某特种养殖场年产10万只野山鸡可行性研究报告资金申请报告（可编辑）

某特种养殖场年产10万只野山鸡可行性研究 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 资金申请报告（可编辑） 某特种养殖场年产10万只野山鸡可行性研究报告资金 申请报告 第一章 总 论 1.1 项目背景 1.1.1项目名称 云龙野鸡特种养殖项目 1.1.2承办单位概况 项目承办单位:云龙特种养殖有限公司 法人代表:*** 1.1.3可行性研究报告编制依据 A、中华人民共和国农业部《无公害食品鸡饲养管理准则》; B、《云龙县国民经济和社会发展第“十一五”规划纲要》; C、云龙县云龙特种养殖有限公司简况; D、云龙县**特种养殖有限公司提供的工程基础资料; E、《云龙县人民政府关于加快畜牧产业的有关决定》; F、国家发改委发布的第三版《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》。 1.1.4项目提出的理由与过程 野鸡肉质细嫩鲜美，味浓，其蛋白质含量高达30%，是普通鸡肉、 猪肉的2倍，脂肪含量仅为0.9%，是猪肉的1/39、牛肉的1/8、鸡 肉的1/10，基本不含胆固醇，是高蛋白质、低脂肪的野味食品。野 鸡因此成为历代的皇家贡品，清代乾隆皇帝食后赞叹不已，写下“名震塞北三千里，味压江南十二楼”的名句。 项目业主经考察周边350公里范围内的野鸡饲养技术和市场，认为可熟练地运用该技术，且野鸡市场很大，有很好的发展前途。项目建设地点适合野鸡繁育和生长，有很大的扩展空间。为此特提出该项目。 1.2 项目概况 1.2.1拟建地点 云龙县**乡***村。 1.2.2建设规模与目标 产品方案: 野鸡种禽、商品野鸡。 项目建设规模: 野鸡种禽 年饲养野鸡种禽公200只、母1000只，每只母鸡年产蛋按100枚计算，1000只母鸡年产蛋100000枚。 种蛋合格率按95%计算，受精率、孵化率、成活率均按86%计算，则年产野鸡种禽为:100000×95%×86%×86%×86% 60425只。实际规模年产野鸡种禽为60000只。 商品野鸡 用自产野鸡种禽为5000只，每只母鸡年产蛋按100枚计算，年产蛋50万枚。 种蛋合格率按95%计算，受精率、孵化率、成活率均按86%计算，则年产野鸡为:50万×95%×86%×86%×86% 30.21万只。实际规模年饲养商品野鸡为30万只。饲养3个多月商品鸡可达1.5公斤/只。 1.2.3主要技术条件 云龙县属农业部“无规定疫病区”，建设项目地处乡村，商业与人口来往交流的频率相对较低，符合生产绿色食品的要求。 云龙县有畜牧专业技术人员120人，初步形成县、乡 镇 、村三级畜牧兽医服务网络。项目业主与种禽供应单位合作，畜牧兽医技术力量雄厚，可提供技术支持，包括人员的培训及研修、饲养、繁殖与保健的技术服务，提供优质牧草及种植技术。 1.2.4项目投入总资金及效益情况 项目投入总资金 1511.27万元 其中: 固定资产投资 1287.27万元 流动资金投资 224.00万元 项目实施后经济效益预测如下: 年投资利润率: 35.34% 年投资利税率: 35.34% 税后投资回收期: 4.10年(含建设期) 税后财务内部收益率: 32.94% 税后财务净现值(I 10%): 1969.33万元 1.2.5主要技术经济指标 序号 指 标 单 位 数 量 备 注 1 产品方案与生产规模 1.1 种禽 只 60000 1.2 出栏野鸡 只 300000 2 总投资 万元 1511.27 2.1 建设投资 其中:固定资产投资 建设期利息 万元 万元 万元 1287.27 1245.27 42.00 2.2 流动资金 万元 224.00 3 