大学英语综合（四）原文及翻译UNIT1- A

They say that pride comes before a fall. In the case of both Napoleon and Hitler, the many victories they enjoyed led them to believe that anything was possible, that nothing could stand in their way. Russia's icy defender was to prove them wrong. 人道是骄兵必败。就拿拿破仑和希特勒两人来说吧，他们所向披靡，便以为自己战无不胜，不可阻挡。但俄罗斯的冰雪卫士证明他们错了。 The Icy Defender Nila B. Smith 1 In 1812, Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, led his Grand Army into Russia. He was prepared for the fierce resistance of the Russian people defending their homeland. He was prepared for the long march across Russian soil to Moscow, the capital city. But he was not prepared for the devastating enemy that met him in Moscow -- the raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter. 冰雪卫士 奈拉·B·史密斯       1812年，法国皇帝拿破仑·波拿巴率大军入侵俄罗斯。他准备好俄罗斯人民会为保卫祖国而奋勇抵抗。他准备好在俄罗斯广袤的国土上要经过长途跋涉才能进军首都莫斯科。但他没有料到在莫斯科他会遭遇劲敌——俄罗斯阴冷凄苦的寒冬。 2 In 1941, Adolf Hitler, leader of Nazi Germany, launched an attack against the Soviet Union, as Russia then was called. Hitler's military might was unequaled. His war machine had mowed down resistance in most of Europe. Hitler expected a short campaign but, like Napoleon before him, was taught a painful lesson. The Russian winter again came to the aid of the Soviet soldiers.       1941年，纳粹德国元首阿道夫·希特勒进攻当时被称作苏联的俄罗斯。希特勒的军事实力堪称无敌。他的战争机器扫除了欧洲绝大部分地区的抵抗。希特勒希望速战速决，但是，就像在他之前的拿破仑一样，他得到的是痛苦的教训。仍是俄罗斯的冬天助了苏维埃士兵一臂之力。 3 In the spring of 1812, Napoleon assembled an army of six hundred thousand men on the borders of Russia. The soldiers were well trained, efficient, and well equipped. This military force was called the Grand Army. Napoleon, confident of a quick victory, predicted the conquest of Russia in five weeks. 拿破仑发起的战役       1812年春，拿破仑在俄国边境屯兵60万。这些士兵受过良好训练，作战力强，装备精良。这支军队被称为大军。拿破仑对马到成功充满自信，预言要在5个星期内攻下俄国。 4 Shortly afterwards, Napoleon's army crossed the Neman River into Russia. The quick, decisive victory that Napoleon expected never happened. To his surprise, the Russians refused to stand and fight. Instead, they retreated eastward, burning their crops and homes as they went. The Grand Army followed, but its advance march soon became bogged down by slow-moving supply lines.       不久，拿破仑的大军渡过涅曼河进入俄国。拿破仑期盼着的速决速胜迟迟没有发生。令他吃惊的是，俄国人并不奋起抵抗。相反，他们一路东撤，沿途焚毁庄稼和民居。大军紧追不舍，但它的长驱直入很快由于粮草运输缓慢而停顿下来。 5 In August, the French and Russian armies engaged at Smolensk, in a battle that left over ten thousand dead on each side. Yet, the Russians were again able to retreat farther into Russian territory. Napoleon had won no decisive victory. He was now faced with a crucial decision. Should he continue to pursue the Russian army? Or should he keep his army in Smolensk for the approaching winter?       到了8月，法俄两军在斯摩棱斯克交战，这一战役中，双方各有上万人阵亡。可是，俄国人仍能在自己的国土上继续后撤。拿破仑未能取得决定性的胜利。此刻他面临着一个重要抉择。是继续追击俄国军队，还是把军队驻扎在斯摩棱斯克，在那儿度过将到的冬天？ 6 Napoleon took the gamble of pressing on to Moscow, 448 kilometers away. On September 7, 1812, the French and Russian armies met in fierce battle at Borodino, 112 kilometers west of Moscow. By nightfall, thirty thousand French and forty-four thousand Russians lay dead or wounded on the battlefield.       拿破仑孤注一掷，决定向远在448公里之外的莫斯科进发。1812年9月7日，法俄两军在莫斯科以西112公里外的鲍罗季诺激战。夜幕降临时，3万名法国士兵以及4.4万名俄国士兵或伤或亡，倒在了战场上。 