官网发布：新GRE与旧GRE成绩换算及百分比

GRE ® Guide to the Use of Scores 2011–2012 This publication includes: • Guidelines for the use of GRE® scores (updated for the GRE® revised General Test) • Concordance information and percentile ranks • Statistical information www.ets.org/gre CONTENTS The GRE® Board and Its Committees ........................................................................................ 3 Overview of the GRE Tests ........................................................................................................... 4 Guidelines for the Use of GRE Scores ......................................................................................... 7 Considerations in Score Interpretation ..................................................................................... 11 Reporting and Using GRE Scores ............................................................................................. 13 Score Interpretation and Statistical Information ..................................................................... 14 Statistical Tables ......................................................................................................................... 17 GRE Analytical Writing Section Score Level Descriptions .................................................... 26 Communicating with the GRE Program Inquiries from Educators Inquiries from Examinees By Email grehelpline@ets.org gre-info@ets.org By Phone 1-609-683-2002 1-609-771-7670 By Mail GRE Program Educational Testing Service PO Box 6000 Princeton, NJ 08541-6000 This publication can be downloaded at www.ets.org/gre/guide. Copyright © 2011 by Educational Testing Service. All rights reserved. ETS, the ETS logo, LISTENING. LEARNING. LEADING., CRITERION, GRADUATE RECORD EXAMINATIONS, GRE, POWERPREP, TOEFL, TOEFL IBT and TWE are registered trademarks of Educational Testing Service (ETS) in the United States and other countries. College Board is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board. 3 The Graduate Record Examinations Board and Its Committees The Graduate Record Examinations® (GRE®) Board was formed in 1966 as an independent board and is affiliated with the Association of Graduate Schools (AGS) and the Council of Graduate Schools (CGS). The Board establishes all policies for the GRE Program, which is administered by Educational Testing Service (ETS). In addition, ETS provides information, technical advice and professional counsel to the Board and develops proposals to achieve the Board’s program, research and service goals. GRE Program activities include testing, research, publishing and advisory services. These services are designed to assist graduate schools/departments and business schools in admissions, guidance and placement, program evaluation, and selection of fellowship recipients, and to assist students with their transition to graduate education. The GRE Board is mindful of the impact of its testing, information, research and services on students, institutions and graduate education, and it recognizes its obligation to ensure that its policies and activities serve the best interests of the entire graduate education community. The GRE Board strives to equalize higher education opportunities for all students; improve the practices, procedures and quality of graduate education; and promote maximum utilization of human talents and financial resources. The GRE Board consists of 18 appointed members: four AGS appointees, four CGS appointees and 10 at-large appointees of the Board. In addition, the president of CGS is an ex-officio member of the Board. There are five standing committees of the GRE Board: (1) the Executive Committee, which is empowered to make interim decisions and set the agenda for board meetings; (2) the Research Committee, which establishes long- range planning strategies related to research, considers proposals for new research, monitors the progress of all research projects and allocates designated GRE Board funds for research projects; (3) the Services Committee, which monitors all GRE operating services, maintains a close relationship with graduate students and faculty, and identifies long-range planning strategies involving the development of new services; (4) the Minority Graduate Education Committee, which considers research proposals and projects, new and ongoing services and long-range planning strategies for students from underrepresented groups; and (5) the Finance Committee, which considers and makes recommendations for action on all GRE budget and finance issues. A list of GRE Board and Committee members is available at www.ets.org/gre/greboard. TOEFL® Board In recognition of the fact that a large number of TOEFL® examinees are potential graduate students, a cooperative arrangement for the operation of the program was entered into on July 1, 1973, by ETS, the College Board and the GRE Board. Under this arrangement, a board of 15 members advises ETS on the policies governing the TOEFL program. Both the College Board and the GRE Board appoint three members to the TOEFL Board to represent the interests of their respective constituencies. Other Board members represent such groups as graduate schools of business, community colleges, foreign student advisers, English language teachers and researchers, nonprofit educational exchange agencies and agencies of the federal government. 4 Overview of the GRE Tests GRE test scores can be used by admissions or fellowship panels to supplement undergraduate records and other qualifications for graduate- level study. The scores provide common measures for comparing the qualifications of applicants and aid in the evaluation of grades and recommendations. GRE score recipients may not, without the express, prior, written consent of ETS, use GRE score data for any other purpose, or copy, release, provide access to or otherwise disclose GRE score data to anyone except individuals within their particular organization having a need to know. ETS reserves the right to monitor access and use of the GRE score data by all GRE score recipients. Institutions of higher education that award graduate degrees and non-degree-granting organizations that award graduate fellowships are eligible for consideration as score recipients. Institutions and organizations that do not meet either one of these requirements are, in general, not eligible to be score recipients. ETS reserves the rights, at its sole discretion, to