计算机英语第三版参考答案

《计算机英语（第3版）》练习参考答案UnitOne:ComputerandComputerScienceUnitOne/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.CharlesBabbage;AugustaAdaByron2.input;output3.VLSI4.workstations;mainframes5.vacuum;transistors6.instructions;software7.digit;eight;byte8.microminiaturization;chipII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.artificialintelligence人工智能2.paper-tapereader纸带阅读器3.opticalcomputer光计算机4.neuralnetwork神经网络5.instructionset指令集6.parallelprocessing并行处理7.differenceengine差分机8.versatilelogicalelement通用逻辑元件9.siliconsubstrate硅衬底10.vacuumtube真空管11.数据的存储与处理thestorageandhandlingofdata12.超大规模集成电路verylarge-scaleintegratedcircuit13.中央处理器centralprocessingunit14.个人计算机personalcomputer15.模拟计算机analoguecomputer16.数字计算机digitalcomputer17.通用计算机general-purposecomputer18.处理器芯片processorchip19.操作指令operatinginstructions20.输入设备inputdeviceIII.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Wecandefineacomputerasadevicethatacceptsinput,processesdata,storesdata,andproducesoutput.Accordingtothemodeofprocessing,computersareeitheranalogordigital.Theycanalsobeclassifiedasmainframes,minicomputers,workstations,ormicrocomputers.Allelse(forexample,theageofthemachine)beingequal,thiscategorizationprovidessomeindicationofthecomputer’sspeed,size,cost,andabilities.Eversincetheadventofcomputers,therehavebeenconstantchanges.First-generationcomputersofhistoricsignificance,suchasUNIVAC(通用自动计算机),introducedintheearly1950s,werebasedonvacuumtubes.Second-generationcomputers,appearingintheearly1960s,werethoseinwhichtransistorsreplacedvacuumtubes.Inthird-generationcomputers,datingfromthe1960s,integratedcircuitsreplacedtransistors.Infourth-generationcomputerssuchasmicrocomputers,whichfirstappearedinthemid-1970s,large-scaleintegrationenabledthousandsofcircuitstobeincorporatedononechip.Fifth-generationcomputersareexpectedtocombinevery-large-scaleintegrationwithsophisticatedapproachestocomputing,includingartificialintelligenceandtruedistributedprocessing.IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:计算机将变得更加先进，也将变得更加容易使用。语音识别的改进将使计算机的操作更加容易。虚拟现实，即使用所有人类官能与计算机进行交互的技术，也将有助于创建更好的人机接口。人们正在开发其他的奇异计算模型，包括使用生物机体的生物计算、使用具有特定属性的分子的分子计算，以及使用遗传基本单位DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）存储数据和执行操作的计算。这些都是可能的未来计算平台的例子，而它们迄今还能力有限或完全属于理论范畴。科学家们研究它们，是因为嵌入硅中的电路的微小型化受到物理限制。还有一些限制与甚至最微小的晶体管也会产生的热量有关。UnitTwo:ComputerArchitectureUnitTwo/SectionAI．Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.input;output;storage2.BasicInput/OutputSystem3.flatbedscanners;hand-heldscanners4.LCD-based5.dot-matrixprinters;inkjetprinters6.diskdrives;memory7.volatile8.serial;parallelII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.functionkey功能键，操作键2.voicerecognitionmodule语音识别模块3.touch-sensitiveregion触敏区4.addressbus地址总线5.flatbedscanner平板扫描仪6.dot-matrixprinter点阵打印机（针式打印机）7.parallelconnection并行连接8.cathoderaytube阴极射线管9.videogame电子游戏10.audiosignal音频信号11.操作系统operatingsystem12.液晶显示（器）LCD(liquidcrystaldisplay)13.喷墨打印机inkjetprinter14.数据总线databus15.串行连接serialconnection16.易失性存储器volatilememory17.激光打印机laserprinter18.磁盘驱动器diskdrive19.基本输入/输出系统BIOS(BasicInput/OutputSystem)20.视频显示器videodisplayIII.