英语阅读论文

英语阅读论文OnNationalHonorZhangLili,a29-year-oldteacherattheNo.19MiddleSchoolinJiamusi,innortheastChina’sHeilongjiangProvince,pushedtwostudentsoutofthewaybutwashitbythebusherselfwhenaschoolbussuddenlyveeredtowardseveralstudents.ShehassincethenbeendeemedtheMostBeautifulTeacherinChina.Later,anarrayofawardsaregiventoher,includingtherecentone--on16thOct.,ZhangLilihasbeenhonoredasanational"rolemodelwoman"byAll-ChinaWomen'sFederation.Inadditiontothis,sheiselectedasthevicepresidentofDisabledFederationinHeilongjiangProvince.YangLiwei,China'sfirstastronautwhocompletedahistoric21-hourspacemissionbecameaninstantheroinChina.Hehasbeenpromotedtotherankofmajorgeneralafterwards.Duringthepromotionceremony,ChiWanchun,theheadoftheGeneralArmamentsDepartmentofPeople'sLiberationArmy(PLA),awardedtheranktoYangLiwei.In2012,chinesemostrecognizedtitle“NationalModelWorker”isgiventoSunLihua.Theprize-awardingceremonywasheldonTian'anmenGate-tower.Chinaneverlacksprizesandawardsforthese“heroes”and“heroines”whohavecontributedalottothecountry.Wehaveover30kindsofawardsinscienceandconferspecialhonoronpeoplewhoseachievementmarksamilestoneinhistory,suchas"TwoBombsandOneSatellite"and “HeroicSpaceman”.The42tharticleoftheConstitutionisregardedtohavelaidthefoundationforChinesegovernmenttoawardtheseoutstandingcitizens.Thisarticlewilldiscusswhattheessentialmeaningofhonorisforacountryanditspeople,whatimpactstheseawardshavenationwideandinwhatwaytohonor.Thequestionswhathonorisandwhyweneednationalhonorcan’tbedodgedhere.Somesayhonoristherecognitionofselflessness.Ateacherwhohasgonebeyondthecallofdutyandtrulycaredforthestudentisworthyofhonor,fortheyhaveusedtheirworktotranscendtheirego.Somesayhonorisarewardforthosemostexcellentpersontostimulatethemandothers.IntheNichomacheanEthics,Aristotledevelopsatheoryofthegoodlifeforhuman.Hesaidhonorhastodowithhowothersseeyou.Butthegoodlifeisintrinsictothepersonwholeadsit.Whatweneed,inordertolivewell,isaproperappreciationofthewayinwhichsuchgoodsasfriendship,pleasure,virtue,honorandwealthfittogetherasawhole.Thegoodlifeforapersonistheactivelifeoffunctioningwellinthosewaysthatareessentialanduniquetohumans.So,heregardshonorasothers’opinionsofapersonandanundispensablepartofagoodlife.PhilosopherKwameAnthonyAppiahinhisbookTheHonorCodesaysthatwhatdrovethesemodernchanges,newdemocraticmovementsthathaveledtotheemancipationofwomen,slavesandtheoppressedwasnotimposinglegislationfromabovebutharnessingtheancientpowerofhonorfromwithin.  Healsoarguesthathonor,usedtojustifythepractice,canalsobethemosteffectiveweaponagainstit.So,inhisopinion,honoriskindofstrongbeliefandisthedrivingforceinthestruggleagainstman'sinhumanitytoman.ThingsarealikeinChinesehistory,honorwaslikereligionwhichpeoplewouldbekeepingatheartandwillingtosacrificeeverythingelsefor.Aperson’sextraordinarydevotionforthecountryhadalwaysbeenspokenhighlyof.Especiallyduringwartime,soldierswoulddieforthehonorsentfromtheemperor.Oftenthecase,peoplewhodefeatedtheenemywithgreatbravery,howeverignobletheyusedtobe,wouldbegivendistinguishedpositionandendlesswealthandhavetheirnameswrittendowninhistory.AsPeople’srepublicofChinawasfounded,honorhascarriedadifferentmeaning,thespiritofhardworkingandselflessdedication.Thegovernmentsendsdifferentkindsoftopprizeseveryyearinspecialwayalmostlikeritualceremoniesandthemainpurposeistorewardthesepeople’scontributionandmeanwhilemotivateotherpeopletobealsodiligentatwork.Hasthegovernmentachieveditsgoal?Yesandno.PeoplealloverChinahavebeenstimulatedtoworkindustriously,forwhichtherapiddevelopmentofthecountrycouldbeastrongproof.Weareproudofouramazinggrowthinalmosteveryfield.Thelistisendless-wehavebeatenJapantobetheworld’ssecondbiggesteconomicentity,wemanagedsendingpilotstoouterspaceafterresearchforastunninglyshorttime,wehavewonincreasingnumberofgoldmedalsinOlympics...Wecheerforeverystepthenationhastakenandworshippeoplewhohavemadeso.However,problemsarelurkingatthedoor.Firstcomesthenational“numberone”complex.Chinesepeoplerespectthechampionsomuchthatcouldnotacceptfailures,whichgoestoextremesduringOlympics.Thechampionissmilingandreceivesglamoroushonorwhiletherunner-upshedtearsandisforgottenbythepublic.TakeLiuXiangasanexample.HewasadmiredasnationalheroafterwinninginAthenOlympics.Soon,hewasawardedthetitle“Asiannight”andgotevenmorefameafterheappearedinlotsofTVcommercialsandfilms.In2008BeijingOlympics,however,hequitunexpectedlyandwasthuscriticisedas“betrayingthecountry”bymanyChinese.Againin2012,hefelldownonthetrackandwascondemnedmorebitterly.Second