....word.zl.英语单词构成有其规律,掌握了构词规律,才可以很好、很快的、准确的记忆单词。英语单词构词法的核心局部,在于词根,词的意义主要由组成单词的词根表达。词根可以单独构成词,也可以彼此组合成词,通过前缀后缀来改变单词的词性和意义。单词一般由三局部组成:词根〔root〕、前缀(prefix)和后缀(suffix)。词根决定单词意思,前缀改变单词词义,后缀决定单词词性。常见的前缀有如下几类:第一类:表示正负〔或增减〕,如:un-in-im-il-ir-non-mis-mal-dis-anti-de-under-re-over-等;第二类表示尺寸,如:semi-equi-mini-micro-macro-mega-等;第三类表示位置关系,如:inter-super-trans-ex-extra-sub-infra-peri-等;第四类表示时间和次序,如:ante-pre-prime-post-retro-等;第五类表示数字,如:semi-mono-bi-tri-quad-penta-hex-sept(em)-oct-dec-multi-等;其它类别,如:pro-auto-co-con-等。一.表示否认的前缀 1.dis-加在名词、形容词,动词之前。 disadvantage〔缺点〕dishonorable〔不光荣的〕disagree〔不同意〕 2.in-加在形容词,名词之前 incorrect〔不正确的〕,inability〔无能,无力〕,inaccurate〔不准确的〕 3.im-加在字母m,b,p之前 impossible〔不可能的〕,impolite〔不礼貌的〕,impudence〔厚颜无耻〕 4.il-加在以l开头的词前 illegal〔非法的〕,illiterate〔文盲的,无文化的〕illogical〔不合逻辑的〕 5.ir-加在以r开头的词前 irregular〔不规那么的〕,irresistible〔不可抵抗的〕,irresolvable〔不能分解的,不能解决的〕 6.un-加在名词,形容词,副词之前 unfinished〔未完成的〕undoubted〔无疑的〕unemployment〔失业〕 7.non-加在形容词,名词前 non-existence〔不存在〕,non-essential〔不主要的〕,non-electrical〔非电的〕 8.mis-加在动词、名词之前 misunderstand〔误解〕,misjudge〔误判〕,misleading〔误导〕,misfortune〔不幸〕 9.dis-加地动词之前 disappear〔消失〕,disarm〔解除武装〕,disconnect〔失去联系〕 10.de-加在名词,形容词之前 demobilize(遣散;使…复员)decolor(脱色,漂白) 11.anti-加在名词、形容词之前 anti-Japanese〔抗日战争〕,anti-social〔厌恶社会的,反社会的〕 12.counter-加在名词、动词前 counterattack〔反攻,还击〕,counteract〔抵抗,阻碍〕counterrevolution〔反革命〕counterterrorism〔反恐行动〕 13.a-、an-在名词前,表示相反,asocial〔不好社交的,不合群的〕二.表示“前before〞的前缀 1.pre- preconception〔成见〕,pre-existing〔先于……而存在的〕,pre-selection〔选举前的〕preface〔前言〕 2.Ante- anteroom〔前室,接待室〕,antecessor〔先驱者〕 3.Fore- forehead〔前额〕,foreman〔工头,领班〕,foresee〔预见,先见〕,foretell〔预言〕 4.Pro- program〔
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〕,prologue〔序幕〕 5.Ex- ex-president〔前任总统〕ex-wife〔前妻〕三.其他前缀表示“后-post〞的前缀 1.post- post-war〔战后〕,postmodern〔后现代的〕表示“低〞、“次〞的前缀 1.Hypo- Hypocrisy〔伪善,虚伪〕,hypothesis〔假设〕,hypochlorite〔次氯酸盐〕 2.Infra- Infra-red〔红外线〕,infrahuman〔低于人类的〕,infrasonic〔次声的〕 3.Sub- Sub-editor〔副编辑〕,sub-way〔地铁〕,sub-conscious〔下意识的〕,submarine〔海下的〕,subtropical〔亚热带的〕,subtitle〔副标题〕表示“回〞、“再次〞、“向后〞的前缀 1.Re- Refuel〔给…加油〕,retranslate〔再译〕,reinforce〔加强〕,reconstruct〔重建〕,return〔返回〕 2.Retro- Retrograde〔倒退的〕,retrospect〔回忆〕表示“共同〞、“和〞的前缀 1.Co- co-exist(共存),co-operate〔合作〕,co-education〔男女同校〕,co-worker〔同事〕表示“相互〞、“之间〞的前缀 1.Inter- Interchangeble〔可互换的〕,interdependent〔互相依靠的〕,international〔国际的〕表示“出〞、“超出〞的前缀 1.Ec- Eclipse〔蚀〕,ecstasy〔狂想〕 2.Extra- Extraordinary〔非凡的〕,extrasensory〔超感觉的〕表示“超过〞的前缀 1.hyper-,preter-,super-,sur-,ultra- hyper-sensitive〔过敏的〕,preter-human〔超人的〕,supermarket〔超市〕,surplus〔过剩〕,ultrasound〔超声波〕更多前缀 1.auto-自 automatic〔自动的〕,autobiography〔自传〕 2.mal-坏,恶 Malnutrition〔营养不良〕,maltreat〔虐待〕malfunction〔发生故障,不起作用〕 3.Micro- Microscope〔显微镜〕 