非谓语动词444

null非谓语动词 非谓语动词 非谓语动词非谓语动词 null目 录☆ 完成下列句子 ☆ 概念 ☆ 特点 ☆ 种类 ☆ 作用null完成下列句子：1. ______________________________ (那么 多人看着她), she felt very nervous. (look) 2. ___________________________ (他们所有 的作业做完了), the children went out to play. (finish) 3. _________________________ (没有什么有 趣的事可做), he went to bed early. (do)With so many people looking at herWith all their homework finishedWith nothing interesting to do分析：“看”与 “felt”同时发生，且是主动的。分析：“做完”先于 “went”发生，且是被动的。分析：“可做”是went之后发生，且是主动的。想一想：依句意待完成部分在句中说明主句的什么？伴随状语用什么结构表达？“看”的逻辑主语是主句主语吗？“做完”的逻辑主语是主句主语吗？想一想：依句意待完成部分在句中说明主句的什么？伴随状语用什么结构表达？“看”是什么样的动作——已完成、正发生还是未开始？“做完”是什么样的动作——已完成、正发生还是未开始？想一想：依句意待完成部分在句中说明主句的什么？“可做”是什么样的动作——已完成、正发生还是未开始？“可做”的逻辑主语是什么？是执行者还是承受者？概念概念 根据刚才的完成句子题可知，英语中的动词根据它们在句子中的作用分为谓语动词和非谓语动词，因此，顾名思义，非谓语动词就是那些在句子中不是用作谓语成分的动词。它们可能是不同类别的不同形式，用作主语、宾语、表语、补语、定语和状语等不同成分。___ 那些在句子中不是用作谓语成分的动词特点特点1、不能单独作谓语，但非谓语动词既然是 动词，就有动词的特征——可以有自己 的逻辑主语，还可以有自己的宾语、表 语、补语和状语： Both his parents laid off, he lives a poor life. 2、虽然因不作谓语而没有人称、数的限定 和语气的变化，但有体现时间关系的各 种体的变化和体现逻辑关系的被动语态 变化形式。 Having been punished, he seemed annoyed.______________Both his parents laid offHaving been punished________________种类种类非谓语动词1. 不定式2. 动名词 3. 现在分词4. 过去分词null根据基本形式，非谓语动词可以分为：1. 不定式：带to或不带to 的原形动词的某种体 — (to) do, (to) be done; (to) be doing; (to) have done, (to) have been done; (to) have been doing 不定式1） 除了不能单独用作谓语外，不定式可以用作 其它各种成分 — 主语、宾语、表语、定语、 状语和补语；特点：2）时间关系方面有不同的体的变化 — 一般体、 进行体、完成体和完成进行体；逻辑关系— 除了进行体和完成进行体外，其它体有被动 语态形式。 主语、宾语、表语、定语、 状语和补语有不同的体的变化 有被动 语态形式时间关系____________________________逻辑关系null2. 动名词：顾名思义，就是有动词特征但起名词 作用的非谓语动词形式(原形动词的各种体+ ing) — doing, being done; having done, having been done; having been doing特点：1）因为在句子中只起名词作用，故动名词只能 用作名词能充当的成分 — 主语、宾语、表语 和定语； 主语、宾语、表语 和定语 _________________ ____________________2）时间关系方面：有不同的体的变化 — 一般体、 完成体和完成进行体；逻辑关系方面：除了 完成进行体外，其它体有被动语态形式。having been doing时间关系逻辑关系 动名词null3. 现在分词：-ing形式的非谓语动词在句子中起 名词作用时为动名词，而在句子中起其它作用 时是现在分词。形式与动名词相同：— doing, being done; having done, having been done; having been doing现在分词特点：1）因为在句子中不能起名词作用，故现在分词 能充当的成分只有表语、定语、状语和补语；2）时间关系方面：有不同的体的变化 — 一般体、 完成体和完成进行体；逻辑关系方面：除了 完成进行体外，其它体有被动语态形式。表语、定语、状语和补语时间关系逻辑关系现在分词null4. 过去分词：在句子中用作表语、定语、状语和 补语表示已经完成的情况或已完成的被动情况 时用的非谓语动词形式 — done (只一种形式)过去分词 表示已经完成的情况或已完成的被动情况特点：1）因为在句子中不能起名词作用，故过去分词 能充当的成分只有表语、定语、状语和补语；2）时间关系方面：一般表示已经完成的情况； 逻辑关系方面：及物动词的过去分词多表示 被动，不及物动词的过去分词表示已经完成 的情况。过去分词时间关系逻辑关系 ________________________ ____null 四种非谓语动词的形式 非谓语动词的作 用非谓语动词的作 用主语宾语表语宾补定语状语null一、能用作主语的非谓语动词1. 不定式(短语) To “think outside the box ” is to try new ways to solve a problem. With so many people communicating in English every day, it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English. Is it possible to be best friends even if you are thousands of miles apart? It is also thought to be a sign of good taste to say something nice about those things.__________________________________________________________________ 不定式短语作主语多置于句末，而在主语的位置用it作形式主语，而且当不定式有某特定的执行者执行动作时，应在不定式前面加上 for + 执行者或of + 执行者。 ____________________________ _____null2. 动名词(短语) Taking exercise early in the morning has become part of her retired life.______________________________ Do you think it is necessary for a foreigner to master Chinese? Why do you think it is foolish of him to shout at his boss? ______________ ____________ _______________ ______ 动名词短语作主语表示特定的对象进行或承受的行为时，其前面应加上该动名词的执行者或承受者作其逻辑主语，该逻辑主语可以是名词的普通格、所有格或形容词性的物主代词(作宾语时可用宾格代词)： Peter’s coming late made the president angry. Your passing the exam will please all your family.__________________________________ __________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________null二、能用作宾语的非谓语动词1. 