grant or revoke a GRE score recipient code based on eligibility requirements or for any other reason, and to make exceptions to its policy, under special circumstances. The weight to be given to GRE scores can generally be established by relating what the tests measure to the orientation, curriculum, and aims of a department. Specifically, the content validity of the tests for a graduate department or program should be determined by reviewing each test carefully and then making subjective decisions as to the weight, if any, the scores on GRE tests should receive in relation to other admission factors. Score users should be familiar with the responsibilities of test users outlined in Part III of the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing (AERA, APA, NCME, 1999). GRE revised General Test On August 1, 2011, the GRE® revised General Test replaced the GRE® General Test. Like the prior test, the revised test measures the verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, critical thinking and analytical writing skills required for success in graduate and business school. Content The Verbal Reasoning measure assesses the ability to analyze and draw conclusions from discourse and reason from incomplete data, understand multiple levels of meaning, such as literal, figurative and author’s intent, and summarize text and distinguish major from minor points. In each test edition, there is a balance among the passages across three different subject matter areas: humanities, social sciences (including business) and natural sciences. There is an emphasis on complex reasoning skills, and this measure contains new question types and new computer-enabled tasks. The Quantitative Reasoning measure assesses basic mathematical concepts of arithmetic, algebra, geometry and data analysis. The section tests the ability to solve problems using mathematical models, understand quantitative information and interpret and analyze quantitative information. There is an emphasis on quantitative reasoning skills and this measure contains new question types and new computer-enabled tasks. The Analytical Writing measure assesses the ability to articulate and support complex ideas, support ideas with relevant reasons and examples, and examine claims and accompanying evidence. The tasks in the Analytical Writing measure relate to a broad range of subjects – from the fine arts and humanities to the social and physical sciences. The measure does not assess specific content knowledge and there is no single best way to respond. The task directions require more 5 focused responses, reducing the possibility of reliance on memorized materials. Individuals who are interested in reviewing the content of the revised General Test can download the GRE POWERPREP® II software free-of-charge at www.ets.org/gre/tpresources. Administration The GRE revised General Test is administered at about 700 ETS-authorized test centers in more than 160 countries. The computer-based GRE revised General Test is administered in a secure testing environment on a continuous basis in most regions of the world. In Mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Korea, the computer- based test is offered one to two times per month. In areas where the computer-based test is unavailable, paper-based tests are administered up to three times per year (October 22, 2011, November 19, 2011 and February 11, 2012). The computer-based GRE revised General Test contains two Analytical Writing tasks, two Verbal Reasoning sections and two Quantitative Reasoning sections. In addition, an unidentified unscored section or research section may be included; neither section is counted as part of a test taker’s scores. Total testing time is approximately 3 hours and 45 minutes. The Verbal and Quantitative Reasoning measures of the computer-based revised General Test are adaptive at the section level. This test design allows test takers to move freely about within any timed section, allowing them to use more of their own personal test-taking strategies and providing a friendlier test-taking experience. The Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning measures each have two operational sections. Overall, the first operational section is of average difficulty. The second operational section of each of the measures is administered based on an examinee’s overall performance on the first section of that measure. An on-screen calculator is provided in the Quantitative Reasoning measure to reduce the emphasis on computation. In the Analytical Writing section of the computer-based revised General Test, the GRE Program uses an elementary word processor developed by ETS so that individuals familiar with specific commercial word processing software do not have an advantage or disadvantage. This software contains the following functionalities: inserting text, deleting text, cut and paste and undoing the previous action. Tools such as a spelling checker and grammar checker are not available in the ETS software, in large part to maintain fairness with those examinees who handwrite their essays during the paper-based revised General Test. The paper-based GRE revised General Test contains two Analytical Writing tasks, two Verbal Reasoning sections and two Quantitative Reasoning sections. Total testing time is approximately 3 hours and 30 minutes. Test takers write their answers in test books rather than on answer sheets. The content of the paper- based test is the same as is administered in the computer-based test. A calculator is provided at the test center for use on the Quantitative Reasoning measure to reduce the emphasis on computation. How the Sections of the GRE revised General Test are Scored Verbal and Quantitative Sections Scores on the Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning measures depend on performance on the questions given and on the number of questions answered in the time allotted. The Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning measures are section-level adaptive. This means the computer selects the second section of a measure based on the performance on the first section. Within each section, all questions contribute equally to the final score. For each of the two measures, a raw score is computed. The raw score is the number of questions answered correctly. The raw score is converted to a scaled score through a process known as equating. The equating process accounts for minor variations in difficulty among the different test editions as well as differences in difficulty among individuals’ tests introduced by the section-level adaption. Thus a given scaled score reflects approximately the same level of performance regardless of which section was selected and when the test was taken. 