4.Tele-远 telephone〔〕,telescope〔望远镜〕teleconference(远程会议) 5.Demi-,semi-hemi- Semi-circle〔半圆〕,semisphere〔半球〕,hemisphere〔半球〕,demilune〔半月,新月〕 6.Uni-,mono-〔单一,单独〕 Monotone〔单调〕,monologue〔独白〕,uniform〔制服〕unilateral〔单边的〕 7.Bi-,di-二 Biyearly〔二年一次的〕,biweekly〔二周一次的〕,bilateral〔双边的〕,carbondioxide〔二氧化碳〕 8.Tri-三 Triangle〔三角〕,triple〔三倍〕 9.Multi-多 multi-colored〔颜色多样的〕,multi-national〔多国的〕,multilateral〔多边的〕 10.Poly–多 Polygon(多角形),polyatomic(多原子的) 11.Arch-首领 archbishop〔大主教〕,arch-rival〔主要竞争对手,劲敌〕 12.bene-善,好 benefit〔利益〕,benevolence〔善意〕 13.homo-同 homosexual〔同性恋的〕,homograph〔同形异义字〕 14.neo新 neo-colonialism(新殖XX义),neolithic〔新石器时代的〕 15.ortho-正确,直 orthogonal〔直角的〕,orthodox〔正统〕 16.philo-挚爱Philharmonic〔爱乐的〕 17.proto-原始 prototype〔原型〕,protoplasm〔原生质〕 18.pseudo-假的,伪的,冒充的 pseudonym〔匿名〕,pseudo-munism〔假共产主义〕 19.a-,ab-,abs-〔只有在t,c之前〕从,自 avoid〔防止〕,absent〔缺少的〕,abstain〔抑制〕,abstract〔吸引〕 20.Apo-,aph-来自 apology〔抱歉,谢罪〕,apostle〔倡言者,先驱〕 21.se-别离 separation〔分开〕,secure〔平安的〕,sedition〔煽动叛乱〕 22.para-防 parachute〔降落伞〕, 23.omni-所有的,公共的 omnibus〔公共汽车〕,omnipotence〔万能〕 24.pan-全,泛 Pan-American〔全美的〕,panacea〔万灵药〕,panorama〔风景的全貌;万花筒〕 25.panto-全 pantoscopic〔视野广阔〕 26.dia-通过,借以 diagonal〔对角的〕,diagnosis〔诊断〕,dialogue〔对话〕 27.Per-通过,彻底,不利perambulate〔走来走去〕,perfect〔极好的〕 28.trans-通过,横过 transcript〔抄本,副本;
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〕,translation〔翻译〕,transparent〔透明的〕,transport〔运输〕,trans-plant〔移植〕 29.-,con-,cor-,col-共同,和,完全 ment〔评论〕,pile〔编辑〕,correlation〔相互关系〕,collect〔收集〕,corruption〔贪污腐败〕,collaborate〔合作,合著〕 30.syn-共同 synonym〔同义词〕,synchronization〔同步〕,synthetic〔人工的,合成的〕 31.meta-和,在……之后 metaphor〔比喻〕,metaphysics〔形而上学〕 32.Cis-在这一边Cisatlantic〔大西洋这边的〕 33.pen-把关入围栏,囚禁 peninsular〔.住在半岛上的居民,半岛(状)的,形成半岛的〕 34.en-,em-往……里,使…… encamp〔扎营〕,enable(使……能),endear〔使……受喜爱〕,embrace〔拥抱,抓住(时机)〕 35.intro内在 intracardiac〔心脏内部的〕,intermolecular〔分子内部的〕,intracellular〔细胞内部的〕 36.intro-到……中 introduce〔介绍〕,introspect〔反省,内省〕 37.dys-坏 dyspepsia〔消化不良〕 38.Eu-优,美好 eulogy〔颂词〕,euphony〔悦耳的声音〕 39.ambi-,amphi-两者 amphibian〔两栖的〕,ambidextrous〔两只手都很灵巧的;心怀二意的;非常灵巧的〕 40.penta-五Pentagon〔五角〕,pentagram〔五角星〕,pentameter〔五步诗句〕 41.hex-六 hexangle〔六角〕,hexennial〔六年一度的〕 42.sept-七 September九月〔古罗马的七月〕,septennial〔七年一度〕 43.hepta-七 heptab〔七个成套之物〕,heptagon〔七角形〕 44.octa-,octo,oct八 octagon〔八角形〕,octuple〔八倍〕October(十月) 45.nona-,ennea-九 nonagon〔九角形〕,ennead〔九个一组〕 46.dec-,deca-十 decimal〔十进位的〕,decagramme〔十克〕 47.centi-百 centimeter〔厘米〕,centipede〔蜈蚣〕 48.milli-千 millenary〔千年的〕,millimeter〔毫米〕 49.Kilo-千 kilowatt〔千瓦〕,kilometer〔千米〕后缀是一种重要的构词法,通过后缀我们常常可以判断出一个词的词性。下面分四大类分别讲解一些常见后缀及其含义:一、名词后缀 常见的此类后缀及其具体含义如下: 1.-ster,-eer,-er〔or〕意为:从事某种职业或参与某种活动的人〔personengagedinanoccupationoractivity不〕例词:gamester,gangster,songster,engineer,profiteer,mountaineer,auctioneer,driver,teacher,director,actor,professor 2.