IntroductiontoPhysiologyXiaoqunQin,PhD.,MD.PhysiologyfocusonnormalfunctionalactivitiesandtheircontrolmechanisminlifeOneofbasicmedicalsciencecoursesAnexperimentalscienceDevelopingsimultaneouslywithintegratedlevelofnaturalscienceUnifyingmacrocosmandmicrocosmforlifeTheprinciplepropertiesofPhysiology:MainMethod:behaveobservation,inviveanatomy,chronicexperiment,isolatedorganortissue,cellbiology,molecularbiology,biophysics,simulationoncomputerStudyscale:cellularandmolecularlevel,organsystem,integrationPrinciplethesisinphysiology:IdentityoffunctionwithstructureHomeostasisEssentialcharactersoflife:metabolismexcitabilityadaptationreproductionMetabolism:Exchangeofmatterorenergybetweenthelivesandenvironment,basedonwhichthelivesrenewautomatically.Excitability:Theabilityoflifetoresponsetothechangesinenvironment(stimulus).Inhibition:activityweakenordecreaseExcitation:activitystrengthorincreaseThreeelementsofastimulus:intensity,duration,rateAdaptation:Thecharacteroflifetoadjustitsinnerfunctionsaccordingtotheoutercircumstance.Reproduction:Organismsorlivesduplicatenewliveswhichresemblethemselves.PP0T0TIntensity-durationcurveThresholdstimulusConceptualOrganizationoftheBodyandOrganSystemsBlood,acrucialfluidbywhichthediverseorgansystemscommunicateandexchangematerialsandenergy.Itisessentialtothefunctionofeveryotherorgansystem.Circulationsystem,includingtheheartandbloodvessels,whichpushbloodflowinginwholebody.Respiratorysystem,taketheexchangeofairbetweenthebodyandtheouterenvironment.Gastrointestinaltract,includingesophagus,stomach,smallandlargeintestines,liver,pancreasandgallbladder.Energymetabolismandthermoregulation.Renalsystem,formationandregulationofurine,basedonwhichthebodyregulatesthebalanceofwater,salts,andacid-base.Specialsenses,includingsight,hearing,tasteandsmell,etc.Thenervoussystem:sensorysystem,motorsystem,autonomicnervoussystem,andadvancedfunctionofbrain.Endocrinesystem.Reproductivesystem.Immunesystem.Others:skin,skeleton,muscles.InternalenvironmentinbodyInternalenvironment:liquidenvironmentinwhichcellslive,thatis,extracellularliquid.Homeostasis:Thestateinwhichphysicalandchemicalpropertiesofinternalenvironmentkeeprelativesteady,whichisessentialforcells’surviveandactivity.RegulationforphysiologicalfunctionNervousregulationbasicmanner:reflexcharacter:rapidly,accurately,momentarilyHumoralregulationbasicmanner:hormone,localliquidfactorscharacter:slowly,extensively,persistentlyAutoregulationPositivefeedbackcontroleffecteroutputfeedbackmessagecommand(+)Mathematicsmodel:dX/dt=kX(k>0)orXt+1=kXtSignificance:accelerateanfunctionalactivityreachtoaneededlevelinashorttime.Negativefeedbackcontroleffecteroutputfeedbackmessagecommand(-)Mathematicsmodel:dX/dt=k(X0-X)(k>0)orXt+1=Xt+k(X0-Xt)(X0isthesetpoint)Significance:keepanfunctionalactivitytowardtoastablelevelpersistently.Feedforwardcontrollereffecteraffectmessage(+)commandoutputAsidewayservesystemthatfavorseffecterresponseadequatelytocontrollingmessage.Thankyou!Seeyounexttime.
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