动词不定式

动词不定式7.1不定式作宾语动词+不定式affordaimappearagreearrangeaskbedecidebothercarechoosecomedaredemanddesiredetermineexpectelectendeavorhopefailhappenhelphesitatelearnlongmeanmanageofferoughtplanpreparepretendpromiserefuseseemtendwaitwishundertake举例：Thedriverfailedtoseetheothercarintime.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。Ihappentoknowtheanswertoyourquestion.我碰巧知道你那道问题的 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 。2）动词+不定式；动词+宾语+不定式ask,beg,choose,expect,hate,helpintendlike,love,needprefer,prepare,promise,want,wish⋯Iliketokeepeverythingtidy.我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。Ilikeyoutokeepeverythingtidy.我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。IwanttospeaktoTom.我想和汤姆谈话。IwantyoutospeaktoTom.我想让你和汤姆谈话。3）动词+疑问词+todecide,know,considerforget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,findout,explain,tellPleaseshowushowtodothat.请演示给我们如何去做。Therearesomanykindsoftape-recordersonsalethatIcan’tmakeupmymindwhichtobuy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。Thequestionishowtoputitintopractice.问题是怎样把它付诸实施。7.1不定式作宾语动词+不定式affordaimappearagreearrangeaskbedecidebothercarechoosecomedaredemanddesiredetermineexpectelectendeavorhopefailhappenhelphesitatelearnlongmeanmanageofferoughtplanpreparepretendpromiserefuseseemtendwaitwishundertake举例：Thedriverfailedtoseetheothercarintime.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。Ihappentoknowtheanswertoyourquestion.我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。2）动词+不定式；动词+宾语+不定式ask,beg,choose,expect,hate,helpintendlike,love,needprefer,prepare,promise,want,wish⋯Iliketokeepeverythingtidy.我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。Ilikeyoutokeepeverythingtidy.我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。IwanttospeaktoTom.我想和汤姆谈话。IwantyoutospeaktoTom.我想让你和汤姆谈话。3）动词+疑问词+todecide,know,considerforget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,findout,explain,tellPleaseshowushowtodothat.请演示给我们如何去做。Therearesomanykindsoftape-recordersonsalethatIcan’tmakeupmymindwhichtobuy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。Thequestionishowtoputitintopractice.问题是怎样把它付诸实施。7.2不定式作补语1)动词+宾语+不定式(todo)adviseallowappointbelievecausechallengecommandcompelconsiderdeclaredriveenableencouragefindforbidforceguesshireimagineimpelinduceinforminstructinvitejudgeknowlikeorderpermitpersuaderemindreportrequestrequireselectsendstatesupposetellthinktraintrustunderstandurgewarn例句：a.Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。b.Webelievehimtobeguilty.我们相信他是有罪的。Find的特殊用法：Find后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。Ifoundhimlyingontheground.Ifounditimportanttolearn.IfoundthattolearnEnglishisimportant.典型例题:Thenextmorningshefoundtheman___inbed，dead.A.lyingB.lieC.layD.laying答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。to+be的不定式结构，作补语的动词。Acknowledge,believe,consider,think,declare(声称),discover,fancy(设想),feelfind,guess,judge,imagine,know,prove,see(理解),show,suppose,take(以为),understandWeconsiderTomtobeoneofthebeststudentsinourclass.我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。典型例题CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered___thefirstcomputer.A.toinventB.inventingC.tohaveinventedD.havinginvented答案：A.由considertodosth.排除B、D。.此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。3)tobe+形容词Seem,appear,besaid,besupposed,bebelieved,bethought,beknown,bereported,hope,wish,desire,want,plan,expect,mean⋯Thebookisbelievedtobeuninteresting.人们认为这本书没什么意思。4)therebe+不定式believe,expect,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,want,wish,undrstandWedidn’texpecttheretobesomanypeoplethere.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。注意：有些动词需用as短语做补语，如regard,thinkbelieve,take,consider.WeregardTomasourbestteacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。Marytookhimasherfather.玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。7.3不定式主语1）It’seasy(forme)todothat.我做这事太容易了easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better;thefirst,thenext,thelast,thebest,toomuch,toolittle,notenoughIt’ssonicetohearyourvoice.听到你的声音真高兴。It’snecessaryforyoutolockthecarwhenyoudonotuseit.当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。2)It’sverykindofyoutohelpus.他帮助我们，他真好。Kind,nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate(考虑周到的),silly,selfish(自私的)例句:Itwassillyofustobelievehim.我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。Itseemedselfishofhimnottogivethemanything.他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。注意：1)其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。3)当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用Itis⋯to的⋯句型(对)Toseeistobelieve.百闻不如一见。(错)Itistobelievetosee.7.4It’sfor和sb.It’sofsb.1）forsb.常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy,hard,difficult,interesting,impossible等：It’sveryhardforhimtostudytwolanguages.对他来说学两门外语是很难的。2）ofsb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good,kind,nice,clever,foolish,right。