指代题

指代题 1） 返回原文，找出出题的指代词 2） 向上搜索，找出最近的名词，名词性短语或 句子 关于阅读的唯美句子关于古风的唯美句子执行力的经典句子鼓励人努力奋斗的句子用沉默代替一切的句子 3） 将找到的词、词组或句子的意思代入替换该指代词，看其意思是否通顺。 4） 尤其要关注段首句出现的指代关系。 解这类题，要注意代词指代的原则——就近指代：代词指代在数(单数或复数)、格(主格或宾格)、逻辑、意义、位置等方面与之接近的名词。就位置而言，代词所指代的名词通常在本句或其上句之中；就数而言，单数代词指代单数名词，复数代词指代复数名词，例如：it 指代单数名词(单数可数名词或不可数名词)，也可指代一个句子；they指代复数名词主格；them指代复数名词宾格；one指代单数可数名词等。除了位置、性、数和格等方面的要求外，逻辑和意义也是衡量的 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 ，也就是说，正确的答案应该从意义(主要指语法搭配)上和逻辑(主要指思想内容)上而言都通顺。 2006年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(湖南卷) 第三部分：阅读理解（共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 B For the first time in modem history, less than half of the U.S. adult population now reads literature, according to a recent survey. Reading at Risk: A Survey of Literary Reading in America presents a detailed review of the decline of reading's role in the nation's culture. Reading at Risk is a survey of national fashion in adult literary reading. The data source for Reading at Risk is as reliable and objective (客观的) as any such survey can be. The key results of the survey are presented in the "Summary", but the report can be further explained as: literary reading in America is not only declining rapidly among all groups, but the rate of decline has been speeded up, especially among the young. Reading at Risk merely shows a great cultural change that most Americans have already noted – our society's great turn to electronic media for entertainment and information. Reading a book requires a degree of active attention and devotion. Indeed, reading itself is a progressive skill that depends on years of education and practice. On the contrary, most electronic media such as television, recordings, and radio make fewer demands on their audiences, and indeed often require no more than passive participation. While oral culture has a rich reality and electronic media offer the considerable advantages of variety, print culture affords irreplaceable forms of focused attention and thought that make various communications and views possible. The decline in reading, therefore, equals a larger retreat (减少) from participation in public and cultural life. What is to be done? There is surely no single solution to the present problem, just as there is no single cause. The important thing now is to understand that America can no longer take active and devoted reading for granted. Reading is not a timeless, common ability. As more Americans lose this ability, our nation becomes less informed, active, and independent minded. These are not qualities that a free, inventive, or productive society can afford to lose. 61. The underlined phrase "cultural change" in Paragraph 2 refers to the change________. A. from oral culture to electronic media B. from print culture to electronic media C. from electronic media to oral culture D. from electronic media to print culture 2006年普通高校招生统考(四川卷)英语 第三部分 阅读理解（共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分） 阅读下列5篇短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A I was the middle child of three, but there was a gap of five years on either side, and I hardly saw my father before I was eight. For this and other reasons I was somewhat lonely. I had the lonely child’s habit of making up stories and holding conversations with imaginary persons, and I think from the very start my literary ambitions（文学志向） were mixed up with the feeling of being isolated（孤独） and undervalued. I knew that I had a natural ability with words and a power of facing unpleasant facts, and I felt that this created a sort of private world in which I could get my own back for my failure in everyday life. However, the quantity of serious writing which I produced all through my childhood would not add up to half a dozen pages. I wrote my first poem at the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation. I cannot remember anything about it except that it was about a tiger and the tiger had “chair-like teeth” - a good enough expression. At eleven, when the war of 1914-18 broke out, I wrote a poem which was printed in the local(地方的） newspaper, as was another, two years later, on the death of Kitchener. From time to time, when I was a bit older, I wrote bad and usually unfinished “nature poems”. I also, about twice, attempted a short story which was a failure. That was the total of the would-be serious work that I actually set down on paper during all those years. 