7 Again, the Russian army retreated to safety. Napoleon had a clear path to Moscow, but the occupation of the city became an empty victory. The Russians fled their capital. Soon after the French arrived, a raging fire destroyed two-thirds of the city. Napoleon offered a truce to Alexander I, but the Russian czar knew he could bide his time: "We shall let the Russian winter fight the war for us."        俄国军队再次撤往安全之处。拿破仑顺利进入莫斯科，然而，对该市的占领成为毫无意义的胜利。俄国人弃城而走。法国人进城不久，一场熊熊大火烧毁了整个城市的三分之二。拿破仑向亚历山大一世提出停战，但沙皇深知他可以等待时机：“且让俄罗斯的严冬为我们战斗吧。” 8 Napoleon soon realized he could not feed, clothe, and quarter his army in Moscow during the winter. In October 1812, he ordered his Grand Army to retreat from Moscow.       拿破仑很快意识到，他无法在冬天向远在莫斯科的军队供应粮草、提供御寒衣物和宿营之地。1812年10月，他命令大军撤出莫斯科。 9 The French retreat turned into a nightmare. From fields and forests, the Russians launched hit-and-run attacks on the French. A short distance from Moscow, the temperature had already dropped to minus 4 degrees Celsius. On November 3, the winter's first snow came. Exhausted horses fell dead in their tracks. Cannon became stuck in the snow. Equipment had to be burned for fuel. Soldiers took ill and froze to death. The French soldiers dragged on, leaving the dead along every mile.       法军的撤离成为一场噩梦。俄国人出没于田野与森林，采用打了就跑的战术，向法国人发起攻击。刚出莫斯科城，气温就降到摄氏零下4度。11月3日降下初雪。困乏的马匹倒地而死。大炮陷入雪中。装备只得被用作燃料焚烧。士兵们染病冻死。法国士兵拖着脚步行进，一路上留下无数死尸。 10 As the Russian army was gathering its strength, the French had to flee Russia to avoid certain defeat. At the Berezina River, the Russians nearly trapped the retreating French by burning the bridges over the swollen river. But Napoleon, by a stroke of luck, was able to build two new bridges. Thousands of French soldiers escaped, but at the cost of fifty thousand dead. Once across the Berezina, the tattered survivors limped toward Vilna.       正当俄罗斯军队集聚兵力之时，法国人却不得不逃离俄国，以避免注定的失败。在别列兹那河，俄国人焚烧了涨水的河道上的桥梁，差点将后撤的法军困于河边。侥幸的是，拿破仑居然突击造起两座桥。成千上万法国士兵得以逃脱，但却损失了5万人。渡过别列兹拿河，溃不成军的幸存者一瘸一拐地向维尔纽行进。 11 Of the six hundred thousand soldiers Napoleon had led into Russia, less than one hundred thousand came back. The weakened French army continued its retreat westward across Europe. Soon, Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia formed a powerful alliance and attacked these stragglers. In March 1814, Paris was captured. Napoleon abdicated and went into exile, his empire at an end.       拿破仑发兵60万进入俄国，只有不到10万士兵返回。元气大伤的法国军队在欧洲继续西撤。不久，英国、奥地利、俄国以及普鲁士组成强大的联盟，攻击这些散兵游勇。1814年3月，巴黎被攻占。拿破仑退位去过流放生活，他缔造的帝国随之灭亡。 12 By early 1941, Adolf Hitler, leader of Nazi Germany, had seized control of most of Europe. To the east of Hitler's German empire was the Soviet Union. On June 22, 1941, without a declaration of war, Hitler began an invasion of the Soviet Union that was the largest military land campaign in history. Confident of a quick victory, Hitler expected the campaign to last no longer than three months. He planned to use the blitzkrieg, or "lightning war," tactics that had defeated the rest of Europe. The invasion had three broad thrusts: against Leningrad and Moscow and through the Ukraine.        希特勒的入侵       到1941年初，纳粹德国元首阿道夫·希特勒已经控制了欧洲大部分地区。希特勒的德意志帝国的东部与苏联毗邻。1941年6月22日，希特勒不宣而战，入侵苏联，发动了历史上规模最大的一场陆地战役。希特勒自信能速战速决，预计这一战役不会超过3个月。他计划采用征服了欧洲其余地区的闪电式战略。入侵计划包含三大目标：向列宁格勒与莫斯科进攻，并横扫乌克兰。 