-let意为:小或者不重要的东西〔small,unimportantthings〕例词:booklet,leaflet,starlet 3.-ette意为:1〕小的东西〔small〕例词:cigarette2〕假的东西〔imitation〕例词:leatherette3〕女性〔female〕例词:usherette 4.-ess意为:女性〔female〕例词:actress,poetess,hostess 5.-hood意为:时期〔status;etc.〕例词:boyhood,childhood,manhood 6.-ship意为:才能,状态,资格,品质等〔skill,state,condition,status,quality〕例词:leadership,friendship,membership,lectureship,sportsmanship 7.-ful意为:量〔theamountwhichnouncontains〕例词:cupful,handful,mouthful,spoonful 8.-tion,-ion意为:1〕状态,行动等〔state;action;etc.〕例词:action,oppression,possession,education,starva-tion2〕机构等〔institution;etc.〕例词:organization,foundation 9.-ment意为:状态,行动等〔state;action;etc.〕例词:movement,enslavement,pavement 10.-al意为:动作〔action〕例词:arrival,refusal,revival,recital,removal 11.-age意为:程度,数量等〔extent;amount;etc.〕例词:wastage,coverage,acreage,shrinkage,breakage,hostage 12.-ness;-ity〔ty〕意为:状态,品质〔state;quality;etc.〕例词:happiness,usefulness,selfishness,kindness,rapidity,activity,sanity,changeability 13.-ism意为:道义,主义,学说等〔doctrineof,practiceof〕例词:idealism,impressionism,absenteeism,racism二、动词后缀 常见的此类后缀及其具体含义如下: 1.-ify意为:转为,变为〔toturninto,tomakeorbee〕例词:beautify,diversify,simplify 2.-ize;-en意为:使……,变得……〔tomakeorbee;tomakeinto〕例词:modernize,popularize,legalize,hospitalize,symbolize,ripen,widen,heighten,threaten 3.-ate意为:增加,使……〔giveoradd,makeorbee〕例词:originate,hydrogenate,validate,differentiate三、形容词后缀: 常见的此类后缀及其具体含义如下: 1.-ful意为:充满,有〔fullof;having;giving;etc.〕例词:useful,pitiful,hopeful,helpful,forgetful,thankful,fearful 2.-less意为:没有,无〔without;notgiving〕例词:speechless,childless,harmless,hopeless,meaningless 3.-ly意为:有……品质的〔havingthequalitiesof〕例词:beastly,manly,brotherly,friendly 4.-like意为:像……的〔like〕例词:childlike,statesmanlike,tiger-like 5.-y;-ish意为:像……一般的〔somewhatlike〕例词:meaty,sandy,silky,hairy,leafy,watery,foolish,girlish,blackish 6.-some意为:像……一样的;引起……的;有……品质的〔like;causing;havingthequalityof〕例词:troublesome,burdensome,wholesome,tiresome,bothersome 7.-able〔ible〕意为:能……的;可以……的〔abletobe;capable〕例词:changeable,readable,drinkable,fortable,expansible,convincible 8.-ed意为:有……的〔having,etc.〕例词:wooded,pointed,moneyed,odd-shaped 9.-al意为:有……属性的,……类型的〔natureof,typicalof〕例词:cultural,personal,regional,musical 10.-ary〔ory〕意为:属于……的,与……相连的〔belongingto;connectedwith〕例词:revolutionary,imaginary,contradictory 11.-ous意为:富含……的;有……品质的;像……的〔fullof;havingthequalityof;like〕例词:glorious,erroneous,malicious,gracious 12.-ic〔ical〕意为:……类的;属于……的〔typicalof;belongingto〕例词:historic,historical,methodic,methodical,dramatic,heroic 13.-ive意为:有……属性的;有某种倾向的〔havingthenatureorqualityof;givenortendingto〕例词:attractive,talkative,restrictive,defensive,preventive,constructive,sensitive四、副词后缀 常见的此类后缀及其具体含义如下: 1.