八年级英语下册 直接和间接引语学案 外研版

直接引语与间接引语一、学习目标?1.掌握直接引语与间接引语的意义、功能及用法；?2.进一步熟练过去时态（一般过去时、过去进行时）。二、学习重点难点?1.直接引语（DirectSpeech）是指原封不动的引用原话，把它放在引号内，例如：?Mothertoldme,“Youshouldfinishyourhomeworkfirst,thenyoucangooutandplaywithyourfriends.”?Theysaid,“Wewanttohavearest.”?间接引语（ReportedSpeech，又叫IndirectSpeech）即用自己的话加以转述，被转述的话不放在引号内。上面两个例句变成间接引语应该是：?MothertoldmethatIshouldfinishmyhomeworkfirstandthenIcouldgooutandplaywithmyfriends.?Theysaidtheywantedtohavearest.?2.当我们把直接引语变成间接引语时，由于引述动词（said，told等）一般都是过去时形式，因此间接引语中的动词时态、人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等一般都要做相应的变化。有下面几种情况：?1）现在时间推移到过去时间?所谓现在时间推移到过去时间指一般现在时变为一般过去时，现在进行时变成过去进行时，现在完成时变成过去完成时。例如：?Shesaid,“Iamhungry.”?－>Shesaid(that)shewashungry.?Hesaid,“Thefamilyarefightingamongthemselves.”?－>Hesaid(that)thefamilywerefightingamongthemselves.?Tomsaid,“Ihavefoundwhat’swrongwiththecomputer.”?－>Tomsaidhehadfoundwhatwaswrongwiththecomputer.?在下列场合，尽管陈述动词为过去时形式，间接引语中的动词时态却不必改变，即：?a）当引述的是客观事实、科学真理、现在习惯工作以及格言等内容时：?Hesaid,“Theword‘laser’isanacronym（首字母缩略词）.”?－>Hesaidtheword‘laser’isanacronym.?b）当动词所表示的状态或动作在引述时仍在继续时：?“I’mforty,”hesaid.?－>Hesaidheisforty.?c）当谓语动词包含无过去时形式的情态助动词时：?Hesaid,“Itmustbeprettylate.Ireallymustgo.”?－>Hesaiditmustbeprettylate,andhereallymustgo.?Hesaid,“Youmustn’tsmokeintheroom.”?－>HesaidImustn’tsmokeintheroom.?2）过去时间推移到过去的过去?这里需要注意以下几点：?a）当强调动作或状态先于引述动词时，一般过去时要变成过去完成体。例如：?Hesaid,“Ididn’tknowyou.”?－>Hesaidhehadn’tknownme.?当“过去的过去”已经不言自明，或者通过其他词汇手段予以体现，或者侧重于强调所转述的事实本身时，一般过去时形式可以不变。例如：?Annsaid,“Shewasbornin1981.”?－>Annsaidshewasbornin1981.?b）过去进行时可以变成过去完成进行时，也可以不变。例如：?Robertsaid,“IwasjokingwithMary.”?－>RobertsaidhehadbeenjokingwithMary.?RobertsaidhewasjokingwithMary.?c）过去完成时仍为过去完成时，不需改变。例如：?Hesaid,“Wehadn’treturnedtothestorewhenshecame.”?－>Hesaidtheyhadn’treturnedtothestorewhenshecame.?d）时间状语分句中的一般过去式或者过去进行时可以不变。例如：?Johnsaid,“WhenIlivedinLondonIoftensawJane.”?－>JohnsaidwhenhelivedinLondonhehadoftenseenJane.?JohnsaidwhenhelivedinLondonheoftensawJane.?3）将来时间推移到过去将来时间?最常见的是把表示将来时间的助动词由现在时形式变为过去时形式。例如：?Hesaid,“We’respendingnextweekendathome.”?－>Hesaidtheywerespendingthenextweekendathome.?Shesaid,“Themilkwillgooff（变质）ifyoudon’tdrinkittoday.”?－>ShesaidthemilkwouldgooffifIdidn’tdrinkitthatday.?Theysaid,“We’regoingtoHawaiithissummervacation.”?－>TheysaidtheyweregoingtoHawaiithatsummervacation.?但是，在引述时，如果原话中的动作或者状态属于尚未到来的将来时间，那么，可以不推移到过去将来时间。例如：?Hesaid,“I’llbewaitingforyoutomorrow.”?－>Hesaidhewillbewaitingformetomorrow.?4）人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语的变化?由上面的例子可以看出，当直接引语变成间接引语时，除动词时态变化外，人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等通常也作相应的变化。?a）人称代词，除引述本人原话外，通常第一、二人称变为第三人称，或者第二人称变为第一人称；限定词也作相应的变化。例如：?Hesaid,“Weloveourcountry.”?－>Hesaidtheylovetheircounty.?b）指示代词this，these分别变成that/it，those/they或them；指示限定词this，those通常变为that，those或the。例如：?“Thishouseisveryexpensive,”shesaid.?－>Shesaidthathousewasveryexpensive.?Thechildrencamebackwithtwowalletsandsaid,“Wepickedtheseuponthepavement.”?