     1. I study English.（我学习英语。） 但是在很多情况下，一个句子需要几个动词，而作谓语的动词可能只要一个，另外的动词就不能作谓语，这时就只能用非谓语形式了。不定式就是其中的一种。例如，     2. To complete the 24-story building in ten month is a great achievement.     在例2中有两个动词“complete”和“is”。“is”在句中作谓语，“comp-lete”不作谓语，而是与它所带宾语一起作主语，就只能用非谓语形式。           作用：不定式在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语和补语。除了不能单独作谓语之外，其他的成份都可以担任。例如，     3. To make a quick decision was the key at that moment.（当时迅速作出决定才是关键。）     4. He promised not to tell the secret to anyone.（他答应不把这个秘密告诉任何人。）     5. My only choice was to hunt for another job.（我当时的唯一选择就是另谋他就。）     6. To do his work Einstein needed only a pen and a pad of paper.（Einstein工作只需要一支笔和一叠纸。）     7. Tom lifted a rock only to drop it on his own foot.（Tom是搬起石头砸自己的脚。）     8. He was overjoyed to hear the news.（他听到这个消息高兴极了。）     9. I don’t think he is the best man to do the job.（我认为他不是做这项工作的最佳人选。）     10. The teacher encouraged me to try again.（教师鼓励我再试一次。）       用法：不定式之所以被称为不定式就因为其用途广泛，但也并非无章可循。         作主语  当一个动词或动词短语成为一个句子要说明的主题时，这个动词或动词短语就可能用不定式形式做主语。例如，     11. To go up and down in class is not allowed in any school.（在课堂上走来走去没有哪个学校允许。）     12. To help the weak should be a common duty of the whole society.（帮助弱者应当成为全社会共同的责任。）     13. It is necessary for the young to make preparations for their future.（年轻人有必要为他们的未来做些准备。）     14．It is silly of you to say such words.（你说这样的话真傻。） 在这几个句子中，不定式短语均为各说明的主题，是句子的主语。在汉中也常出现动词短语作为一个句子说明的主题的情况，但这个动词不用改变形式。但在英语中就得变成非谓语形式。      句型归纳：1 To do + V (is /does) +其他               2 It is +adj. + for / of + sb. + to do   Exercise I Finish the following sentences according to the Chinese phrases given.（根据所给汉语词组完成下列句子。） 1. _____________________________ （要当好学生）requires discipline and grades. 2. _____________________________（上大学）is based on the performance in the entrance exam as well as money. 3. _____________________________（不做锻炼）does no good to your health as well as your brains. 4. ____________________________（每天完成我的英语练习）takes only a quarter of an hour. 5. ______________________________（拥有金钱和权力）is the values of most people of China. 6. _______ is possible _______________________________（我们在短时间内取得成功）. 7. _______ is dishonest ______________________________（我们在考试中作弊）.   8. __________________________________（养成好的习惯）will help you a lot in your life. 9. ___________________________________（每天吃一个苹果）will keep the doctor away from you. 10. __________________________________（为祖国学好英语）has encouraged generations of young people to devote their energy to the language.       作表语  当需要一个动词或动词短语放在“be”动词之后作表语表示主语的性质时，这个动词或动词短语可能用不定式。例如，     15. My duty is to help my students make progress in their English study.（我的职责就是帮助我的学生在英语学习方面取得进步。）     Cf. To help my students make progress in their English study is my duty.（帮助我的学生在英语学习方面取得进步就是我的职责。）     句型归纳：3 S. + be + to do           Exercise II Finish the following sentences according to the Chinese phrases given.（根据所给汉语词组完成下列句子。） 11. The goal of my life is _____________________________ .（成为一个对社会有用的人） 12. What you are required to do now is _________________________________ .（用你自己的话来回答这个问题） 13. The homework for you today is _________________________________________ .（在网上查找一些关于环境方面的 资料 新概念英语资料下载李居明饿命改运学pdf成本会计期末资料社会工作导论资料工程结算所需资料清单 ） 14. What I’d like to say is __________________________________ .（向老师求助） 15. The basis to make a good living is ___________________________ .（能赚到足够的钱） 16. My aim of this term is ________________________________.（在期考中进前十。） 17. Thomas Edison’s achievement in his life is ________________________ .（做出了一千多项发明） 18. His most outstanding behavior is ________________________ .（收养了一个妹妹）（收养：adopt） 19. The main reason of most dropouts is _____________________ .