56.The underlined word“it” in paragraph 2 refers to . A.the quantity of serious writing B.the writer’s first poem C.the writer’s childhood D.the tiger in the poem 2006年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 英语（浙江卷） 第二部分：阅读理解（共20小题，每题2分，满分40分） 第一节：阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 D Old Computers Make for Unhappy Workers --- Survey LONDON (Reuters) ----- Dealing with the dissatisfaction of aging and unreliable office computers leads to workers’ unhappiness and more sick leave, a survey showed on Wednesday. A survey carried out by caro4free.net of over 2,700 European office workers from the UK, France and Germany found that workplace dissatisfaction increased greatly with the age of the computer equipment. “We do know that job satisfaction is falling in Britain and most advanced nations,” said Stephen White, a researcher from the Work Foundation. “The actual reasons for this are the subject of very heated discussion. It’s certainly one interesting theory that technology may be the cause of this in some way,” White added. A quarter of these using outdated computers in Britain said they were “quite” or “ very dissatisfied “ with their everyday job compared to the percent of those who had enjoyed an advantage from up-to-date technology. The survey also said that among workers dealing with outdated equipment, there was a 35 percent greater probability they would take six or more days of sick leave per year compared with the average worker. In France, where more workers use old computers, the probability jumped to 55 percent. Results also showed that women in the three countries were more likely to be using outdated equipment. In the UK, where more workers have up-to-date computers than in the other countries surveyed, the number of women using old equipment doubled than of men. White pointed out that there were two sides to this problem, saying that continuously having to deal with new technology and equipment can also be a source of worry. “Old and faulty equipment is a major cause of office dissatisfaction. There is no question about it; but you also have to say that the frequent change of equipment is also, or could be, a main cause of dissatisfaction.” 53. The underlined word “this” (paragraph 3) refers to ______. A. workplace dissatisfaction B. computer use in most jobs C. the aging off office computers D. the survey by care4@ free. net 2006年高考英语试卷及答案（重庆卷） 　三、阅读理解（共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分） 　 请阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项的标号涂黑。 B Italian Lakes and Greek Islands(12Days) Prices starting from $1，999 Your tour begins in Milan,Italy,and moves on to the pretty Italian Lake District and the attractive resort(胜地)of Stresa,your home for two nights. Collette Vacations has carefully chosen the Costa Victoria as your home away from home for your 7-night journey along the waterways of the Mediterranean. The cruise ship is filled with the warmth and culture of Italy and is richly designed with entertainment(娱乐)areas and very good living conditions. It will take you to the places of your dreams. You'll spend 4 days touring Greek cities you've always heard about. In Katakolon,you will have the only unguided tour to nearby Olympia on the whole journey. Then with a local guide you will visit the Greek islands of Santorini,which is often related to the story of the lost city of Atlantis,and Mykonos,a wonderful island with beautiful beaches. Your journey ends in Verona,home of the love story Romeo and Juliet,with a fun-filled farewell dinner-a perfect ending to a pleasant journey. 12Day,25Meals:10Breakfasts,6 Lunches,9Dinners Day 1 Overnight flight to Italy Day 2-3 Regina Palace,stresa,Italy Day 4-10 Costa Victoria(Costa cruises) Day 11 Hotel Leopardi,Verona,Italy Day 12 Leave for home 61.What does the underlined part“the Costa Victoria”most probably refer to? A.A　famous hotel. B.A beautiful resort. C.A comfortable ship. D.A long-distance bus. 2006年普通高等学校全国统一考试（天津） 阅读理解 B At a few minutes past five. Dave noted that the blanket of darkness was lifting. He was just able to make out the heavier masses that eventually appeared as the familiar trees that lined the road at the base of the hill. The upper reaches of the sky showed lighter shades of gray. Dave got out of bed quietly and dressed quickly. He mixed a spoonful of instant chocolate into a glass of cold water, and his impatience forced him to finish the drink in gulps. As he walked down toward the lake. Dave paused to reach for the fishing pole and gear box on the bench where he had left them the night before. By the time where he reached the small boat, a thick white mist（雾气）had spread over the surface of the water. He stepped into the boat, sat down, and rowed out of the weed beds that lined the edge of the shore. The outer fringe（边缘）of the lake disappeared as the boat moved forward noiselessly. All he could see was the enveloping whiteness. He could not tell where the boat and the surrounding air met the surface of the lake. Dave rowed steadily ahead, relying of a mental picture of the surroundings. Then the mist began to rise, slowly It soon rested inches above the still surface of the lake. The heavy silence was now being broken by the fish breaking through the surface as they leaped out of the water for low-flying insects. The magic time had arrived. Dave raised his pole. Davn was broken. He was excited with expectancy. 41. The underlined word“It”in Paragraph 6 refers to . A. fish B. boat C. silence D. mist 陕西2006年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（陕西卷） 第二大题　　阅读理解（共25小题。