13 Caught off guard by the invasion, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin instructed the Russian people to "scorch the earth" in front of the German invaders. Farms and factories were burned, destroyed, or rendered useless. During the first ten weeks of the invasion, the Germans pushed the front eastward, and the Russians suffered more than a million casualties.       苏联领导人约瑟夫·斯大林被打了个措手不及，他指示全国人民在德国入侵者到来之前实行“焦土”政策。农场和工厂被焚烧毁坏，或被弄得无法运转。在入侵的最初10个星期内，德国人一路东进，俄国人伤亡人数多达一百多万。 14 In the north, the Germans closed in on Leningrad. Despite great suffering, however, the people of Leningrad refused to surrender. As the battle of Leningrad dragged on into winter, the city's situation became desperate. As food ran out, people died from hunger and disease. By the middle of the winter of 1941-1942, nearly four thousand people starved to death every day. Close to one million people died as a result of the siege.       在北方，德国人包围了列宁格勒。尽管忍受着极大困苦，列宁格勒的人民绝不投降。列宁格勒保卫战一直持续到冬季，此时该市的处境变得危急。由于食品匮乏，人们死于饥饿与疾病。到了1941年和1942年之间的寒冬，几乎每天有4千人死于饥饿。列宁格勒之围造成近百万人死亡。 15 In the center of Russia, Hitler's goal was the capture of Moscow. Because the Germans had anticipated a quick victory, they had made no plans for winter supplies. October arrived with heavy rains. "General Mud" slowed down the movement of the Germans' lightning attack.        在俄国中部，希特勒的目标是占领莫斯科。由于德国人指望速战速决，他们没有准备过冬的补给。10月来临，大雨不停。“泥泞将军”拖延了德国人闪电式进攻的行动。 16 As Hitler's armies drew closer and closer to Moscow, an early, severe winter settled over the Soviet Union, the harshest in years. Temperatures dropped to minus 48 degrees Celsius. Heavy snows fell. The German soldiers, completely unprepared for the Russian winter, froze in their light summer uniforms. The German tanks lay buried in the heavy snowbanks. The Russian winter brought the German offensive to a halt.       正当希特勒的军队逼近莫斯科时，寒冷的冬季早早地降临苏联，那是多年不遇的严寒。气温降到摄氏零下48度。大雪纷飞。对俄国的严寒冬季毫无思想准备的德国士兵身着单薄的夏装，一个个被冻伤。德国人的坦克掩埋在深深的雪堆中。俄罗斯的冬季阻止了德国人的攻势。 17 By the summer of 1942, Hitler had launched two new offensives. In the south, the Germans captured Sevastopol. Hitler then pushed east to Stalingrad, a great industrial city that stretched for 48 kilometers along the Volga River. Despite great suffering, Soviet defenders refused to give up Stalingrad.       到1942夏天，希特勒又发起两场新的攻势。在南方，德国人占领了塞瓦斯托波尔。希特勒随后向东推进到斯大林格勒，那是沿伏尔加河绵延48公里的一座大工业城市。尽管艰苦卓绝，苏联抵抗者拒绝放弃斯大林格勒。 18 In November 1942, the Russians launched a counterattack. With little or no shelter from the winter cold in and around Stalingrad, German troops were further weakened by a lack of food and supplies. Not until January 1943 did the Germans give up their siege. Of the three hundred thousand Germans attacking Stalingrad, only ninety thousand starving soldiers were left. The loss of the battle for Stalingrad finally turned the tide against Hitler. The German victories were over, thanks in part to the Russian winter.       1942年11月，俄国人发起了一场反攻。德国军队在斯大林格勒城内外几乎没有挡风避寒的地方，食品和补给的匮乏更使其元气大伤。直到1943年1月德国人才放弃围城。进攻斯大林格勒的30万德国人只剩下9万忍饥挨饿的士兵。斯大林格勒一战的失利最终使希特勒时乖运蹇。部分地由于俄罗斯的冬季，德国人走向失败。 19 During 1943 and 1944, the Soviet armies pushed the German front back toward the west. In the north, the Red Army broke the three-year siege of Leningrad with a surprise attack on January 15, 1944. Within two weeks, the heroic survivors of Leningrad saw their invaders depart. By March 1944, the Ukraine farming region was again in Soviet hands. On May 9, 1944, Sevastopol was liberated from the Germans. The Russians were now heading for Berlin.        在1943年与1944年期间，苏联军队将德军阵线往西逼退。