It’sveryniceofyoutohelpme.你来帮助我，你真是太好了。for与of的辨别方法：用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：Youarenice.(通顺，所以应用of)。Heishard.(人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)7.5不定式作表语不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：Myworkistocleantheroomeveryday.Hisdreamistobeadoctor.7.6不定式作定语不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如：Ihavealotofworktodo.Sohemadesomecandlestogivelight.7.7不定式作状语1）目的状语To⋯onlyto(仅仅为了),inorderto,soasto,so(such)⋯as如to此⋯⋯(以便⋯⋯)Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。Icomehereonlytosaygood-byetoyou.我来仅仅是向你告别。2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。WhathaveIsaidtomakeyouangry.Hesearchedtheroomonlytofindnothing.表原因I’mgladtoseeyou.典型例题Thechairlooksratherhard,butinfactitisverycomfortableto___.A.sitB.sitonC.beseatD.besaton答案：B.如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾。7.8用作介词的toto有两种用法：一为不定式+动词原形；一为介词+名词/动名词,to在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+名词/动名词：admitto承认，confessto承认，beaccustomedto习惯于，着手于，devoteoneselftobeusedto习惯于，献身于，bedevotedtostickto致力于，坚持，lookforwardtoturnto开始，盼望，payattentionto注意7.9省to的动词不定式1）情态动词(除ought外，oughtto)：2）使役动词let,have,make：3）感官动词see,watch,lookat,notice,observe,hear,listento,smell,feel,find等后作宾补，省略to。注意：在被动语态中则to不能省掉。Isawhimdance.=Hewasseentodance.Thebossmadethemworkthewholenight.=Theyweremadetoworkthewholenight.4）wouldrather，hadbetter：5）Why⋯/whynot⋯：6）help可带to，也可不带to,helpsb(to)dosth：7）but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。8）由and,or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to可以省去：9）通常在discover,imagine,suppose,think,understand等词后，可以省去tobe：Heissupposed(tobe)nice.他应该是个好人。举例：HewantstomovetoFranceandmarrythegirl.Hewantstodonothingbutgoout.比较：Hewantstodonothingbutgoout.Hewantstobelieveanythingbuttotakethemedicine.典型例题1)----Iusuallygotherebytrain.----Whynot___byboatforachange?A.totrygoingB.tryingtogoC.totryandgoD.trygoing答案：D.whynot后面接不带to的不定式，因此选D。2）Pauldoesn’thavetobemade___.Healwaysworkshard.A.learnB.tolearnC.learnedD.learning答案：B.make后接不带to的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to不可省略。7.10动词不定式的否定式Tellhimnottoshutthewindow⋯ShepretendednottoseemewhenIpassedby.我走过的时候，她假装没看见。典型例题1）Tellhim___thewindow.A.toshutnotB.nottoshutC.tonotshutD.notshut答案：B。tellsbtodosth的否定形式为tellsbnottodosth.2)Shepretended___mewhenIpassedby.A.nottoseeB.notseeingC.tonotseeD.havingnotseen答案：A。pretend后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretendnottodosth.。3）Mrs.Smithwarnedherdaughter___afterdrinking.A.nevertodriveB.toneverdriverC.neverdrivingD.neverdrive答案：A。warnsbtodosth.的否定形式为warnsbnottodosth.此处用的是否定词never.4)TheboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreetA.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donottobuthismothertoldhim____.答案：A。notto为nottodoit的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有名词、代词等，否则不对，因此B，D不对。5)Thepatientwaswarned___oilyfoodaftertheoperation.A.toeatnoB.eatingnotC.nottoeatD.noteating答案：C。warn一词要求后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为bewarnednottodo。7.11不定式的特殊句型too⋯to⋯1）too⋯to太⋯以至于⋯Heistooexcitedtospeak.他太激动了，说不出话来。----CanIhelpyou?需要我帮忙吗?----Well,I’mafraidtheboxistooheavyforyoutocarryit,butthankyouallthesame.不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。2)如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，too后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意为"不太"。It’snevertoolatetomend.(谚语)改过不嫌晚。3)当too前面有only,all,but时，意思是：非常⋯等于very。I’monlytoopleasedtobeabletohelpyou.我非常高兴能帮助你。Hewasbuttooeagertogethome.他非常想回家。7.12不定式的特殊句型soasto1）表示目的；它的否定式是soasnottodo。Tomkeptquietabouttheaccidentsoasnottolosehisjob.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。Goinquietlysoasnottowakethebaby.轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。2)sokindasto---劳驾Wouldyoubesokindastotellmethetime?劳驾，现在几点了。7.13不定式的特殊句型Whynot"Whynot+动词原形"表达向某人提出建议，翻译为："为什么不⋯⋯?""干吗不⋯⋯?"例如：Whynottakeaholiday?干吗不去度假?7.14不定式的时态和语态时态语态主动被动一般式todotobedone进行式tobedoing完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone完成进行式tohavebeendoing现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。Heseemstoknowthis.Ihopetoseeyouagain.=IhopethatI’llseeyou我again希望.再见到你。完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。I’msorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.Heseemstohavecaughtacold.进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。Heseemstobeeatingsomething.完成进行时：Sheisknowntohavebeenwreakingontheproblemformanyyears.7.15动名词与不定式1）动名词与不定式的区别：动名词表达的是：状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的不定式表达的是：目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的2）接不定式或动名词，意义相同。3）动名词与不定式语义不同的有11组：1stoptodostopdoing2forgettodo3remembertodo4regrettodo5ceasetodo6trytodo7goontodo8afraidtodo9interestedtodo10meantodoforgetdoingrememberdoingregretdoingceasedoingtrydoinggoondoingafraiddoinginteresteddoingmeandoing11begin/starttodobegin/startdoing