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:CD-ROMstandsforcompactdiscread-onlymemory.Unlikefloppyandharddisks,whichusemagneticchargestorepresent1sand0s,opticaldiscsusereflectedlight.OnaCD-ROMdisc,1sand0sarerepresentedbyflatareasandbumpy(高低不平的)areas(called“pits”)onitsbottomsurface.TheCD-ROMdiscisreadbyalaserthatprojectsatinybeamoflightontheseareas.Theamountofreflectedlightdetermineswhetherthearearepresentsa1ora0.LikeacommercialCDfoundinmusicstores,aCD-ROMisa“read-only”disc.Read-onlymeansitcannotbewrittenonorerasedbytheuser.Thus,youasauserhaveaccessonlytothedataimprinted(压印)bythepublisher.AsingleCD-ROMdisccanstore650megabytes(兆字节)ofdata.Thatisequivalentto451floppydisks.Withthatmuchinformationonasingledisc,thetimetoretrieveoraccesstheinformationisveryimportant.AnimportantcharacteristicofCD-ROMdrivesistheiraccessrate.IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:调制解调器是在模拟和数字信号之间进行转换的设备。计算机使用的是数字信号，这种信号由离散单元组成，通常用一系列1和0表示。模拟信号是连续变化的；声波就是模拟信号的一个例子。调制解调器经常用于实现计算机之间通过电话线的互相通信。调制解调器将发送端计算机的数字信号转换成可通过电话线传输的模拟信号。信号到达目的地后，另外一个调制解调器重构原来的数字信号，供接收端计算机处理。如果两个调制解调器可同时互相发送数据，那么它们采用的就是全双工工作方式；如果一次只有一个调制解调器可以发送数据，那么它们采用的则是半双工工作方式。UnitThree:ComputerLanguageandProgrammingUnitThree/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.artificial;instructions2.low-level;high-level3.machine4.machine5.functional;logic6.statement7.module8.digitalII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.storageregister存储寄存器2.functionstatement函数语句3.programstatement程序语句4.object-orientedlanguage面向对象语言5.assemblylanguage汇编语言6.intermediatelanguage中间语言，中级语言7.relationallanguage关系（型）语言8.artificiallanguage人工语言9.datadeclaration数据声明10.SQL结构化查询语言11.可执行程序executableprogram12.程序模块programmodule13.条件语句conditionalstatement14.赋值语句assignmentstatement15.逻辑语言logiclanguage16.机器语言machinelanguage17.函数式语言functionallanguage18.程序 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 语言programminglanguage19.运行计算机程序runacomputerprogram20.计算机程序员computerprogrammerIII.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Aprogramminglanguageisalanguageusedtowriteinstructionsforthecomputer.Itletstheprogrammerexpressdataprocessinginasymbolicmannerwithoutregardtomachine-specificdetails.Thedifficultyofwritingprogramsinthemachinelanguageof0sand1sledfirsttothedevelopmentofassemblylanguage,whichallowsprogrammerstousemnemonics(助记符)forinstructionsandsymbolsforvariables.Suchprogramsarethentranslatedbyaprogramknownasanassemblerintothebinaryencodingusedbythecomputer.Otherpiecesofsystemsoftwareknownaslinkingloaders(连接装入程序)combinepiecesofassembledcodeandloadthemintothemachine’smainmemoryunit,wheretheyarethenreadyforexecution.Theconceptoflinkingseparatepiecesofcodewasimportant,sinceitallowed“libraries”ofprogramstobebuiltuptocarryoutcommontasks—afirststeptowardtheincreasinglyemphasizednotionofsoftwarereuse.Assemblylanguagewasfoundtobesufficientlyinconvenientthathigher-levellanguages(closertonaturallanguages)wereinventedinthe1950sforeasier,fasterprogramming;alongwiththemcametheneedforcompilers,programsthattranslatehigh-levellanguageprogramsintomachinecode.Asprogramminglanguagesbecamemorepowerfulandabstract,buildingefficientcompilersthatcreatehigh-qualitycodeintermsofexecutionspeedandstorageconsumptionbecameaninterestingcomputerscienceprobleminitself.IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:面向对象程序设计语言，如C和Java，基于传统的高级语言，但它们使程序设计员能够从合作对象集而非命令列表的角度进行思考。诸如圆之类的对象具有像圆的半径一类的属性，以及在计算机屏幕上绘制该对象的命令。一个对象类可以从其他的对象类继承特征。例如，定义正方形的类可以从定义长方形的类那里继承直角等特征。这一套程序设计类简化了程序设计员的工作，带来了更多“可复用的”计算机代码。