不定式(短语) When you are finished with the electric iron, don’t forget ___________ (关掉它). (turn) (09湖北) If you are feeling down, or if you are having a problem, fair-weather friends don’t want to spend time or talk with you. I try to read as many books and magazines as I can find about Canada. I was pleased that the manager had decided not to be angry with me for having been so rude. to turn it offnull 不定式(短语)作宾语包括：1. )(牢记哦) 直接用带to的不定式作宾语的动词有： afford (负担得起) / agree (同意) / aim (目的是) / apply (申请) / appear (好象/似乎) / arrange (安排) / ask ( 要求 对教师党员的评价套管和固井爆破片与爆破装置仓库管理基本要求三甲医院都需要复审吗 ) / bother (烦恼/操心) / care (愿意) / choose (选择) / dare (敢) / decide (决定) /demand (要求) /desire (想要/愿望) /determine (决定) / select (选择) /endeavor (努力/尽力/ 力图) / expect (盼望) / fail (未能、没有) /happen (碰巧) / help (有助于) / hesitate (犹豫) / hope (希望) / intend (意图/想) / learn (学会) / long (渴望) / manage (设法) / mean (意图/打算) / offer (主动提出) /plan(打算、 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 ) /prepare (准备)/pretend (假装) /promise (许诺) /refuse (拒绝) / seem (似乎、好象) / tend (倾向于) / undertake (接受、同意) / wait (等候) / want (想) / wish (希望) / would / should like (想要) 注意哦：某些动词(如arrange)后接不定式作宾语时，动词的词义决定了该不定式前必须带for sb. / for sth.null2. ) 当宾语后面接名词、形容词等作宾补时，务必将作 宾语的不定式(有时是复合结构)放到句末去，在宾语 的位置加上it作形式宾语： Not all of these are bad for us, of course, but they make it more difficult for us to control what we eat. The Internet also makes it easier for companies to keep in touch with consumers and companies in other countries.3. )“疑问词+不定式”在句中的作用相当于名词从句， 可用作主语和宾语： Having good table manners means knowing, for example, how to use knives and forks, when to drink a toast and how to behave at the table.4. )介词中只有but和except后可以接不定式： He did nothing but watch TV every night.null I don’t enjoy reading too much. I like playing computer games. I hate hiking. Janet told the other students to stop making fun of Sarah. When Huike sees the crying Minzhi on television, he himself starts crying, but he is also happy to see her. It is polite to finish eating everything on your plate. I remember having an empty feeling in my stomach and thinking that my life was going to end. It was difficult to save the palaces and buildings without destroying their old beauty. It sounded like a woman crying.2. 动名词(短语)null 动名词作宾语只能用于admit (承认) /advise (劝告, 建议) /allow (允许) /appreciate (欣赏) /avoid (避免) /can’t help (忍不住) /can’t stand (无法忍受) /complete (完成) /consider (考虑) /delay (延迟) /deny (否认) /dislike (厌恶) /endure (忍受)/enjoy (喜欢) /escape (逃避) /excuse (原谅) /fancy (设想) /finish (完成) /forbid (禁止) /forgive (宽恕) /give up (放弃) /imagine (想象) /include (包括) /keep (on) (继续、反复) /mind (介意) /miss (错过) /pardon (原谅) /permit (允许) /postpone (推迟) /practise (练习) /prevent (阻止) /put off (推迟) /recall (回忆) /report(报道) /require (需要) /can’t resist (禁不住) /risk (冒险)/suggest (建议) / stand (忍受)/stop (停止) /understand (理解) /want (需要)等特定动词后。可得常常想着俺哦！！！null 动名词(短语)还用于下列短语后： admit to (承认) / as well as / be afraid of / be fond of / be tired of / be proud of / be capable of / be good at / be worth / be engaged in / be busy in / be successful in / burst out (突然开始) / can't help …/ count on / devote oneself to / leave off / put off / give up / feel like (想要) / insist on (坚持) / have trouble in / have difficulty (in ) / how about / be used to / get used to / get down to / give up / hold off / keep on / lead to / look forward to / object to / pay attention to / put off / prefer…to / prevent … from… / set about / stick to / succeed in / take pride in / take up / think about / think of / what about // It’s no good / no usenull 有的动词后既能接动名词又能接不定式作宾语，且意义上有的有区别，有的没区别。stop to do 停止手中事, 去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事1.) 有区别的有： remember/forget/regret to do (指动作当时尚未发) remember/forget/regret doing(指动作已经发生)go on to do(接着做另外一件事) go on doing(接着做同一件事)try to do(设法, 努力去做, 尽力) try doing(试试去做, 看有何结果)mean to do(打算做, 企图做) mean doing (意思是, 意味着)can’t help to do(不能帮忙做) can’t help doing(忍不住要做)________null2.) 没有区别的有：__________begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue (接不定式多指具体的一次性的动作, 接动名词多指一般或习惯行为)need, want, require(当主语是物时，常用动名词主动形式表示被动意义, 若接不定式则应用被动形式) begin, start, love, like和prefer后接动名词和不定式意义上没什么区别，但当这些动词本身是进行体时，后面接不定式；表示一种习惯或倾向多接动名词作宾语, 如果表示某一特定的或具体的行动, 多接不定式；下列情况下start / begin后接不定式更好： A. 主语不是人而是事物时：The ice began to melt. B. start / begin用-ing形式时：I am staring to cook the dinner. C. 后面所接的动词表示感情、心理等静态意义时： I began to understand…. She started to wonder….null For drinking during a dinner, the best advice is _____________________.三、能用作表语的非谓语动词1. 