－>Thechildrencamebackwithtwowalletsandsaidtheyhadpickedthemuponthepavement.?c）时间状语在间接引语中的变化有三种情况：?i）时间状语和动词时态两者都变。例如：?Hesaid,“Itwascompletesayearago.”?－>Hesaidithadbeencompletedayearbefore.?ii）时间状语不变，动词时态可变可不变。例如：?Shesaid,“WeleftParisat8a.m.”?－>ShesaidtheyhadleftParisat8a.m.?ShesaidtheyleftParisat8a.m.?iii）时间状语变与不变需视具体情况而定，如果引述时间和说话时间（如同一年、同一月、同一天等），时间状语可不变。例如：?Mr.Blacksaid,“WestartedlearningChineselastmonth.”?－>Mr.BlacksaidtheyhadstartedlearningChineselastmonth.（同一月引述）?－>Mr.BlacksaidtheyhadstartedlearningChinesethepreviousmonth.（可在同一月引述，也可不在同一月引述）?直接引语间接引语?todaythatday?thismorning/afternoon,etc.thatmorning/afternoon,etc.?yesterdaythedaybefore,thepreviousday?(the)daybeforeyesterdaytwodaysbefore?tomorrowthenextday,thefollowingday?(the)dayaftertomorrowtwodaysafter,intwodays’time?nextweek/month,etc.thenextweek/month,etc.?lastweek/monththeweek/monthbefore?nowthen?d）地点状语here通常变为there；但若说话人所在地也就是引述人所在地，可仍用here，也可用具体地点代替here。例如：?Shesaid,“Ifirstmetyourbrotherhere.”?－>Shesaidshefirstmetmybrotherthere.?“Arethechildrenhere?”Fatherasked.?－>Fatheraskedwhetherthechildrenwerehere.?本单元重点：直接引语和间接引语，需要注意的是：直接引语变间接引语时，人称和时态要发生变化，时态得和主句的时态保持一致。?Sentencesfromthepassage(重点句讲解)?Iaskedherwhyshewantedtodothat,andshesaidthatshehadforgottentodohers.?我问她为什么要那么做，她说她忘记做作业了。?forgettodosth.忘记做某事(还没有做)?forgetdoingsth.忘记做过某事(已经做过了)?e.g.Whenyouleavetheclassroom,don’tforgettoturnoffthelights.?离开教室时，别忘记关灯。?Iforgotmeetinghimbefore.我不记得以前见过他了。?类似的还有：?remembertodosth.记得做某事(还没有做)?rememberdoingsth.记得做过某事(已经做过了)?e.g.?“Remembertofinishyourhomeworkontime,LiMing”,hismothersaid.?李明妈妈说，“记得按时完成作业。”?Iremembertellingthisstoryforseveraltimes.?我记得这个故事给你讲过好几次了。?◆IsaidIdidn’tthinkitwasagoodideaforhertocopymyhomework.?我说，抄我的作业并不是什么好事。?注意的think用法：如果think引导的宾语从句，其从句表示否定意思时，不是否定从句，而是否定主句。?e.g.翻译下列句子：?我认为给你父亲说这件事的时机还不成熟。?Idon’tthinkitistherighttimeforyoutotellyourfatheraboutthat.?我认为他不是一个好演员。Idon’tthinkheisagoodactor.?我认为你说的并不正确。Idon’tthinkyouareright.?◆Yesterdayshetoldmeshewassorryshe’dgottenmad.?昨天她告诉我，她为自己当时生气而抱歉。?◆Nowadays,manystudentspreferusingEnglishnamesinalanguageclassroom.?如今，许多学生喜欢在上语言课的时候用英文名字。?prefer的用法：preferv.更喜欢；宁愿?prefersth.tosth.喜欢…胜过…?preferdoingsth.todoingsth.喜欢…而不喜欢…?prefertodoratherthando宁愿…而不愿…?e.g.?Doyouprefercoffeeortea?你喜欢咖啡还是茶？?Hepreferstalkingtodoing.他喜欢说，却不喜欢做。?Theyprefertodieratherthansurrender.他们宁死不屈。?◆Andforyoungpeople,havinganEnglishnameiscoolforthemwhentheytalktotheirforeignpenpals.?而且对年轻人来说，有了英文名字，和笔友交谈时也很酷。?havinganEnglishname…中having是动词ing形式,用来做主语。?e.g.?Gettingupearlyeverydayishisgoodhabit.每天早起是他的习惯。?Swimmingisherfavoritesport.游泳是她最喜欢的运动。?◆LearningEnglishandhavingEnglishnamesarebothpopularinChina.TheyarealsoimportantforChina’scontactwiththeworld.?学习英语，而且有英文名字在中国很流行。这些对中国和世界的接触也很重要。?contact的用法：?contactn.?e.g.beincontactwith和...接触，有联系?Theyhavebeenincontactwitheachotherforfiveyears.?他们互相保持联系已经有五年了。?Shecomesintocontactwithmanypeople.她和许多人有联系。?contactv.?e.g.Shecontactedmeassoonasshearrived.她一到就和我联系了。?