（没有足够的钱） 20. My job in the company is ________________________.（设计新产品）       作宾语  当一个动词需要另一个动词或动词短语作宾语来承受这个动词所表示的动作时，这个作宾语的动词或动词短语可能用不定式。例如，     16. Most of the students don’t agree to punish anyone for being late.     17. A girl never forgets to lock the door before going to bed.     18. The mayor refused to talk about it.     接不定式作宾语的动词比较多，较常见的有：afford, agree, attempt, beg, begin, bother, care, choose, claim, dare, decide, demand, desire, dislike, expect, fail, fear, forget, hate, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, like, love, manage, mean, neglect, offer, plan, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, remember, start, threaten, undertake, volunteer, venture, want, wish等。     句型归纳：4 S + V + to do   Exercise III Finish the following sentences by using correct infinitive form of the verbs in the bracket（根据括号动词的正确不定式形式完成下列句子。） 21. Never hesitate____________ (offer) help to those who need it. 22. What I want ______ (do) is to free all children who have to go to school. 23. After a spirited discussion, the committee decided _____________ (look) into the case again. 24. He had promised _____________(wake) me up early the next morning, but he didn’t. 25. The driver was so careless that he neglected ___________ (pay) no attention to the police notice at all. 26. The boy meant ____________ (hurt) the girl by saying so. 27. The family had planned _______________ (travel) to The Mid East but they failed ____ _____(do) so because of the war in Iraq. 28. The poor girl hopes __________________________ (choose, learn) art in a high school rather than __________ (support) his brother’s study by her marrying a rich man. 29. Some young people wish very much ____________________ (help, do) something for the 2008 Olympic Games, Beijing, but it seems that nobody needs them. 30. I can’t imagine how he managed ___________ (make) himself so popular.       作宾语补足语  当需要一个动词或动词短语来补充说明宾语时，这个动词或动词短语可能用不定式。例如，     19. We should get him to see the doctor.（我们得让他去看医生。）     20. The watch man didn’t allow anybody to get close to the garden.（看园人没有让任何人靠近园子。）     21. We believe him to have the best collection of stamps in the country. （我们相信他有全国最好的邮票收藏。）     22. On the first day of school, we selected Tom to be monitor.（上学头一天我们选举了Tom当班长。）     可以带不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, choose, command, consider, enable, determine, encourage, expect, feel, find, force, hate, have, hear, help, inform, invite, let, like, make, mean, need, notice, oblige, order, permit, persuade, remind, request, require, see, send, teach, tell, tempt, trouble, urge, want, warn, watch, wish, appoint, believe, declare, guess, imagine, judge, prove, report, select, think,等。     但在feel, have, hear, help, let, make, notice, see, listen to, look at, watch之后作宾语补足语时不定式符号“to”要省略。例如，     23. His grandma lets him eat a lot every day. Now he has become fat.（他奶奶每天要他吃好多东西。现在他已经发胖了。）    句型归纳：5 V + O + to do   Exercise IV Finish the following sentences according to the Chinese phrases given.（根据所给汉语词组完成下列句子。） 31.Tom’s mother doesn’t _______________________ （不许他看）TV except on weekends. 32. The gardener ______________________（告诉我不要浇）flowers in the garden at noon. 33. Every fourth week, our department always____________________ （邀请一位专家来作）a report on modern art. 34. As a teacher I often __________________________（鼓励学生提高）their qualities. 35. I don’t think the parents should ___________________（强迫孩子学习）what they show no interest in. 36. The children were brought to the black brick kiln（黑砖窑） and ____________________  （被迫干活）for sixteen hours a day without pay 37. Please _____________________（看我做）the experiment and then do it by yourselves. 