投资指标 3.1 百元销售收入占用流动资金 元/百元 14.93 3.2 百元销售收入占用总投资 元/百元 100.75 3.3 百元销售收入占用建设投资 元/百元 85.82 4 定员总计 其中:工人 工程技术人员 管理人员 人 人 人 人 16 11 2 3 5 全年生产天数 365 6 主要原 材料 关于××同志的政审材料调查表环保先进个人材料国家普通话测试材料农民专业合作社注销四查四问剖析材料 、动力、燃料需用量: 饲料 药剂 水 电 t/a 针/a 万m3/a 万度/a 1080 108 3.6 108 8 全场占地面积 M2 33350 其中:新建建构筑物占地面积 M2 27115.94 绿化率 12 10 年平均总成本 万元 965.95 11 年平均销售收入 万元 1500.00 12 年平均利税总额 万元 534.05 13 年平均利润总额 万元 534.05 14 借款偿还期 a 2 15 投资回收期 静态 包括建设期 a 3.41/4.10 税前/税后 16 投资利税率 % 35.34 17 投资利润率 % 35.34 18 财务内部收益率 税前/税后 % 43.44/32.94 1.3 问题与建议 ――本项目在野鸡疫病、养殖技术等方面存在一定风险，项目单位要深化调查研究，进一步优化饲养方案，严格按养殖技术规范组织实施项目，建立完善风险防范机制，加强生产经营管理，降低生产成本，努力把项目风险降到最低程度，确保项目取得预期收益。 ――当前，中央及省、市、县各级政府都高度重视鸡肉食品生产发展，出台了一系列的扶持政策，项目单位要抓住这个千载难逢的发展机遇，积极向有关政府领导和相关部门请示汇报，争取扶持政策和资金支持。 ――本项目是一项富民工程，符合国家产业鼓励发展政策，建议政府投资主管给予立项审批。建议环保等部门在环境评价等方面给予大力支持，给予相关费用减免优惠。建议银行部门给予贷款支持。 第二章 市场预测 2.1 产品市场供应预测 2008年云龙县周边350公里范围内年供应野鸡量达90万只，年递增10%。 2.2 产品市场需求预测 2008年云龙县周边350公里范围内年市场需求野鸡量达110万只，年缺口60万只，且需求量年递增10%以上。 2.3 产品目标市场分析 项目产品的目标市场主要是**周边350公里的大中小城市。 2.4 价格现状与预测 饲养3个多月商品种鸡可达1.5公斤，目前售价45-60元/只， 价格计算按50元/只计。 饲养3个多月商品野鸡可达1.5公斤，目前售价40-50元/只，价格计算按40元/只计。 2.5 市场竞争力分析 2.5.1主要竞争对手情况 现云龙县及周边60公里范围内尚无规模养殖场。 2.5.2产品市场竞争力优势、劣势 优势 ――本项目产品以其优质的特点在国内市场深受消费者青睐，适应消费需求，市场竞争力强，市场前景广阔。 ――近年来，项目周边环境好，有利于防疫。 ――项目业主饲养技术成熟，企业社会责任感强，注重质量，讲求信誉，产品具有较高的信任度。 ――**距主要目标市场较近，产品运输成本低。 劣势 ――产品生产规模相对较小，生产成本相对偏高，影响市场竞争力。 2.5.3产品目标市场占有份额分析 项目产品目标市场占有份额为10%。 2.6 市场风险 本项目产品目前国内市场行情看好，价格上涨，同时，随着国内人民生活水平的不段提高，对野鸡的需求呈大幅度上升的状态。因此， 国内缺口也很大，只要生产出优良的野鸡，项目不会有很大的风险。 第三章 建设规模与产品方案 3.1 种禽年生产能力 年饲养野鸡种禽公200只、母1000只，每只母鸡年产蛋按100枚计算，1000只母鸡年产蛋100000枚。种蛋合格率按95%计算，受精率、孵化率、成活率均按86%计算，则年产野鸡为:100000×95%×86%×86%×86% 60425只，实际规模60000只。 