在北方，1944年1月15日，红军发起突然袭击，解除了列宁格勒长达3年之久的围困。列宁格勒那些英勇无畏的幸存者看着入侵者在两个星期内全部撤离。到了1944年3月，乌克兰的农村又回到了苏维埃手中。1944年5月9日，塞瓦斯托波尔从德国人手中被解放出来。至此，俄国人向柏林进发。 20 For Hitler, the invasion of the Soviet Union had turned into a military disaster. For the Russian people, it brought unspeakable suffering. The total Soviet dead in World War II reached almost 23 million.       就希特勒而言，对苏联的入侵成为一场军事灾难。对俄罗斯人民来说，这场入侵带来了无法形容的苦难。苏维埃在第二次世界大战中死亡的人数几乎达到2300万。 21 The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign. Napoleon and Hitler both underestimated the severity of the Russian winter. Snow, ice, and freezing temperatures took their toll on both invading armies. For the Russian people, the winter was an icy defender.        俄罗斯的冰雪卫士       任何军事行动都必须考虑到自然的因素。拿破仑和希特勒都低估了俄罗斯冬季的严酷。冰雪和极低的气温使两支侵略军付出惨重的代价。对俄罗斯人民而言，严冬是他们的冰雪卫士。 1. abdicate v. resign from being king, emperor, etc. 退位 e.g. When King George abdicated, his brother succeeded him on the throne. 2. alliance n. 联盟 e.g. NATO is considered as the most powerful military alliance in modern history. 3. at the cost of with the loss of 以……为代价 e.g. The local government developed its economy but at the cost of environment. 4. be faced with have to deal with 面临；要对付 e.g. The librarians were faced with the huge task of listing all the books. 5. bide v. (arch) wait （除下列习语外，已不通用） 等待 bide one's time wait patiently for a chance 等待时机 e.g. His political rivals were biding their time for an attack on his policies. 6. bleak a. cold and miserable; depressing 寒冷刺骨的；凄凉的 e.g. The streets are deserted on a bleak winter morning. 7. blitzkrieg n. a concentrated military campaign intended to win a quick victory 闪电战 8. bog v. (cause to) become stuck and unable to make progress （使）陷入泥潭；阻碍 be/get bogged down be unable to make progress 陷入泥潭；不能前进 e.g. Most of the tanks were bogged down because of mechanical defects and inexperienced crews. 9. border n. the line dividing two countries or areas; the land near this line 边界（地区） e.g. The terrorists escaped across the border. 10. bring to a halt stop completely 使停止 e.g. Air traffic in Poland had been brought to a halt by an air traffic controllers' strike. 11. campaign n. a series of military operations or planned activities with a particular aim 战役；运动 e.g. Some people complained that too much money had been spent on political campaigns. 12. cannon n. 大炮；火炮；机关炮 13. casualty n. a person who is killed or injured in war or in an accident 伤亡人员；死伤者 e.g. The precise number of casualties in yesterday's bomb explosion is not known. 14. catch sb. off guard take sb. by surprise 乘某人不备 e.g. The manager didn't know what to say. It was clear that my question had caught him off guard. 15. Celsius a. （温度）摄氏（的） 16. conquest n. conquering, defeat 征服，战胜 e.g. Hitler badly miscalculated when he assumed the conquest of the USSR would be simple. 17. counterattack n. attack made in response to an enemy's attack 反攻 e.g. The army began its counterattack this morning. 18. crucial a. very important 至关重要的 e.g. Amazingly, our soccer team won the victory in the crucial final game. 19. czar n. 沙皇 20. decisive a. producing a definite result or conclusion; having or showing the ability to decide quickly 决定性的；果断的 e.g. Most of the decisive land campaigns of World War I occurred on the continent of Europe. 21. declaration n. formally announcing; a formal announcement 宣布；宣言 e.g. The opening speeches sounded more like declarations of war than offerings of peace. 