TrainingandPruningBasicsObjectivesandToolsStrongTreeFrameworkBalancedRenewalFacilitateManagementHarvestSunlightEfficientlyMaintainProductivityWhathappensifyoudonotprune?FastergrowthEarlierfruitingLesslightpenetrationPoorspraycoverageMoredifficulttomanageObjectivesoftrainingA.EstablishastrongtreeframeworkB.FacilitatemanagementoftreeandcropC.HarvestsunlightefficientlyD.MaintainproductivitybyrenewingfruitingwoodBalancedRenewalA.EstablishaStrongTreeFrameworkUprightverticaltrunkWelldistributedscaffoldsWidecrotchanglesStructuralWoodEstablishaStrongTreeFrameworkVerticaltrunkWellDistributedScaffoldsEstablishaStrongTreeFrameworkWidebranchanglesarestrongerNarrowanglesareweakandincreaseshadinginsidecanopyAStrongTreeFramework:MajorobjectiveofthefirstthreeyearsMustlastthelifetimeofthetreeStructuralsupportforfruitcropShouldnotbecrowdedB.FacilitateManagementoftheTreeandCropHeightofprimaryscaffoldsDistributescaffoldswellTreeuniformityTreesizeFacilitateManagement:1.HeightofPrimaryScaffoldsAccesstotreebaseIrrigation,herbicides,fertilizersAllowairmovementtominimizediseasepressureFacilitateManagement:2.DistributeScaffoldsWellEasyentrytotreeThinning,pruning,harvestingGoodpesticidecoverageFacilitateManagement:3.TreeUniformityEasiertotrainemployeesMechanizationpossibleFacilitateManagement:4.TreeSizeSmalltreesareeasiertoworkNoladdersneededEasytoreachallpartsoftreeBetterspraypenetrationFacilitateManagementoftheTreeandCropOptimizeheightofprimaryscaffoldsAllowspaceattreebaseDistributescaffoldswellDonotovercrowdscaffoldsTreeuniformityLimittreesizewithsummerandwinterpruningC.HarvestSunlightEfficientlyMaximizesurfaceareaoforchardcoveredbycanopyLimitcanopydepthHarvestSunlightEfficiently:1.MaximizesurfaceareaoforchardcoveredbycanopyMostrapidinhighdensityplantingsHarvestSunlightEfficiently:2.LimitCanopyDepth50%30%LightIntensityDecreasesWithintheTreeCanopyHarvestSunlightEfficiently:2.LimitCanopyDepthPhotosynthesisDecreasesatLowerLightLevelsHarvestSunlightHarvestEfficiently:PoorfruitcolorPoorfruitdistributionLessfruitbuddevelopmentPoorfruitsizePoorfruitflavorPoorLightIntensityLeadstoHarvestSunlightEfficiently:PoorLightIntensityLeadstopoorColorHarvestSunlightEfficiently:LightIntensityAffectsFruitColorandSizeHarvestSunlightEfficiently:LightIntensityAffectsFruitColorandSizeHarvestSunlightEfficiently:LightIntensityandFruitSize%LightPenetrationFruitsize(grams)HarvestSunlightEfficiently:LightIntensityandFruitDistribution%LightPenetration%FruitDistributionHarvestSunlightEfficiently:LightIntensityandFruitFlavor%LightPenetration%SolubleSolidsHarvestSunlightEfficientlyMaximizeOrchardFloorCoveredwithCanopyLimitcanopydepthto1.0m.Exposeallpartsofthecanopywithatleast50%sunlightD.MaintainProductivitySustainmaximumbearingareaformaximaltimeBalancedRenewalD.MaintainProductivityMaintainlightdistributionincanopyRemoveunproductivewoodMaintaingoodvegetative/fruitbalanceMaintainProductivity:MaintainlightdistributionincanopyOnlysun-exposedareasproducequalityfruitLimitcanopydepthto1.0m.ControltreesizeUnlesscontroltreesizethefruitmovesupeveryyearLowerpartoftreewillbeshadedMaintainProductivity:RemoveUnproductiveWoodFruitingwoodwhichhangsdownFruitingwoodwhichisshadedWatersproutsandrootsuckersDiseasedordamagedwoodWeakorthinwoodMaintainProductivity:RemoveUnproductiveWoodRemoveweakorthinwoodMaintainProductivity:RemoveUnproductiveWoodRemoveweakorthinwoodMaintainProductivity:Maintaingoodvegetative:fruitbalanceThinoutexcessivelyvigorousvegetativegrowthduringsummerAllowslightintocenteroftreeMaintainProductivity:Maintaingoodvegetative/fruitbalanceRemoveexcessivefruitingwoodInpeaches-remove40-60%ofnewfruitingwoodeachyearConclusions:Howshouldyoutrainyourtrees?ManyapproachesworkOpencenterismostcommonforpeachesCentralleaderismostcommonforpomefruitFindaprogramthatworksandsticktoitConclusions:Howshouldyoutrainyourtrees?KeepinmindthefourobjectivesEstablishastrongtreeframeworkFacilitatemanagementoftreeandcropHarvestsunlightefficientlyMaintainproductivitybybalancedrenewalToolsusedinTreeTrainingManipulationofapicaldominanceControlledbytheplanthormoneauxinProducedbyactivelygrowingshootsMovesdownthebranchwithgravityEffectsofauxinInhibitslateralbudbreakInhibitslateralshootgrowthAffectsbranchanglePruningRemovetheSourceofAuxinHeadingCutRemovepartofthebranchStimulatebudbreaknearcutStimulatelocalizedbranchingPruningRemovetheSourceofAuxinThinningcutRemovebranchatpointoforiginLeastinvigoratingcutPromotelightpenetrationintocanopyMaintenancepruningBendBranchTowardsHorizontalDecreasesamountofauxinmovingfromtipIncreaselateralbranchingDecreaseterminalgrowthBendtoa45to60degreeangleBendBranchTowardsHorizontalDecreasesamountofauxinmovingfromtipIncreaselateralbranchingBudsathighestpointbreakDecreaseterminalgrowthBendbelowthehorizontalTimingofpruningDormantpruningMostcommonapproachSummerpruningWorkswellincombinationwithdormantpruningOpenupthetreetoallowlightintocenterPruningResponseVarieswithTreeDifferentvarieties/cropsgrowdifferentlySpurtypesinapplesVigorlevelofthetreeAgeofthetreeRootstockFertility/irrigation/soilconstraintsSmallfruitedvs.largefruitedcrops
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