土木工程英语证书考试(PEC)常用术语定义

土木工程英语证书（PEC）考试常用术语定义 Accelerated- To hasten or quicken the natural process or progress of a reaction or event. Accelerated repair mortars should not be pumped. Adhesives- An adhesive is a substance which enables two surfaces to stick together and behave as a single unit. Balcony- It is a horizontal projection, including a handrail, or a balustrade to serve as passage or sitting out place. Basement- It is the lowest storey of a building either entirely or partly below the ground level. Building- Building is defined as any structure for whatsever purpose and of whatsoever materials constructed and every part thereof whether used as human habitation or not and includes foundation, plinth, walls, floors, chimneys, plumbing and building services. Building Line- This is the line to which the plinth of a building adjoining a street or extension of a street or on a future street may lawfully extend. Clay- It is composed of microscopic and sub-microscopic particles with size less than 0.002 mm derived from the chemical decomposition and disintegration of rock constituents. Coarse Sand- It is one which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.6mm and less than 2mm. Cohesive Soils- They consist of the finer and altered products of rock weathering, which possess cohesion and plasticity in their natural state. They exhibit cohesion even when dry and both, i.e., cohesion and plasticity, when even submerged, Ex: Silt, Clay, etc.,  Cohesionless Soils- They consist of the coarser and largely silicious and unaltered products of rock weathering. These soils have no plasticity and also lack cohesion especially when in the dry state. Ex: Gravel and sand. Corridor- It is a narrow verandah or a gallery or open communication to different parts of building. Corrosion Inhibitor- A chemical compound which, when added in small concentrations to concrete or mortar, effectively checks, decreases, or prevents the reaction on embedded metal (rebar) with the environment (rusting). Detached Building- It is one whose walls and roofs are independent of an other building with open spaces on all sides. Dry Mix Shotcrete- Repair material is placed dry or slightly damp into shotcrete machine and mixed with compressed air. The mixture is transported via hose to the exit nozzle where water and admixtures, if any, are introduced. The ingredients are propelled onto the prepared substrate by the force of the compressed air. Fiber Reinforced- Fibers are made from steel, plastic, glass, and natural materials and come in many sizes and shapes. May improve flexural strength, impact strength, toughness, fatigue strength, and resistance to cracking. Fine Sand- It is one which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.06mm and less than 0.2mm. Fire Doors- The doors specially designed to resist the passage of fire are called fire doors. Foundation- It is the lowest artificially prepared part, below the surface of the surrounding ground, which is in direct contact with sub-strata and transmits all the loads to the sub-soil. Fly Ash- A mineral pozzolan added to repair mortars to reduce segregation and bleeding. Fly Ash will also reduce the heat caused by hydration by up to 40%. This enables the product to be accelerated for maximum quick setting ability. Geyser- It is an appliance or apparatus which is used for heating water and delivering it from a tap. Igneous Rocks- These are formed from the solidification of molten matter called magma, in the surface of earth or above it. Ex: Granite, Dolerite, Basalt, etc., Integral Powdered Polymer- Dry powdered latex added the mortar and is activated when water is added to the product. Light Weight Hollow Nodule- Hollow spheres (glass like) that are added to mixes to reduce their weight for overhead applications. These products should not be used where abrasion may be a factor. Liquid Polymer Component- An emulsion of a natural or synthetic rubber in a water phase. The contents of the jug in the “jug and bag” products-often referred to as “milk”. Enables the mortar to bond better, increases density and abrasion. Load Bearing Walls- Those walls which are designed to carry any superimposed load, in addition to their own weight, are termed as load bearing walls. Loft- it is an intermediary floor between two floors on a residential space in pitched roof, above normal floor level with a maximum height of 1.5 m and which is constructed for storage purposes. Low Velocity Spray - Method for application of repair materials up to a depth where reinforcing bar is encountered. This may be by a hopper gun or with carousel pump equipment. Masonry Walls- All those walls which are built of individual blocks or material such as bricks, stone, clay or concrete usually in horizontal courses, cemented or bonded together with some form of mortar are termed as Masonry walls. Medium Sand- It is one which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.2mm and less than 0.6mm. Metamorphic Rocks- These are the either igneous or sedimentary rocks whose physical and chemical properties have been changed by the action of intense pressure or heat. Non-Load Bearing Walls- Those walls, which support no vertical load other than their own weight, are termed as non-load bearing walls. Pantry- This is a small room generally provided adjacent to dining room for keeping cooked food. Plinth- It is the middle part of the structure, above the surface of the surrounding ground up to the surface of the floor (i.e., floor level) immediately above the ground. Plinth Area- It is the built up covered area measured at the floor level of the beasement or of any storey. Porch- A roof supported on pillars in front of a verandah or in front of a building for parking. Residual Soils- These soils (Ex: Sands, Silts, and Clays) are the products, of disintegration of rocks and are located at the place of their formation. Safe Bearing Capacity- It is the net intensity of loading that the soil will safely carry without the risk of failure either due to shear or due to excessive settlement. Sedimentary Rocks- These rocks are the result of the accumulation of weathered deposits of igneous rocks, Ex: Gravel, Sand stone, Lime stone, Gypsum, Lignite, etc., Semi-Detached Building- It is one whose three sides are detached with open spaces. Sewer- It is closed drain used for carrying night soil and other water-borne waste. Shear Wall- Any wall designed to carry horizontal forces acting in its plane with or without the imposed loads is termed as shear wall. Shoring- Shoring is the means of providing temporary support to unsafe structures, the stability of which has been endangered due to unequal settlement of the foundation or due to removal of adjacent buildings, or due to bad work-manship, or due to any other reason. Shrinkage Compensated- A hydraulic cement that expands slightly during the early hardening period after setting of the repair mortar. They are used to compensate for the volume decrease due to drying shrinkage. Silica Fume- Highly reactive possolana, and by product of ferrosilican production. 100 times smaller than a piece of cement, these particles interlock during the hydration process making the repair mortar very dense. Also increases bonding ability and abrasion. Silt- It is a fine grained soil with particles ranging in size from 0.002mm to 0.06mm with little or no plasticity. Stair Well- It is also known as staircase. The space in a building occupied by the stair is called as stairwell or staircase. Storey- It is the portion of a building included between the surface of any floor and the structure of the floor next above it, or if there be no floor above it, then the space between any floor and the ceiling next above it. Superstructure- The part of the structure constructed above the plinth level (or ground floor level) is termed as superstructure. Tiles- The tiles are used for common purposes like roofing, flooring and drains in construction industry. Transported Soils- These are the residual soils which get transported and deposited at another location by the forces of gravity, water, wind and ice. Veneered Wall- It is a wall in which the facing is attached to the backing but not so bonded as to exert a common reaction under the load. Wet Mix Shotcrete- Pre-batched and thoroughly mixed repair material is placed into a concrete pump and transported via pump line to an exit nozzle where compressed air and admixtures, if any, are introduced. The repair material is propelled onto the surface by the compressed air.