◆Ontheotherhand,somepeoplewhocometoChinachooseChinesenames?另一方面，一些人来到中国，也起了中文名字。?ontheonehand一方面…?ontheotherhand另一方面…?e.g.?Ononehand,heisacleverboy;ontheotherhand,healwaysmakeshismotherangry.?一方面，他是个聪明的孩子；可另一方面，他老惹母亲生气。一、将直接引语变成间接引语?1.Theplumbersaid,“Ican’tfixthebathtubtodaybecauseI’msick”?Theplumbersaidhecouldn’tfixthebathtubthatdaybecausehewassick.?2.Grandmasaid,“Grandpaisfeelingmuchbettertoday.”?GrandmasaidGrandpawasfeelingmuchbetterthatday.?3.Mr.andMrs.Davissaid,“Wewon’tbeabletocometodinnerthisSaturdaynight.”?Mr.andMrs.Davissaidtheywouldn’tbeabletocometodinnerthatSaturdaynight.?4.Thelandlordsaid,“Ihaven’treceivedthismonth’srentyet.”?Thelandlordsaidhehadn’treceivedthatmonth’srentyet.?5.CousinSuesaid,“I’msorryIdidn’thavetimetocomeoverandvisitlastSaturday.”?CousinSuesaidshewassorryshehadn’thadtimetocomeoverandvisitthepreviousSaturday?6.UncleHarrysaid,“I’llcallbacklater.”?UncleHarrysaidhewouldcallbacklater.?7.Theneighborsacrossthestreetsaid,“Wewererobbedlastnight!”?Theneighboracrossthestreetsaidtheyhadbeenrobbedthenightbefore.?8.Sallysaid,“I’matmyfriendJuliet’shousenow.”?SallysaidshewasatherfriendJuliet’shousethen.?9.Mothersaid,“Yoursisterandbrother-in-lawaregoingtohaveababy.”?Mothersaidmysisterandbrother-in-lawweregoingtohaveababy.?10.Auntysaid,“Therewasabigfireatthehighschool.”?Auntysaidtherehadbeenabigfireatthehighschool.二、用第三人称转述下面电子邮件1.Subject:Mother’sDayInItalywecelebratetheMother’sdayonthe2ndSundayofMay,that’swhystudentsdon’tgotoschoolandadultsarenotatwork.Sonsanddaughtersusuallygivetheirmotheralittlepresentlikeflowers,chocolatesorapieceofcostumejewelry.ElisabettafromItaly?1.ElisabethfromItalysaidinItalytheycelebratedtheMother’sDayonthe2ndSundayofMay,andthatwaswhystudentsdidn’tgotoschoolandadultswerenotatwork.Shesaidsonsanddaughtersusuallygavetheirmotheralittlepresentlikeflowers,chocolatesorapieceofcostumejewelry.2.Subject:Father’sDayIbelieveFather’sDayoccursonthethirdSundayofJune.Weuseittogiveourfathersachancetorestandrelax,anddothingstheyenjoy,suchasfishing,golf,etc.Theyneedabreak!UsuallymyfamilywillbuyDadacard,takehimtoeatandplay.FromtheUnitedStatesbyMelissa?2.MelissafromtheUnitedStatessaidshebelievedFather’sDayoccurredonthethirdSundayofJune.Shesaidtheyusedittogivetheirfathersachancetorestandrelax,andtodothingstheyenjoy,suchasfishing,golf,etc.Shesaidtheyneededarest.?Melissaalsosaidusuallyherfamilywouldbuyherfatheracard,takehimtoeatandplay.3.Subject:ChristmasOntheChristmasEvewedancearoundtheChristmastreeandSaintNicolaus.InmyfamilyweeatPorridgeintheeveningandwehaveaChristmastreeinthelivingroom.IntheChristmastreewehavecandlesandotherdecorationslikeredgoldenballsandredhearts.FromSwedenbyGrease?3.GreasefromSwedensaidontheChristmasEvetheydancedaroundtheChristmastreeandSaintNicolas.ShesaidinherfamilytheyeatPorridgeintheeveningandtheyhadaChristmastreeinthelivingroom.ShealsosaidintheChristmastreetheyhadcandlesandotherdecorationslikeredgoldenballsandredhearts.