可复用代码使程序设计员可以使用已经设计、编写和测试的代码。这使得程序设计员的工作变得比较容易，并带来更加可靠和高效的程序。UnitFour:SoftwareDevelopmentUnitFour/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.application;operating2.assemblers3.compiler4.interpreter5.debugger6.loop7.devicedriver8.JohnvonNeumannII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.inferenceengine推理机2.systemcall系统调用3.compiledlanguage编译执行的语言4.parallelcomputing并行计算5.patternmatching模式匹配6.memorylocation存储单元7.interpreterprogram解释程序8.libraryroutine库程序，程序库例行程序9.intermediateprogram中间程序，过渡程序10.sourcefile源文件11.解释执行的语言interpretedlanguage12.设备驱动程序devicedriver13.源程序sourceprogram14.调试程序debuggingprogram15.目标代码objectcode16.应用程序applicationprogram17.实用程序utilityprogram18.逻辑程序logicprogram19.墨盒inkcartridge20.程序的存储与执行programstorageandexecutionIII.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Acompiler,incomputerscience,isacomputerprogramthattranslatessourcecodeintoobjectcode.Softwareengineerswritesourcecodeusinghigh-levelprogramminglanguagesthatpeoplecanunderstand.Computerscannotdirectlyexecutesourcecode,butneedacompilertotranslatetheseinstructionsintoalow-levellanguagecalledmachinecode.Compilerscollectandreorganize(compile)alltheinstructionsinagivensetofsourcecodetoproduceobjectcode.Objectcodeisoftenthesameasorsimilartoacomputer’smachinecode.Iftheobjectcodeisthesameasthemachinelanguage,thecomputercanruntheprogramimmediatelyafterthecompilerproducesitstranslation.Iftheobjectcodeisnotinmachinelanguage,otherprograms—suchasassemblers,binders(联编程序),linkers,andloaders(加载程序)—finishthetranslation.Mostcomputerlanguagesusedifferentversionsofcompilersfordifferenttypesofcomputersoroperatingsystems,soonelanguagemayhavedifferentcompilersforpersonalcomputers(PC)andAppleMacintoshcomputers.Manydifferentmanufacturersoftenproduceversionsofthesameprogramminglanguage,socompilersforalanguagemayvarybetweenmanufacturers.IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:在软件中，错误是指导致程序发生故障或产生不正确结果的编码或逻辑错误。较轻微的错误，如光标表现异常，会造成不便或带来挫折，但不会对信息产生破坏性影响。较严重的错误会导致程序“中止”（对命令停止反应），可能使用户别无选择，只能重新启动程序，结果致使任何前面已经做好但尚未保存的工作丢失。两种情况无论是哪一种，程序员都必须凭借称为调试的过程，发现并改正错误。由于错误对重要数据的潜在危险，商用应用程序在发行前要经过尽可能全面的测试与调试。程序发行后发现的较轻微错误在下一次更新时改正；较严重的错误有时可用称为补丁的特殊软件加以修补，以规避问题或减轻其影响。UnitFive:SoftwareProcessUnitFive/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.off-the-shelf2.exclusive3.cascade4.requirements;integration5.throwaway6.immediate;stable7.reuse-oriented;framework8.software;compromisesII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.systemspecification系统规格说明2.unittesting单位（或单元、部件）测试3.softwarelifecycle软件生命周期（或生存周期）4.systemvalidationtesting系统验证测试5.evolutionarydevelopmentprocess演化开发过程6.simplelinearmodel简单线性模型7.programunit程序单元8.throwawayprototype抛弃式原型9.textformatting正文格式编排，文本格式化10.systemevolution系统演变11.系统设计范例systemdesignparadigm12.需求分析与定义requirementsanalysisanddefinition13.探索式编程方法exploratoryprogrammingapproach14.系统文件编制systemdocumentation15.瀑布模型waterfallmodel16.系统集成systemintegration17.商用现成软件commercialoff-the-shelf(或COTS)software18.基于组件的软件工程component-basedsoftwareengineering(CBSE)19.软件维护工具softwaremaintenancetool20.软件复用softwarereuseIII.