22. defender n. 保卫者 e.g. He had to beat several defenders to score. 23. devastating a. causing great destruction 毁灭性的 e.g. Thousands of refugees are trapped by devastating war, draught and famine. 24. die from/of have as the cause of death 死于 e.g. Some animals died of starvation in the snow. 25. drag on move slowly and with effort; continue endlessly and tediously 缓慢费力地走；拖延 e.g. These compensation cases have already dragged on for one year. 26. efficient a. able to work well or producing a satisfactory result without wasting time or resources 效率高的 e.g. Remote terminals in the home, connected to data banks, make the home the most efficient place to work in many cases. 27. emperor n. the ruler of an empire 皇帝；君主 e.g. the Roman emperors 28. empire n. 帝国 e.g. the Roman Empire 29. engage v. begin fighting with sb.; (cause to) take part in or do; occupy or attract sb.'s interest, etc. 与……交战；使从事；占用（时间、精力等） engage (sb.) in sth. (cause to) take part in sth.（使）（某人）从事某事 e.g. They are currently engaged in lengthy trade negotiations. 30. exile n. the state of being sent away from one's native country or home, esp. for political reasons; forced absence 流放；流亡 vt. e.g. He lived in exile for nearly six years. 31. gamble n. a thing one does with a risk of loss and a chance of profit 赌博 take a gamble take a risk 冒险 e.g. The company took a gamble by cutting the price of their products, and it paid off. 32. German n. 德国人；德语 a. 德国（人）的 33. heroic a. having the characteristics of a hero; very brave 英雄的；英勇的 e.g. The soldier saved the girl at the cost of his own life. His heroic deeds were appreciated by all the people in the community. 34. hit-and-run a. hitting and then escaping 打了就跑的 35. homeland n. one's native country 祖国；家乡 e.g. Many emigrants are planning to return to their homeland. 36. in the case of as far as ... is concerned 至于，就……来说 e.g. The rise in interest rate will be disastrous in the case of small firms. 37. instruct vt. give orders or directions to (sb.); teach (sb.) 指示，命令；讲授 e.g. The family has instructed solicitors to sue Thomson for compensation. 38. invasion n. an entering or being entered by an attacking military force 入侵；侵略 e.g. On Hitler's orders, the invasion of Poland began on September 1, 1939. 39. launch vt. start; send (sth.) on its course 开始；发射 e.g. Beginning in the early 1960s, humans launched probes to explore other planets. 40. lightning a. very quick or sudden 闪电式的，极快的 n. 闪电 e.g. Police made a lightning raid on the house. 41. limp vi. walk with difficulty, esp. when one foot or leg is hurt 一瘸一拐地走；跛行 n. e.g. I injured my ankle and had to limp. 42. minus prep. below zero; made less by 零下；减 a. negative; slightly lower than the mark stated 负的；减的；稍低的 e.g. Tomorrow's temperature will be as low as minus ten degrees centigrade. 43. mud n. soft wet earth 烂泥 e.g. The car got stuck in the mud. 44. Nazi n. 纳粹，国社党分子 e.g. The Nazis were members of the right-wing National Socialist German Workers' Party, founded in Germany in 1919 and brought to power in 1933 under Adolf Hitler. 45. nightfall n. dusk 黄昏；傍晚 e.g. We hope to be back by nightfall. 46. occupation n. the seizure and control of a country or areas; (one's) trade, profession, or business 占领；职业 e.g. During the Japanese occupation of China, millions of innocent Chinese people were killed by Japanese soldiers. 