第一节每小题2分，第二节每小题1分;满分45分） 第一节　　阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 E Among rich countries , people in the United States work the longest hours. They work much longer than in Europe. This difference is quite surprising because productivity per hour worked is the same in the United States as it is in France, Spain and Germany, and it is growing at a similar speed. In most countries and at most times in history, as people have become richer they have chosen to work less. In other words they have decided to “spend” a part of their extra income on a fuller personal life. Over the last fifty years Europeans have continued this pattern, and hours of work have fallen sharply. But not in the United States. We do not fully know why this is. One reason may be more satisfying work, or less satisfying personal lives. Longer hours do of course increase the GDP (国内生产总值). So the United States has produced more per worker than, say, France. The United States also has more of its people at work, while in France many more mothers and older workers have decided to stay at home. The overall result is that American GDP per head is 40% higher than in France, even though productivity per hour worked is the same. It is not clear which of the two situations is better. As we have seen, work has to be compared with other values like family life, which often get lost in interest. It is too early to explain the different trends（趋势）in happiness over time in different countries. But it is a disappointing idea that in the United States happiness has made no progress since 1975, while it has risen in Europe. Could this have anything to do with trends in the work-life balance (平衡) ? 58.In the last paragraph, the underlined word“which”refers to_______. A. family life B. situations C. other values D. trends 2006年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试II 第二部分 阅读理解（共25小题。每一节每小题2分，第二节每小题1分；满分45分） 第一节 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 E “Who made your T-shirt?” A Georgetown University student raised that question. Pieta Ravioli, a professor of business, wanted to find the answer. A few weeks later, she bought a T-shirt and began to follow its path from Texas cotton form to Chinese factory to charity bin (慈善捐赠箱). The result is an interesting new book , The Tra ’s of a T-shirt in the Global Economy(经济). Following a T-shirt around the world in a way to make her point more interesting, but it also frees Ravioli from the usual arguments over global trade. She goes wherever the T-shirt goes, and there are surprises around every corner. In China, Ravioli shows why a clothing factory, even with its poor conditions, means a step toward a better e for the people who work there. In the colorful used-clothing markets of Tanzania, she realizes, the “it is only in this final stage of life that the T-shirt will meet a real market,” where the price of a shirt changes by the hour and is different by its size and even color .Ravioli’s book is full of memo able people and scenes, like the noise, the bad air and the “muddy-sweet smell (泥土香味) of the cotton. ”She says, “Here in the factory, Shanghai smells like Shall water Texas.” Ravioli is at her best when making those sorts of unexpected connections. She even finds one between the free traders and those who are against globalization. The chances opened up by trade are vast, she argues, but free markets need the correcting force of politics to keep them in check . True economic progress needs them both. 59.What does the word “them” underlined in the last paragraph refer to ? A. Free-markets. B .Price changes. C. Unexpected connection . D. chances opened up by trade. 2006年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英 语（全国卷1） 第三部分 阅读理解(共20小题;每小题2分，满分40分) 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 C A study of English learning problems was carried out among a total of 106 foreign students.It shows that most students considered understanding spokeu English to be their bigges problern on asrival.This was followed by speaking,Writing increased as a problem as students discovered difficulties in writing papers that they were now expected to hand in.Reading remained as a signifioant（显著的）problem. The information gsined helped up in determining where special attention should be paid in our course.Although many atudents have chosen to join the course with a reasonnble motivation（动机）,we considered it important to note what seemed to encourage inleresl.Neady all the students have experienced some kind of grammar-based English teaching in their own country.To use the sarnc method would be self-defeating because it might reduce motivation,especially if it has failed in the pest.Thereforc a different method may help henause it is different. Variety of activity was also seen as a way of maintsining（保持）or incressing motivation.Several years ago we had one timetable that operated throughout,but we soon found that both the students and the teachers lost interest by about halfway through the ten weeks.This led up to a majoc re-taink,so finally we hrought it into line with the expressed language needs of the students. 