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Therearethreedifferenttypesofsoftwaremaintenance.Firstly,thereismaintenancetorepairsoftwarefaults.Codingerrorsareusuallyrelativelycheaptocorrect;designerrorsaremoreexpensiveastheymayinvolverewritingseveralprogramcomponents.Requirementserrorsarethemostexpensivetorepairbecauseoftheextensivesystemredesignthatmaybenecessary.Secondly,thereismaintenancetoadaptthesoftwaretoadifferentoperatingenvironment.Thistypeofmaintenanceisrequiredwhensomeaspectofthesystem’senvironmentsuchasthehardware,theplatformoperatingsystemorothersupportsoftwarechanges.Theapplicationsystemmustbemodifiedtoadaptittocopewiththeseenvironmentalchanges.Andthirdly,thereismaintenancetoaddtoormodifythesystem’sfunctionality.Thistypeofmaintenanceisnecessarywhenthesystemrequirementschangeinresponsetoorganizationalorbusinesschange.Thescaleofthechangesrequiredtothesoftwareisoftenmuchgreaterthanfortheothertypesofmaintenance.Inpractice,thereisn’taclear-cutdistinctionbetweenthesetypesofmaintenance.Whenyouadaptthesystemtoanewenvironment,youmayaddfunctionalitytotakeadvantageofnewenvironmentalfeatures.Softwarefaultsareoftenexposedbecauseusersusethesysteminunanticipatedways.Changingthesystemtoaccommodatetheirwayofworkingisthebestwaytofixthesefaults.IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:软件过程比较复杂，而且像所有其他的智能和创造性过程一样，依靠人们作出决定和判断。由于需要判断和创造性，使软件过程自动化的尝试只取得了有限的成功。计算机辅助软件工程工具可支持软件过程的某些活动。然而，至少是在未来几年内，不可能实现更广泛的软件过程自动化，使软件能够接替参与软件过程的工程师来从事创造性设计。计算机辅助软件工程工具的有效性有限，原因之一是软件过程多种多样。不存在理想的过程，而且许多组织机构发展了自己的软件开发方法。这些软件过程不断演变，以利用组织机构中的人员的能力和开发中的系统的具体特点。对于一些系统来说，需要的是一个高度结构化的开发过程，而对于另外一些系统来说，一个灵活敏捷的过程很可能更为有效。UnitSix:DatabaseUnitSix/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.flat2.data3.application;administrators4.conceptual5.tables6.fragmented;replicated7.structured8.entity-relationship;attributesII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.enduser最终用户，终端用户2.atomicoperation原子操作3.databaseadministrator数据库管理员4.relationaldatabasemodel关系数据库模型5.localdata本地数据6.object-orienteddatabase面向对象数据库7.databasemanagementsystem(DBMS)数据库管理系统8.entity-relationshipmodel(ERM)实体关系模型9.distributeddatabase分布式数据库10.flatfile平面文件11.二维表two-dimensionaltable12.数据属性dataattribute13.数据库对象databaseobject14.存储设备storagedevice15.数据类型datatype16.数据插入与删除datainsertionanddeletion17.层次数据库模型hierarchicaldatabasemodel18.数据库体系结构databasearchitecture19.关系数据库管理系统relationaldatabasemanagementsystem(RDBMS)20.全局控制总线globalcontrolbusIII.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Adatabaseisanycollectionofdataorganizedforstorageinacomputermemoryanddesignedforeasyaccessbyauthorizedusers.Thedatamaybeintheformoftext,numbers,orencodedgraphics.SmalldatabaseswerefirstdevelopedorfundedbytheU.S.governmentforagencyorprofessionaluse.Inthe1960s,somedatabasesbecamecommerciallyavailable,buttheirusewasfunnelled(传送)throughafewso-calledresearchcentersthatcollectedinformationinquiriesandhandledtheminbatches.Onlinedatabases—thatis,databasesavailabletoanyonewhocouldlinkuptothembycomputer—firstappearedinthe1970s.Sincetheirfirst,experimentalappearanceinthe1950s,databaseshavebecomesoimportantthattheycanbefoundinalmosteveryfieldofinformation.Government,military,andindustrialdatabasesareoftenhighlyrestricted,andprofessionaldatabasesareusuallyoflimitedinterest.Awiderangeofcommercial,governmental,andnonprofitdatabasesareavailabletothegeneralpublic,however,andmaybeusedbyanyonewhoownsorhasaccesstotheequipmentthattheyrequire.IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:在关系数据库中，表的行表示记录（关于不同项的信息集），列表示字段（一个记录的特定属性）。