47. offensive n. aggressive action, attack 进攻 a. used for or connected with attack; causing sb. to feel upset, or annoyed; very unpleasant 进攻的；冒犯的；使人不快的 e.g. The Red Army brought its winter offensive to a successful conclusion. 48. press on/ahead continue doing sth. in a determined way （不顾困难）继续进行 e.g. Our school authorities are keen to press on with educational reform. 49. raw a. cold and wet; not cooked, refined, processed, organized or analyzed 阴冷的；生的；未加工的 e.g. The events took place on a raw February morning. 50. reckon v. count; consider; think 计算；认为 be reckoned with be taken into consideration 被加以考虑 e.g. All these problems had to be reckoned with as they arose. 51. region n. area 地区 e.g. When examining a large geographic unit, geographers often divide it into smaller regions. 52. render vt. cause (sb./sth.) to be in a specified condition 使成为 e.g. Hundreds of people were rendered homeless by the earthquake. 53. retreat vi. move back or withdraw when faced with danger or difficulty 退却 n. e.g. We adopted the following strategies: When the enemy advances, we retreat; when they retreat, we pursue. 54. scorch vt. burn and destroy; cause to become dry and brown, esp. from the heat of the sun 烧光，使成焦土；烤焦 e.g. I scorched my dress with the iron. 55. severity n. the quality of being severe; harshness 猛烈；严重 e.g. The broken windows and doors of the house added to the severity of the winter. 56. siege n. a military operation in which an army tries to capture a town, etc. by surrounding it and stopping the supply of food, etc. to the people inside 围困 e.g. The city was under siege for six months. 57. stand/get/be in the way prevent from doing sth. 挡道；妨碍 e.g. Many teachers complain that they can't make any improvement in teaching methods as the existing exam system is in the way. 58. straggler n. 落伍士兵；掉队者 59. stroke n. 一次；一回；一下；一击 e.g. He won a car in the lottery last week. That's his first stroke of good luck. 60. swollen a. grown bigger, wider, etc. than usual; expanded 涨水的；肿胀的；扩大的 e.g. The doctor says I've got swollen glands. 61. tactic n. (usu. pl) a plan or method used to achieve sth. often against an opponent 战术 62. tattered a. wearing torn and ragged clothes 衣衫褴褛的 e.g. A tattered flag fluttered in the breeze. 63. thanks to because of 由于，因为 e.g. Thanks to her financial support, the two children in the remote village could go to school. 64. tide n. a regular rise and fall in the level of the sea; a direction in which opinion, events, luck, etc. seem to move 潮汐；潮流，趋势 turn the tide (against) change what looks like defeat into victory (over) 彻底改变形势（造成对……不利），扭转潮流 e.g. The tide of opinion seemed to be turned against them. 65. toll n. the number of people or animals killed or injured in particular circumstances; money paid for the use of a bridge or road 伤亡人数；（道路、桥梁）通行费 take its/a toll cause damage, injuries or deaths 造成损失（伤亡等） e.g. The famine took a toll of 3,000,000 lives. 66. troop n. (pl) (a body of) soldiers 部队 67. truce n. an agreement to stop fighting 停战 e.g. The fighting of recent days has given way to a truce between the two sides. 68. underestimate vt. set too low an estimate on or for 低估 e.g. Never underestimate your opponent. 69. unequaled a. superior to all others 无比的 e.g. Though small, this restaurant offers a range of fish dishes unequaled anywhere else in Lo