Mesenchymal stem cell

MesenchymalstemcellFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopediaJumpto:navigation,searchMesenchymalstemcellMesenchymalstemcellshowingtypicalultrastructuralmorphology.LatincellulamesenchymaticaprecursoriaCodeTHH2.00.01.0.00008Mesenchymalstemcells,orMSCs,aremultipotentstromalcellsthatcandifferentiateintoavarietyofcelltypes,[1]including:osteoblasts(bonecells),[2]chondrocytes(cartilagecells),[3]andadipocytes(fatcells).Thisphenomenonhasbeendocumentedinspecificcellsandtissuesinlivinganimalsandtheircounterpartsgrowingintissueculture.DefinitionWhilethetermsMesenchymalStemCellandMarrowStromalCellhavebeenusedinterchangeably,neithertermissufficientlydescriptiveasdiscussedbelow:Mesenchymeisembryonicconnectivetissuethatisderivedfromthemesodermandthatdifferentiatesintohematopoieticandconnectivetissue,whereasMSCsdonotdifferentiateintohematopoieticcells.[4]Stromalcellsareconnectivetissuecellsthatformthesupportivestructureinwhichthefunctionalcellsofthetissuereside.WhilethisisanaccuratedescriptionforonefunctionofMSCs,thetermfailstoconveytherelativelyrecently-discoveredrolesofMSCsintherepairoftissue.[5]Becausethecells,calledMSCsbymanylabstoday,canencompassmultipotentcellsderivedfromothernon-marrowtissues,suchasumbilicalcordblood,adiposetissue,adultmuscle,cornealstroma[6]orthedentalpulpofdeciduousbabyteeth,yetdonothavethecapacitytoreconstituteanentireorgan,thetermMultipotentStromalCellhasbeenproposedasabetterreplacement.S5.^"PLoSONE:EccentricExerciseFacilitatesMesenchymalStemCellAppearanceinSkeletalMuscle."PLoSONE:AcceleratingthePublicationofPeer-reviewedScience.Availablefrom:<:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0029760>.6.^Branch,M.J.etal.2012MesenchymalStemCellsintheHumanCornealLimbalStromaTheyoungest,mostprimitiveMSCscanbeobtainedfromtheumbilicalcordtissue,namelyWharton'sjellyandtheumbilicalcordblood.HowevertheMSCsarefoundinmuchhigherconcentrationintheWharton’sjellycomparedtotheumbilicalcordblood,whichisarichsourceofhematopoieticstemcells.Theumbilicalcordiseasilyobtainedafterthebirthofthenewborn,isnormallythrownawayandposesnoriskforcollection.TheumbilicalcordMSCshavemoreprimitivepropertiesthanotheradultMSCsobtainedlaterinlife,whichmightmakethemausefulsourceofMSCsforclinicalapplications.Anextremelyrichsourceformesenchymalstemcellsisthedevelopingtoothbudofthemandibularthirdmolar.Whileconsideredmultipotent,theymayprovetobepluripotent.Thestemcellseventuallyformenamel,dentin,bloodvessels,dentalpulp,nervoustissues,includingaminimumof29differentuniqueendorgans.Becauseofextremeeaseincollectionat8–10yearsofagebeforecalcificationandminimaltonomorbiditytheywillprobablyconstituteamajorsourceforpersonalbanking,researchandmultipletherapies.Thesestemcellshavebeenshowncapableofproducinghepatocytes.Additionally,amnioticfluidhasbeenshowntobeaveryrichsourceofstemcells.Asmanyas1in100cellscollectedfromandgeneticamniocentesishasbeenshowntobeapluripotentmesenchymalstemcell.[citationneeded]AdiposetissueisoneoftherichestsourcesofMSCs.Whencomparedtobonemarrow,thereismorethan500timesmorestemcellsin1gramoffatwhencomparedto1gramofaspiratedbonemarrow.Adiposestemcellsarecurrentlyactivelybeingresearchedinclinicaltrialsfortreatmentinavarietyofdiseases.HistoryIn1924,Russian-bornmorphologistAlexanderA.Maximowusedextensivehistologicalfindingstoidentifyasingulartypeofprecursorcellwithinmesenchymethatdevelopsintodifferenttypesofbloodcells.