3.2 商品禽年生产能力 用自产野鸡种禽为5000只，每只母鸡年产蛋按100枚计算，年产蛋50万枚。 种蛋合格率按95%计算，受精率、孵化率、成活率均按86%计算，则年产野鸡为:50万×95%×86%×86%×86% 30.21万只。实际规模年饲养商品野鸡为30万只。饲养3个多月商品鸡可达1.5公斤/只。 3.3 产业化关联度分析 项目可带动周边四个乡镇20个村520户发展养殖野鸡52万只。 第四章 场址条件 4.1 场址地点与地理位置 ***特种养殖项目选址位于云龙县**乡***村，距县城13km，距曲靖市190公里，距昆明市250公里。交通运输方便，360伏高压线距地址200m。 4.2 场址占地面积 场址占地面积50亩。 4.3 土地利用现状 场址土地现状为果园。 4.4 场址建设条件 4.4.1工程地质与水文地质条件 该区位于滇东高原向广西丘陵过渡的喀斯特地带，厂地周围缓丘 连绵起伏呈南北走向，地势东低西高。 场址附近有小河，终年有水。 4.4.2气候条件 气温:最高月均温21.1?，最低月均温6.3?，平均气温15.1?; 湿度:年平均相对湿度78%; 降雨量:年平均降雨量为1543mm; 风向:主导风向为西南风和东南风; 风速:平均为2.6米/秒，基本风压为0.3KN/m2; 日照:年平均日照时数1785小时; 无霜期:年无霜期为282天。 4.4.3土壤条件 土壤类型:黄棕壤。 4.4.4水质条件 水化学指标 项 目 范 围 PH值 7.0―7.3 溶氧 26.17mg/L 碱度 9.4mgn/L 硬度 4.3mgn/L 硝酸 盐 0.006mg/L 磷酸盐 0.011mg/L 硅酸盐 3.31mg/L 4.4.5交通运输条件 本项目区域内有国道324线、省道黄罗公路、南昆线等交通干线，所有乡镇通油 弹石、砼 路，所有行政村通公路，80,的自然村通公路，交通运输条件优越，原材料、燃料及产成品运输都比较方便。 场址距**至***公路1公里。 4.4.6公用设施社会依托条件(水、电、汽、生活福利) ――供水。拟选场址供水均采用溶洞地下水水源供给。日供水量能力30吨，水量、水质均能保障项目需要，通过引水管接引至厂区供项目使用。 ――供电。拟选场址供电均在电网覆盖范围内，供电设施完善，用电安全可靠，只需完善厂区供电设施即可就近就便使用。 ――其它设施。拟选场址的通讯、有线电视、宽带信息等设施都在覆盖范围内，只需完善场区内相应设施即可确保项目使用。 职工就医、住房及子女就学等问题可依托就近就便解决。 4.4.7防洪、防潮、排涝设施条件 拟选场址只需建设完善场区相应的设施即可满足项目的防洪排水需要。 4.4.8环境保护条件 拟选场址距居民区较远，周围空气质量好，污染源小。 拟选场址需建设垃圾处理场和污水处理厂。 4.4.9征地、拆迁条件 拟选场址用地无历史文物古迹、旅游景点及房屋、通讯、供电等 设施，无拆迁安置。项目用地属承包地，现为梨园，不改变土地用途，房屋为临时用房。 4.4.10法律支持文件 ――政策支持条件。本项目符合《云龙县国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划纲要》、《云龙县畜牧业发展十一五规划》等地方发展规划要求，畜牧业是农业结构调整的三大支柱产业之一，为本项目建设提供了规划指导依据。云龙县委、县政府历来都十分重视畜牧业建设。 ――本项目拟选场址符合《云龙县土地利用总体规划》等规划要求，将严格按这些法律法规的要求办理完善建设用地等相关手续。 ――法律法规支持条件。本项目严格按法律法规的要求规划建设，将按法律法规的要求办理完善建设手续。 第五章 技术方案、设备方案和工程方案 5.1 技术方案 5.1.1野鸡种禽 采用的种禽繁育方式为自然交配和受精。 ?放配月份和利用年限:在良好的人工驯养条件下，一般公雉9 ,10月龄达到性成熟，母雉稍晚，于10,11月龄性成熟。如已经到繁殖季节即可考虑适时放配，一般2月初放配。种雉一般一年一换，但同群种雉第2年死淘率明显低于第1个利用年限。产蛋量受精率变化不大。 ?雉群大小及公母比例:雉鸡繁殖季节群体不宜过大，一般100, 150只为一群，而且群与群之间设置遮挡视线的屏障，以免影响交配。在一般营养和管理的水平下，公母比例可确定在1:4，此时受精率可达到85,以上，饲料营养及管理水平高，则可适当增加每只公雉的与配母雉数，比例变为1:5,1:6。 ?适时放对配种:放配时间的确定必须考虑气温、繁殖季节及营养水平等因素，雉群生长发育好可以稍提高，而发育情况差的种雉可推后。也可通过试配方法确定适时放对配种时间，方法是先试放1,2 只公雉入母雉群，观察母雉是否乐意“领配”。实践证明，放配时间应在母雉的鸣唱、红脸或做窝等行为来掌握放配时间。过早放配不仅影响种稚群成活率， 而且还会促使公雉早衰，影响后期种蛋受精率，过晚则会造成种蛋的浪费。 ?保护“王子雉”与设置屏障:公雉入母雉群中后，经过数日争斗，产生“王子雉”，“王子雉”在母雉群中享有优先交配权。公雉群们序排定后不得随意入新公雉，以维护“王子雉”地位，可减少体力消耗，稳定雉群。但“王子雉”有不让其他公雉交尾的特点，故应在网内或运动场上设置屏障，可按每100平方米放3,4塑质瓦，或树枝堆，或假山石，以提高产蛋率和受精率。 5.1.2野鸡养殖 野鸡为野生动物，生命力、适应力和抗病力极强，对环境要求不高，能耐46?的高温和-32?的严寒，养殖技术与家鸡一样，主食五谷杂粮，用普通饲料加青草、菜叶即可喂养，可利用旧房、仓库等进行圈养或笼养。 野鸡从周龄开始到16,18周龄为育肥阶段，此阶段野鸡体重呈直线上升趋势。 ,(合理饲喂。采用原粮饲喂野鸡的养殖，可适当增加玉米等能量饲料的饲喂比例 推荐配方:玉米40%、小麦15%、炒熟的豌豆20%、菜籽饼15%、麸皮5%、米糠4%、骨粉1%，另每吨料加入食盐2.5公斤及适量微量元素 。采用家鸡饲料饲喂的可购买肉鸡生长料进行饲喂，并保证充足的饮水，此外可以添加10%,20%的青饲料。让野鸡每周至少沙浴一次，并在河沙中喷入2%的敌百虫溶液，以杀灭体外寄生虫。 2(控制密度。育肥初期 5,11周龄 每平方米可养10,12只野鸡，以后可按公母、强弱、大小进行分群饲养，使其密度逐步降至每平方米6,8只。同时，应设置足够的料槽让其均匀采食，生长一致。 ,(设栖架、防啄癖。育肥野鸡舍内外应放置栖架供野鸡飞攀栖停，这样不仅充分利用了养殖空间，还有利于减少野鸡的啄癖。发现有被啄伤的野鸡应在伤口处涂紫药水或樟脑软膏，并隔离饲养。必要时对野鸡群进行调控，方法为: , 在舍内挂青草或青菜，引诱野鸡啄菜以分散其啄羽的精力，同时也补充了维生素和纤维素。 , 9,11周龄时，可在饲料中加入1%的羽毛粉。 , 饲料中的食盐要提高到2.5%，或在饮水中添加食盐，并保证供水充足。 ,(防惊飞。尽可能保持场内安静，谢绝参观，以减少外界因素的影响。为防惊飞出现撞伤或撞死，可剪掉野鸡一侧的初级飞羽。 ,(做好防疫工作。野鸡舍应每天清扫，每周用百毒杀等消毒剂 进行一次消毒。8,9周龄的野鸡要进行新城疫?系疫苗饮水接种，并预防禽霍乱或球虫病的发生。 5.1.3防疫技术设施与保障体系 防疫体系的建设目标 本项目防疫技术设施与保障体系的建设目标是通过建立完善的卫生防疫体系，改善野鸡的生存健康状况，提高野鸡的繁殖性能和产量，保证产品的卫生安全，最大限度降低野鸡生产的风险。具体包括: 1 预防和控制传染病的发生; 2 减少消化系统疾病; 3 减少雏鸡疾病的发生，提高雏鸡的成活率; 4 改善野鸡的饲养管理，提高野鸡的质量，减低生产费用; 5 减少繁殖疾病的发生。 