不定式(短语) The best way to have a good swim with your new friends is ________________.to learn from them When Spielberg was young, his dream was __ ____________________. to go to the Film Academy The most important thing for young Minzhi is ____________________________________ — NOT ONE LESS — before Mr. Gao returns! not to lose any more pupils from the school The custom of toasting in some parts of China is _____________________. to finish the drink at oncenever to drink too muchThe best way(如另有逻辑主语则构成for+逻辑主语+ to do) The only way to get reunited is for you to apologize to them. for you to apologize to themnull2. 动名词(短语) Other favourite hobbies are _________________. reading and singing My interests are ___________________________ _______________. reading novels, playing football and singing songs不定式和动名词作主语和表语的区别null3. 现在分词(短语)What he said was really ________.annoying(常见作表语是现在分词有astonishing, encouraging, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing)4. 过去分词(短语)You do not feel _______ to enter them.invited Greatly _____ in China are the English Romantic poets.loved When the poem is _______, I close the book and my sadness is ____.finishedgone分词(短语)作表语的特点和区别分词(短语)作表语的特点和区别null四、能用作宾补的非谓语动词1. 不定式to do(短语) My teachers encouraged us to believe we could do anything and have it all. This technology may enable doctors to restore human organs in the near future. One of the most important achievements is a new kind of rice which allows farmers to increase production. to believe we could do anything and have it all to restore human organs in the near future to increase production 由上述例子可知，大多数谓语动词后面的宾语补语表示谓语之后的行为时用带to的不定式： advise / allow / ask / beg / call on / cause / challenge (要求) / command (指挥/命令) / consider / drive / enable(使能够)/ encourage / expect / forbid / force / get / instruct (指示) / intend / invite / order / permit / persuade / remind / report / request / require (要求) / select / send (差遣) / suppose (假设) / teach / tell / train / trust / urge / wait for / want / warn / wish / would like / would love / would prefernull2. 不定式to be (短语) We believe him to be guilty.to be guilty We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. to be one of the best students in our class 接不定式to be (短语) 作宾补的谓语动词有：appoint / believe / consider / declare (宣称) / discover / fancy (设想) / feel / find / guess / imagine / judge (断定) / know / like / prove / suppose / think / understand3. 不带to的不定式(短语) Wei Bin took out some peanuts and it was fun to see the monkey eat from his hand.eat from his hand Pop music makes people feel easy and forget about the real world; rock music makes people think about the world and how to make their life better. feel easy and forget about the real world think about the world and how to make their life betterReading helps us understand the world.understand the world用于感官动词和let, have, help, make后。null4. 现在分词(短语) What did you see him doing when you passed him? What doing There are many recipes for simple and healthy snacks that taste great and keep us going.going 现在分词作宾补主要用于感官动词和keep, catch, set, send, start, leave等特殊使役动词及介词with, 表示谓语动词发生时正在发生的主动动作。 With so many people communicating in English every day, it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English. communicating in English every day5. 过去分词(短语) _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ When you look around at buildings, streets, squares and parks, you will find them designed, planned and built in different styles. designed, planned and built in different stylesnull Frank Lloyd Wright, who built an art museum in New York, found himself inspired by Japanese seashells. inspired by Japanese seashells More than ninety responsible and caring citizens made their voices heard today.heard today Every great culture in the past had its own ideas of beauty expressed in art and architecture. expressed in art and architecture They wanted their buildings constructed in a way to look unnatural. constructed in a way to look unnatural Please get the work done as soon as possible. done as soon as possible I want you to keep me informed of how things are going with you. informed of how things are going with you 过去分词作作宾补用于感官动词和make, have, want, get, keep, would like等动词后, 表示句中宾语所承受的被动行为。