在进行搜索时，关系数据库将一个表中的一个字段的信息与另一个表中的一个相应字段的信息进行匹配，以生成将来自这两个表的所要求数据结合起来的另一个表。例如，如果一个表包含EMPLOYEE-ID、LAST-NAME、FIRST-NAME和HIRE-DATE字段，另一个表包含DEPT、EMPLOYEE-ID和SALARY字段，关系数据库可匹配这两个表中的EMPLOYEE-ID字段，以找到特定的信息，如所有挣到一定薪水的雇员的姓名或所有在某个日期之后受雇的雇员所属的部门。换言之，关系数据库使用两个表中的匹配值，将一个表中的信息与另一个表中的信息联系起来。微型计算机数据库产品一般是关系数据库。UnitSeven:ComputerCommunicationsUnitSeven/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.telegraph2.dots;dashes3.media4.point-to-point5.analog6.digital7.text-based8.modemII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.microwaveradio微波无线电2.digitaltelevision数字电视3.DSL数字用户线路4.analogtransmission模拟传输5.on-screenpointer屏幕上的指针6.computerterminal计算机终端7.radiotelephone无线电话8.cellulartelephone蜂窝电话，移动电话，手机9.decentralizednetwork分散型网络10.wire-basedinternalnetwork基于导线的内部网络，有线内部网11.光缆fiber-opticcable12.传真机faxmachine13.无线通信wirelesscommunications14.点对点通信point-to-pointcommunications15.调制电脉冲modulatedelectricalimpulse16.通信卫星communication(s)satellite17.电报电键telegraphkey18.传输媒体transmissionmedium(或media)19.无绳电话cordlesstelephone20.金属导体metalconductorIII.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Datacommunicationsistheprocessoftransmittingandreceivingdatainanorderlywaysothedatathatarrivesatitsdestinationisanaccurateduplication(复制)ofthedatathatwassent.Whendatatravelsashortdistance,suchaswhenyousenddatafromyourcomputertoyourprinter,itisreferredtoaslocalcommunications.Whendatatravelsalongdistance,thecommunicationisreferredtoastelecommunications;theprefix(前缀)“tele”isderivedfromaGreekwordthatmeans“far”or“faroff.”Thedifferencebetweenashortdistanceandalongdistanceissomewhatarbitrary(武断的).Forexample,ifyourcomputersendsdatatoaprinterinthenextroom,itisregardedaslocalcommunications;ifyouphonethepersoninthenextroom,youaretransmittingdataoveratelecommunicationsdevice.However,thesamebasiccommunicationsconceptsapplytobothlocalcommunicationsandtelecommunications.Basicdatacommunicationsconceptsarethebuildingblocksforunderstandinghowdatatravelsonacommunicationssystem.Theseconceptscomeinhandy(派得上用处)whenyouinstall,configure,orupgradealocalareanetwork.Inaddition,theseconceptshelpyousetupmodems,faxmachines,andcellulardatatransfers.IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:个人计算机使用电信来提供传输链路，用于传送音频、视频、文本、软件和多媒体服务。许多专家认为，这些服务的结合将带来用户对新一代高速、宽带网络的需求。当前，这些音频、视频和文本服务大多通过现有的电话连接使用因特网传送。有些计算机使用综合业务数字网或数字用户线路直接连接到电话网的数字部分，但这要求在用户处有专门的设备。此外，电话及有线电视公司还必须对其线路进行升级，以使其能够进行高速数据传输。在许多地点，有高速数据传输需求的公司和个人现在可选择从电话公司得到数字用户线路服务，从有线电视公司得到光缆调制解调器服务。UnitEight:ComputerNetworksUnitEight/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.MAN2.open;closed3.bus4.token5.Ethernet6.client/server7.equals;temporary8.networkII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.fileserver文件服务器2.carriersense载波检测，载波监听3.protocolsuite 协议 离婚协议模板下载合伙人协议 下载渠道分销协议免费下载敬业协议下载授课协议下载 组，协议集4.peer-to-peermodel对等模型5.bustopologynetwork总线拓扑网络6.inter-machinecooperation机器间合作，计算机间合作7.Ethernetprotocolcollection以太网协议集8.proprietarynetwork专有网络9.utilitypackage实用软件包，公用程序包10.starnetwork星形网络11.局域网localareanetwork(LAN)12.令牌环tokenring13.无线网络wirelessnetwork14.封闭式网络closednetwork15.环形拓扑结构ringtopology16.客户机/服务器模型client/servermodel17.网络应用程序networkapplication18.进程间通信interprocesscommunication19.打印服务器printserver20.广域网wideareanetwork(WAN)III.