38. In the darkness I ____________________（感觉到一个东西碰到）my foot. 39. I’ d __________________（想你们问）more questions about the problem. 40. Most students ________________________（认为他们的老师没有）enough knowledge.       作定语  当一个动词或动词短语修饰名词或代词时，这个动词或动词短语可能用不定式，且总是放在所修饰的词之后。     不定作定语的一般情况：①有only, last, next,序数词或形容词的最高级修饰的名词可能用不定式作定语，②ability, ambition, anything, attempt, capability, chance, curiosity, desire, decision, determination, effort, failure, intention, need, nothing, opportunity, place, plan, promise, reason, right, skill, something, tendency, time, way, wish等，③不定式所修饰的部分是不定式动词的宾语或承受者时可能用不定式作定语。例如，     24. He is always the last one to leave the office.（他总是最后一个离开办公室。）     25. I don’t think him to be the best man to do the job. （我认为他并非做这顶工作的最佳人选。）     26. Bob made a great effort to catch up with other students.（Bob花了很大力气赶上了其他同学。 27. After marriage, Lisa has a child to look after and a small house to take care of.（结婚了，Lisa现在在照看小孩，料理小家。）     词组结构：n. / pron. + to do （这个词组可能在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或介词宾语等。）   Exercise V Finish the following sentences according to the Chinese phrases given.（根据所给汉语词组完成下列句子。） 41. Man still has ______________（很多要学）about the brain. 42. I have a strong ____________________________________（愿望要找到一个好方法来帮助）those who have trouble in learning English. 43. Their __________________（没有抓住）their chance to follow the market was a great loss. 44. In this society people have no ________________ （抱怨的理由）at so many thing. 45. Do you still remember your _______________________（带我去欧洲的诺言）？ 46. All members of the group are against ____________________（调查的决定）into the case again. 47. I think there is _________________ （没必要花）so much time on English. 48. The main task of school is to develop the students’ ______________________________ （谋生的技能）. 49. All are born to have _____________________ （接受教育的权力）. 50. Who will be _______________ （下一个获奖的人）.       作状语  当需要一个动词或动词短语来修饰另一个动词或形容词以表示这个动作或状态的目的、结果或原因时，这个动词或动词短语可能用不定式。例如，     28. Mother saved every cent she could (in order) to pay for my schooling.（为了给我交学费，妈妈把能省的每一分钱都省下来了。）     29. He took part in the contest only to be found out for a fool.（他参加了比赛，结果是丢人现眼。）     30. Would you be so kind as to open the door for me?（请你给我把门打开好吗？）     31. I’m so glad to hear the news.（我听到这个消息真是太高兴了。）     句型归纳：6 S + V (+ O) + to do                7 To do + S + V (+ O)       这些不定式短语有时可以用从句来代替。例如，     32. Mother saved every cent she could in order (so) that she could pay for my schooling.     33. I’m so glad that I heard the news.   Exercise VI Replace the adverb clauses by infinitive phrases..（用不定式短语来替换下列句中状语从句。） 51. Jane lived away from her children so that she could get some peace.   52,Ted spoke softly so that he wouldn’t disturb me.   53. Jean gave me a towel so that I might dry my wet feet.   54. Mr. Smith repeated the main points of the lecture so that he wouldn’t be misunderstood.   55.The children are standing by the roadside so that they can be picked up by the school bus.   Exercise VI Tell the function of each infinitive phrase in the following sentences.（请指出下列句中不定式短语的功能。） 56. A. She wept to hear the news.  B. She wept to get sympathy（同情）. 57. A. He arrived late to find the others gone.  B. He arrived late to avoid the test. 58. A. He returned to get his umbrella.  B. He returned to hear that his neighbor had moved out.  59. A. They turned around to see they were being followed.    B. They turned around to see what had happened. 60. A. He woke up early to find the house on fire. B. He woke up early to review his lessons.