-ly意为:以……方式〔ina...manner;etc.〕 例词:happily,boldly,attentive-ly,strangely 2.-ward〔s〕意为:表示方式或动作的方向〔manneranddirectionofmovement〕例词:onward〔s〕,backward〔s〕,earthward〔s〕,homeward〔s〕,eastward〔s〕 3.-wise意为:1〕按照……方式〔inthemannerof〕例词:crabwise,clockwise2〕就……而言〔asfaras...isconcerned〕例词:weatherwise,educationwisePrefixMeaningExamplea-,anNo,withoutasocialante-BeforeAnte-maritalagreementMicro-smallmicrowavePoly-manyPolygon(多角形),polyatomic(多原子的)Im-In;notimpossible〔不可能的〕,impolite〔不礼貌的〕Pro-Before,forwardprologue〔序幕〕suffixMeaningExample-ismBeliefin,actorpracticesocialism,munism-istApersonwhobelievesinorperformsacertainactionbiologist.,socialistWordrootMeaningExampleAnthro,anthropoMan,humanAnthropology〔人类学〕,anthropocentric(人类中心的)Ced,ceedGo,moveProceed(开场,进展)chromcolorChromatics〔色彩学〕chronTimeChronological〔按时间顺序的〕graphWrite,writingautograph(手稿,亲笔)heterodifferentHeterosexual(异性恋的),heterochromatic〔多种颜色的〕homosameHomosexual,homochromatic〔单色的〕Metr,metermeasureMilometer,thermometermorphformPhillovePhilharmonic〔爱乐的〕psychmindPsychiatrist,psychologysphereRound,ball-shapedhemisphereTelefarTeleconferenceTheo,thegodTheo-centric(上帝中心的)somnsleepsomnific(催眠的)gammarriageOrthoStraight,rightMortDeathExercise:AnalyzingWordToots,SuffixesandAffixes1.Itisbelievedthatanearthquakeantecededthefire.a.causedb.happenedafterc.happenedbefored.putout2.Thereweresomeamorphouscloudsinthesky.a.withoutformorshapeb.relatedtorainc.beautifuld.brightwhite3.Manyancientpeoplewerepolytheists.a.peoplewithmanyculturecenters.b.peoplewhostudiedmanylanguages.c.peoplewhobelievedinhavingseveralwives.d.peoplewhobelievedinmanygods.4.Moviesoftenanthropomorphizecreaturesfromotherplanets.a.studyb.givehumanformorcharacteristicstoc.presentinaterriblewayd.trytoimagine5.Theactorsworepolychromaticbodypaint.a.beautifulb.symbolicc.plexd.ofmanycolors6.Myteacherdidnotappreciatemyheterography.a.talkingalotIclassb.differentideasinthespeechthatIgaveinclassc.logicd.spellingthatwasdifferentfromtherule7.Shesometimeshasaproblemwithsomnambulism.a.sleepwalkingd.breathingc.lyingd.anxiety8.Heusedatelemeter.a.instrumentforseeingsomethingverysmallb.instrumentforfindingdirectionsc,instrumentformeasuringtimed.instrumentformeasuringhowfarawayanobjectis9.Themortalityrateisveryhighinthatvillage.a.birthd.employmentc.marriagee.death10.Peopleinthatsocietybelieveinpolygamy.a.manygodsb.marriagetomorethanonepersonc.thenecessityofmarryingsomeonefromadifferentvillagee.theeconomicbeneficofglobalization11.Itwasanunorthodoxceremony.a.notinterestingorworthattentionb.notinachurchc.notstraightd.notaccordingtoacceptedopinion12.Theirlovewasimmortal.a.neverdyingb.beautifulc.purednotacceptedbysociety窗体底端