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Computerscancommunicatewithothercomputersthroughaseriesofconnectionsandassociatedhardwarecalledanetwork.Theadvantageofanetworkisthatdatacanbeexchangedrapidly,andsoftwareandhardwareresources,suchashard-diskspaceorprinters,canbeshared.Networksalsoallowremoteuseofacomputerbyauserwhocannotphysicallyaccessthecomputer.Onetypeofnetwork,alocalareanetwork(LAN),consistsofseveralPCsorworkstationsconnectedtoaspecialcomputercalledaserver,oftenwithinthesamebuildingorofficecomplex.Theserverstoresandmanagesprogramsanddata.Aserveroftencontainsallofanetworkedgroup’sdataandenablesLANworkstationsorPCstobesetupwithoutlargestoragecapabilities.Inthisscenario( 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),eachPCmayhave“local”memory(forexample,aharddrive)specifictoitself,butthebulkofstorageresidesontheserver.ThisreducesthecostoftheworkstationorPCbecauselessexpensivecomputerscanbepurchased,anditsimplifiesthemaintenanceofsoftwarebecausethesoftwareresidesonlyontheserverratherthanoneachindividualworkstationorPC.IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:在计算机科学中，网络是指由通信设备连接在一起的一组计算机及其相关设备。网络可采用电缆等永久性连接，或者采用通过电话或其他通信链路而实现的临时性连接。网络可以小到由少数计算机、打印机以及其他设备构成的局域网，也可以由分布在广大地理区域的许多小型与大型计算机组成。计算机网络无论大小，其存在的目的均在于为计算机用户提供以电子方式进行信息通信与传送的方法。有些类型的通信是简单的用户到用户消息；有些称为分布式过程，可能涉及数台计算机，以及在执行任务中分担工作量或进行协作。UnitNine:TheInternetUnitNine/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.research2.ICANN或theInternetCorporationforAssignedNamesandNumbers3.router;gateway4.temporary/dial-up;permanent/dedicated5.ISP或Internetserviceprovider6.network;host7.decimal8.mnemonicII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:1.cellphone蜂窝电话，移动电话，手机2.IPaddress网际协议地址，IP地址3.autonomoussystem自主系统4.dial-upconnection拨号连接5.networkidentifier网络标识符6.binarynotation二进制记数法7.mnemonicname助记名，缩写名8.Internet-widedirectorysystem因特网范围的目录系统9.nameserver名称服务器10.Internetinfrastructure因特网基础结构11.助记地址mnemonicaddress12.网吧cybercafe13.宽带因特网访问broadbandInternetaccess14.顶级域名top-leveldomain(TLD)15.因特网编址Internetaddressing16.点分十进制记数法dotteddecimalnotation17.因特网服务提供商Internetserviceprovider(ISP)18.专用因特网连接dedicatedInternetconnection19.主机地址hostaddress20.硬件与软件支持hardwareandsoftwaresupportIII.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Earlycomputernetworksusedleasedtelephonecompanylinesfortheirconnections.Telephonecompanysystemsofthattimeestablishedasingleconnectionbetweensenderandreceiverforeachtelephonecall,andthatconnectioncarriedalldataalongasinglepath.Whenacompanywantedtoconnectcomputersitownedattwodifferentlocations,thecompanyplacedatelephonecalltoestablishtheconnection,andthenconnectedonecomputertoeachendofthatsingleconnection.TheU.S.DefenseDepartmentwasconcernedabouttheinherentriskofthissingle-channelmethodforconnectingcomputers,anditsresearchersdevelopedadifferentmethodofsendinginformationthroughmultiplechannels.Inthismethod,filesandmessagesarebrokenintopacketsthatarelabeledelectronicallywithcodesfortheirorigins,sequences,anddestinations.In1969,DefenseDepartmentresearchersintheAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency(ARPA)usedthisnetworkmodeltoconnectfourcomputersintoanetworkcalledtheARPANET.TheARPANETwastheearliestofthenetworksthateventuallycombinedtobecomewhatwenowcalltheInternet.Throughoutthe1970sand1980s,manyresearchersintheacademiccommunityconnectedtotheARPANETandcontributedtot