[7]ScientistsErnestA.McCullochandJamesE.Tillfirstrevealedtheclonalnatureofmarrowcellsinthe1960s.[8][9]Anexvivoassayforexaminingtheclonogenicpotentialofmultipotentmarrowcellswaslaterreportedinthe1970sbyFriedensteinandcolleagues.[10][11]Inthisassaysystem,stromalcellswerereferredtoascolony-formingunit-fibroblasts(CFU-f).Subsequentexperimentationrevealedtheplasticityofmarrowcellsandhowtheirfatecouldbedeterminedbyenvironmentalcues.Culturingmarrowstromalcellsinthepresenceofosteogenicstimulisuchasascorbicacid,inorganicphosphate,anddexamethasonecouldpromotetheirdifferentiationintoosteoblasts.Incontrast,theadditionoftransforminggrowthfactor-beta(TGF-b)couldinducechondrogenicmarkers.[citationneeded]7.^Sell,Stewart(Stemcellhandbook).HumanaPress.p.143.8.^Becker,A.J.;McCulloch,E.A.;Till,J.E.(1963)."CytologicalDemonstrationoftheClonalNatureofSpleenColoniesDerivedfromTransplantedMouseMarrowCells".Nature197(4866):452–4.doi:10.1038/197452a0.PMID13970094.9.^Siminovitch,L.;McCulloch,E.A.;Till,J.E.(1963)."Thedistributionofcolony-formingcellsamongspleencolonies".JournalofCellularandComparativePhysiology62(3):327–36.doi:10.1002/jcp.1030620313.PMID14086156.CulturingThemajorityofmodernculturetechniquesstilltakeacolony-formingunit-fibroblasts(CFU-F)approach,whererawunpurifiedbonemarroworficoll-purifiedbonemarrowMononuclearcellareplateddirectlyintocellcultureplatesorflasks.Mesenchymalstemcells,butnotredbloodcellsorhaematopoeticprogenitors,areadherenttotissuecultureplasticwithin24to48hours.However,atleastonepublicationhasidentifiedapopulationofnon-adherentMSCsthatarenotobtainedbythedirect-platingtechnique.[22]Otherflowcytometry-basedmethodsallowthesortingofbonemarrowcellsforspecificsurfacemarkers,suchasSTRO-1.[23]STRO-1cellsaregenerallymorehomogenous,andhavehigherratesofadherenceandhigherratesofproliferation,buttheexactdifferencesbetweenSTRO-1cellsandMSCsarenotclear.[24]MethodsofimmunodepletionusingsuchtechniquesasMACShavealsobeenusedinthenegativeselectionofMSCs.[25]22.^Wan,Chao;He,Qiling;McCaigue,Mervyn;Marsh,David;Li,Gang(2006)."Nonadherentcellpopulationofhumanmarrowcultureisacomplementarysourceofmesenchymalstemcells(MSCs)".JournalofOrthopaedicResearch24(1):21–8.doi:10.1002/jor.20023.PMID16419965.23.^Gronthos,S;Graves,SE;Ohta,S;Simmons,PJ(1994)."TheSTRO-1fractionofadulthumanbonemarrowcontainstheosteogenicprecursors".Blood84(12):4164–73.PMID7994030.;pmid=7994030.24.^Oyajobi,BabatundeO.;Lomri,Abderrahim;Hott,Monique;Marie,PierreJ.(1999)."IsolationandCharacterizationofHumanClonogenicOsteoblastProgenitorsImmunoselectedfromFetalBoneMarrowStromaUsingSTRO-1MonoclonalAntibody".JournalofBoneandMineralResearch14(3):351–61.doi:10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.3.351.PMID10027900.25.^Tondreau,T;Lagneaux,L;Dejeneffe,M;Delforge,A;Massy,M;Mortier,C;Bron,D(1January2004)."IsolationofBMmesenchymalstemcellsbyplasticadhesionornegativeselection:phenotype,proliferationkineticsanddifferentiationpotential".Cytotherapy6(4):372–379.doi:10.1080/43.