,thereisadazzlingnumberofawardsfromdifferentbranchesofgovernmentandnon-governmentorganizationsforoneperson.Peoplegettoomanyawardsforoneact.Thiscoulddisturbthesepeople’snormalliveswithflashlightaroundandlowerthevalueofnationalhonor.Sometimes,nationalhonorhasbeenreducedintoasignofmisusingpowerorbreedinggroundofbribery.Sportsstarsarenamedasmembersinnationalpeople’scongressasanaward,whichisabsolutelyinsaneandunnecessarybecausetheyarenotelectedbythepublicandalsodon’thaveenoughtimeandskilltocareforsocialissues.Howcantheyrepresentpeople’sideasandmakesuggestions?Somostofthemareabsentfromtheconferenceorhavetoyieldthepowertootherpeople.Third,someawardsarenot“sustainable”like“TwoBombsandOneSatellite”.Theycanonlybeusedonceforcertaineventthuscan’tbenefitotherpeoplefollowingandensurealonglastinginfluence.  Firstproblemreflectstheconflictofnationalhonorandindividualidentity.InOlmpics,wecan’tdenythatindividual’ssuccessandfailurearecloselyrelatedtothecountry.Onlythechampionhastheprivilegeofraisingthenationalflag.Manyaudiencefromthecountryatthismomentwouldallbeexcitedandsingingwiththenationalsong.Individualidentitycan’tbeseparatedfromnationalone.That’swhyLiNa,Chinesebesttennisplayer,nowindependentfromnationalteam,isstilldeemedasnationalproud.That’swhypeoplefeelshamefulwhenLiuXiangfails.Inthebookjusticetheauthorsaidthatprideandshamearemoralsentimentsthatpresupposeasharedidentity.Hecomestoanotsoacceptableconclusionthatthissolidaritycan’tbetracedtoanoriginalconsentandtheyareboundwiththenarrativesbywhichweinterpretourlivesandthecommunitiesweinhabit.It’snaturalforustotakeprideorshameforthecountryandfellowcitizens.Thenit’snaturalforLiuXiangtobeblamedbecausehedamagedthehonorofthecountryalittlebit.Inaddition,hegaveupduetohisinjury,sothere’slessneedforustoblamehim.Healreadyhastriedhard.Meanwhilethereisanothercommentonhimthatthecountryhasputlotsofresourcesandmoneyintotraininghimthusheshouldn’tletusdown.Inthiscase,LiuXiangisnotconsideredasamanbutatoolofthegovernmenttowinthegameandearnfameforthecountry,whichshouldbestronglyopposed.Rawlsaidinhisbooktheoryofjusticethatapersonshouldberespectedasfreeandindependentself,capableofchoosingtheirendsforthemselves.Kantalsoarguesthat“Man,ingeneraleveryrationalbeing,shouldbetreatedasanendinhimself,nevermerelyasameans.”LiuXiangdoeshavecertainresponsibilityforthecountrybuttreatinghimasameansisignoringhisfreedomandrightasahuman.Therefore,weshouldn’tlaymuchburdenonhimandothersportsman,buttakethemasrespectableindividuals.Notonlyinfieldofsportsshouldwehavethisattitude,butalsoinanyotherfield.Wecouldtakeprideandshameinthefellowcitizensonthegroundoftreatingthemashuman.Thepracticalsolutionisthatforonething,mediawouldbetternotexaggeratehonorandsuccesstoomuch.Foranotherit’sproperforschoolstoteachchildrentotrytheirbestandacceptthetrueselfbutnottotrainthemastoolschasingforhighermarksorhonor.OnesolutionforthesecondandthirdproblemIpointaboveperhapsistoestablishanationalhonorssystemwithclearranksandrulessotoensuregreatpeopleareawardedjustlywithoutalltheclutter.Althoughit’snotrealisticforustocopytheawardingsystem,wecouldlearnsomethingfromcertaincountries.HavingaglanceatBritain,wecouldseethattherearevarioustypesofawardsandflexibleappraisalsystem.TheBritishhonorssystem consistsofthreetypesofaward:honors,decorationsandmedals:Honoursareusedtorecognisemeritintermsofachievementandservice.Decorationstendtobeusedtorecognisespecificdeeds.Medalsareusedtorecognisebravery,longand/orvaluableserviceand/orgoodconduct.Honorsaresplitintoclasses("orders")andaregradedtodistinguishdifferentdegreesofachievementorservice.Varioushonorscommitteesmeettodiscussthecandidatesanddecidewhichonesdeservewhichtypeofawardandatwhatlevel.LikeRoyalVictoriaMedalhasthreelevels-gold,silverandbronze.InAmerica,theMedalofHonoristhehighestmilitaryhonor,awardedforpersonalactsofvaloraboveandbeyondthecallofduty.ThemedalisawardedbythePresidentoftheUnitedStatesinthenameofCongress.Duetoitsprestigeandstatus,theMedalofHonorisaffordedspecialprotectionunderU.S.lawagainstanyunauthorizedadornment,saleormanufacture,whichincludesanyassociatedribbonorbadge.Inmymind,ascientifichonorssystemshouldincludespecificruleslikewhatisthesubjectofthehonor,howtomeasuretheachievementsoastogiverelevantmedals,inwhatwaypeoplecouldgetthehonor,whatkindofceremonyshouldbeheld.It’snotnecessarytodividehonorsintoclasses,whichwaslikelytoresultincompetitionsandcomparisonsinthesociety.Butacomprehensivecategoryofhonorcoveringalmostallfieldisneeded.0111126039杨曌荷YangZhaoheSherry