null A growing number of overseas Chinese have grasped the opportunity to develop their ideas at home. 五、能用作定语的非谓语动词1. 不定式(短语) They can give us a chance to practise our cooking skills. The first 100 customers to visit the store will be given a present. I have a lot of work to attend to.to visit the store to develop their ideas at home The best way to have a good swim with your new friends is to learn from them. to have a good swim with your new friends________________________________________ ______________________________ ______ He did not have time to finish what he was saying.to finish what he was saying________________________ to practise our cooking skills 注意：下列词语后用非谓语动词作定语时常接不定式(短语)： wish, right, courage, need, promise, opportunity, way, time, chance , the first, the second, the last, the only等作不定式的状语。 (若被饰词为不定式短语的承受者(宾语), 则不定式必须能接宾语且缺宾语, 即必须是缺宾语的及物动词或不及物动词+介词等)to attend to_________(如另有逻辑主语则构成for+逻辑主语+ to do) ____________________ ____null Cutting down trees and selling the wood was the only way for poor farmers to make some money and feed their families. Shanghai is the first city in the world to have built a high-speed maglev train, from the city to Pudong Airport. The blues is a way for people to show who they are and what is in their heart. The great moment for European literature to come to China is between 1910 and the late 1930s. for poor farmers to make some money and feed their families ____________________________________________ ____________ for people to show who they are and what is in their heart _____________________________ _____________________ for European literature to come to China ____________________________ _______ 由上述例子可知，自带逻辑主语的不定式(不定式的复合结构 for +逻辑主语 + 不定式)也可以用作定语。 There is much yet to be discovered. There is a wide variety of new music to be discovered in every corner of the world.由上述例子可知，作定语的不定式有“体”和语态的变化。 to have built a high- speed maglev train _________________ ________________to be discovered_____________ to be discovered in every corner of the world ________________ __________________________nullEating habits become part of who we are. 2. 动名词 Many hospitals and schools offer training classes for people who are interested in learning first aid. 动名词作定语时，表示的是被修饰的词的功能、作用或用途而决非行为动作(表示行为动作的-ing分词是现在分词)。null3. 现在分词(短语)Kwanzaa is a seven-day festival celebrating the culture and history of African Americans. People who see Xiaohua would never guess that she is one of millions of children in the world living and dying with AIDS. living and dying with AIDS The ocean and seas surrounding the islands are deep blue.surrounding the islands 由上述例子可知，现在分词短语作定语多数表示被饰词现在或当时正在进行中的行为。 __________ ______________________________ When Huike sees the crying Minzhi on television, he himself starts crying.crying但有时也可能表示包括现在在内的经常性的情况： celebrating the culture and history of African AmericansHe lives in the house facing the sea.facing the seanull4. 过去分词(短语) The breakthrough, made by scientists in Shanghai, gives hope to cancer patients all over the world and makes China one of the world leaders in the battle against the deadly disease. The peaceful meeting ended when the company sent out a group of angry men armed with sticks to fight with the citizens. armed with sticks But at other moments you will find him gentle and weak, as when he cries about the lost lives of people drowned in ships that have sunk.drowned in ships that have sunk Great Britain is a nation of different countries held together by a common language and culture. held together by a common language and culture Much of the wisdom discovered by early Chinese scientists is still useful for farmers and gardeners today. discovered by early Chinese scientists There are lots of parks called Window of the World in China. called Window of the World made by scientists in Shanghainull过去分词短语作定语时有两种情况：1. 一般是及物动词的过去分词短语表示已经 完成的被动行为(如上例)。2. 若是不及物动词，一般不用过去分词短语 形式，而用单个的过去分词作定语，表示 已经完成的主动。 The fallen leaves can be used to cook.fallen Retired workers often get as much pay as when he retired.Retired 过去分词作表语时也一样：不及物动词仅表示已经完成 的行为。 The days when we