6 For the Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning measures of the paper-based GRE revised General Test, a raw score is computed. The raw score is the number of questions answered correctly. The raw score is then converted to a scaled score through a process known as equating. The equating process accounts for differences in difficulty among the different test editions, so a given scaled score reflects approximately the same level of ability, regardless of the edition of the test that was taken. Analytical Writing Section For the Analytical Writing section, each essay receives a score from two trained readers, using a six-point holistic scale. In holistic scoring, readers are trained to assign scores on the basis of the overall quality of an essay in response to the assigned task. If the two assigned scores differ by more than one point on the scale, the discrepancy is adjudicated by a third GRE reader. The pairs of scores assigned to each of the two essays are used to develop the final Analytical Writing score. Scores on the Analytical Writing measure of the GRE revised General Test have been scaled to the Analytical Writing measure of the prior GRE General Test to maintain comparability between the two scales. The scale scores are then rounded to the nearest half-point interval on the 0-6 score scale. A single score is reported for the Analytical Writing section. The primary emphasis in scoring the Analytical Writing section is on examinees’ critical thinking and analytical writing skills rather than on grammar and mechanics. Scoring guides for each essay task are available at www.ets.org/gre/institution/awguides. During the scoring process, essay responses on the Analytical Writing section are reviewed by ETS essay-similarity-detection software and by experienced essay readers. Subject Tests Subject Tests, available in the eight disciplines listed below, measure achievement in particular fields of study. • Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology • Biology • Chemistry • Computer Science • Literature in English • Mathematics • Physics • Psychology Each test deals with the subject matter that is emphasized in many undergraduate programs as preparation for graduate study in the field. Every Subject Test yields a total score. The Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology; Biology; and Psychology Tests also yield subscores. Subscores enable assessment of strengths and weaknesses and can be used for guidance and placement purposes. Individuals who are interested in reviewing the content of a particular Subject Test can download a copy of the corresponding Subject Test practice book free-of-charge at www.ets.org/gre/subject/prepare. The Subject Tests are offered at paper-based administrations three times a year at test centers throughout the world (October 15, 2011, November 12, 2011, and April 21, 2012). On all the Subject Tests, the reported score is derived from the number of correct answers minus one-fourth of the number of incorrect answers. 7 Guidelines for the Use of GRE Scores These Guidelines were revised and approved by the GRE Board Executive Committee in September 2011, for implementation in October 2011. The GRE Board has adopted a statement regarding fair and appropriate use of GRE scores. This statement can be found on the GRE website at www.ets.org/gre/guidelines. Introduction These guidelines have been adopted by the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) Board to provide information about the appropriate use of GRE test scores for those who use the scores in graduate admissions and fellowship selection processes and for guidance and counseling for graduate study. They are also intended to protect applicants from unfair decisions that may result from inappropriate uses of scores. Adherence to the guidelines is important. The GRE General Test and Subject Tests are designed to assess academic knowledge and skills relevant to graduate study. As measures with known statistical properties and high- quality technical characteristics, the scores from these tests, when used properly, can improve graduate admissions and fellowship selection processes. Any GRE test, however, has two primary limitations: (1) it does not and cannot measure all the qualities that are important in predicting success in graduate study or in confirming undergraduate achievement and (2) it is an inexact measure; consequently, the standard error of measurement of the difference between test scores can serve as a reliable indication of real differences in applicants’ academic knowledge and developed abilities. Although limitations and cautions apply to all admissions measures, the GRE Board has a particular obligation to inform users of the appropriate uses of GRE scores and to identify and try to rectify instances of misuse. To this end, the following policies and guidelines are available to all GRE examinees, institutions, and organizations that are users of GRE scores. Policies In recognition of its obligation to ensure the appropriate use of GRE scores, the GRE Board has developed policies designed to make score reports available only to approved users, to encourage these score users to become knowledgeable about the validity of the test score uses and interpretations, to protect the confidentiality of test takers’ scores and to follow up on cases of possible misuse of scores. The policies are discussed below. Score users. Undergraduate and graduate institutions and non-degree-granting organizations that award graduate fellowships are eligible for consideration as score users. The GRE Board retains the right to make exceptions to this policy in special circumstances. Validity. The general appropriateness of using GRE test scores for graduate admissions, fellowship selection and guidance and counseling for graduate study has been established by research studies carried out by ETS and others. GRE scores may be appropriate for some other purposes, but it is important for the user to validate their use for those purposes. To assist departments and programs in evaluating proposed use