68.The word“it” underlined in the last paragraph refers to“ ”. A.re-think B.activity C.molivation D.timetable 2007年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语招生试题 安 徽 卷 第三部分：阅读理解 (共20小题；每小题2分, 满分40分) 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 C As societies develop, their members start to see things not so much according to what they need, but according to what they want. When people have enough money, these wants become demands. Now, it' s important for the managers in a company to understand what their customers want if they are going to develop effective marketing strategies (策略). There are various ways of doing this. One way at supermarkets ( 超市), for example, is to interview(采访) customers while they' re doing their shopping. They can be asked what they prefer to buy and then the results of the research can be studied. This provides information on which to base future marketing strategies. It' s also quite normal for top managers from department stores to spend a day or two each month visiting stores and mixing freely with the public, as if they were ordinary customers, to get an idea of how customers act. Another way to get information from customers is to give them something. For example, some fast food restaurants give away tickets in magazines or on the street that permit customers to get part of their meal for nothing. As well as being a good way of attracting customers into the restaurants to spend their money, it also allows the managers to get a feel for where to attract customers and which age-groups to attract. Another strategy used at some well-known parks such as Disneyland is for top managers to spend at least one day in their work, touting the park dressed as Mickey Mouse or something like that. This provides them with a perfect chance to examine the scene and watch the customers without being noticed. 66. What does the word "this" underlined in the last sentence refer to? A. Visiting Disneyland. B. Wearing attractive clothes. C. Acting Mickey Mouse. D. Dressing up and walking around. 2007年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（湖北卷） 第三部分：阅读理解（共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分） 阅读下列短文，从每篇短文后所给各题的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 B How can a creature weighing over 5 tons and normally taking 150 kilograms of food and 120 liters of water per day survive in a desert environment? In the southwest African country of Namibia, and the Sahara lands of Mali further north, the desert elephant does just that. Although not regarded as a separate species from the African elephant, the desert cousin differs in many ways. Their bodies are smaller, to absorb less heat, and their feet are larger for easier walking across sandy surfaces. They are taller, to reach higher branches. They have shorter tusks （象牙）， and most importantly, longer trunks to dig for water in riverbeds. Desert elephants can travel over 70 kilometers in search for feeding grounds and waterholes, and have a larger group of families, They drink only every 3-4 days, and can store water in a “bag” at the back of their throat, which is only used when badly needed. Desert elephants are careful feeders-they seldom root up trees and break fewer branches, and thus maintain what little food sources are available. Yong elephants may even eat the dung （粪便）of the female leader of a group when facing food shortage. During drought they are unlikely to give birth to their young but with good rains the birthrate will increase greatly. Desert elephants have sand baths, sometimes adding their own urine (尿液) to make them muddy! As we continue to overheat our weak planet, it can only be hoped that other animal species will adapt as extraordinarily well to change as the desert elephant. 65. The underlined part in Paragraph 2 means“ ”. A. remains in the African countries B. drinks 120 liters of water a day C. manages to live in desert areas D. eats 150 kilograms of food daily 2007年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（天津卷） D In meditation(冥想)，people sit quietly and focus their attention on their breath .As they breathe in and out ,they attend to their feelings .As thoughts go through their minds. they let them go. Breathe. Let go. Breathe. Let go. According to a recent study at the Insight Meditation Society in Barre, Massachusetts, three months of training in this kind of meditation causes a market change in how the brain allocates(分配) attention. It appears that the ability to let go thoughts that come into mind frees the brain to attend to more rapidly changing things and events in the outside world. Expert mediators are better than other people at catching such fast-changing stimuli( 刺激),like facial expressions. The study provides evidence for changes in the workings of the brain with mental training. People can learn and improve abilities of all sorts with practice. everything from driving to playing the piano.