二 防疫体系的构建 1 设立兽医室。兽医室职能包括:?负责疫病动态监控，制定防疫计划和疫情处理设施;?对于养殖小区兽医室进行业务指导;?负责对引进种禽在隔离和检疫期间的检疫和处置。 人员配置包括:高级兽医1名。 设备仪器包括:实验室 20平方米 、酶联免疫检测仪 用于血清和药物残留检测 、PCR扩增仪 用于病原检测 、高效液相色谱仪 用于药物残留检测 、恒温培养箱、高压蒸汽消毒锅等。 2 建设一个隔离饲养场。隔离饲养场的职能包括:?对外地引进的各类种禽进行隔离检疫;?发生疫情时，用做隔离饲养场。 隔离饲养的场址选择在核心野鸡养殖区的下风向区域，周围有较高的山丘作为天然屏障。 三 防疫技术保障体系 云龙县政府对动物疫病的防治工作给予了高度的重视，已投入大量的资金并配备了先进的仪器设备，提高了本地区对动物疫病快速诊断和监测能力。政府还下发文件明确规定各级政府对辖区内动物防疫工作负总责，行政首长为动物防疫工作第一责任人，分管领导防疫工作直接责任人。全县形成了以畜牧局为中心，以基层畜牧兽医为主体的技术服务和监督网络，动物疫病防治工作已步入科学化管理轨道。 5.2 主要设备方案 表5-1 主要设备表 序号 设 备 名 称 型 号 及 规 格 单位 数量 备 注 1 供暖设备 套 12 2 通风设备 套 24 3 供水设备 套 12 4 喂料设备 套 60 5 产蛋设备 套 24 6 清粪设备 套 12 7 笼具 套 若干 8 光照设备 台套 12 9 断喙器 9QZ800型 台 12 5.3 工程方案 表5―2 建(构)筑物一览表 序号 建(构)筑物名称 建筑面积(m2) 层数 结构形式 备 注 1 鸡舍 26000 1 木结构 2 厂房 600 1 木结构 3 生活用房 515.94 1 木结构 原材料燃料供应 6.1 种禽供应 野鸡种禽品种为七彩山鸡、项目第一年年需要量为公200只、母1000只、价格为50元/只、来源为云南省弥勒县唐氏特种养殖有限公司，运输方式为汽车。 6.2 饲料供应 饲料品种为昆明正大小鸡、中鸡和大鸡料、年需要量1080吨、综合价格为4000元/吨、来源为**正大饲料销售部，运输方式为汽车。 6.3 燃料供应 燃料品种无烟煤、年需要量36吨、价格800元/吨、来源为富源县十八连山，运输方式为汽车。 第七章 项目总体布置 7.1 总体布置 7.1.1项目构成 项目有种禽舍、养殖舍、饲料加工厂房、生活用房、配套水电路等组成。 7.1.2总体布置 建筑设施按生活管理区、生产区和隔离区布置。各功能区界限分明，联系方便。生活区与产区间要设大门、消毒池和消毒室。 生活管理区设在场区常年主导风向上风处及地势较高处，主要包括生活设施、办公设施及与外界接触密切的生产辅助设施，设主大门，并设消毒池。 生产区主要包括育雏区、育成区和产蛋区，在不同区内建设育雏 舍、育成舍和产蛋舍。各区间的距离在30米以上，各区内鸡舍间的距离以五个鸡舍高度计算。 隔离区设在场区下风向处及地势较低处，主要包括兽医室、隔离鸡舍等。 设后门，与污道相接。 道路:与外界接触要有专门道路相通。场区内设净道和污道，两者严格分开，不得交叉、混用。净道路面宽度大于3.5米，转弯半径大于8米。 场区绿化:场区绿化要结合区与区之间、舍与舍之间的距离、遮萌及防风等需要进行。可根据当地实际，种植能美化环境、净化空气的树种和花草，不宜种植有毒、飞絮的植物。 表7-1 主要技术经济指标表 序号 名 称 单位 指标 备 注 1 厂区总占面积 m2 33350 2 新建 建 构筑物占地面积 m2 27115.94 3 建筑系数 % 81.31 4 绿化率 % 12 7.2 运输 年运入量为:6180吨、年运出量为270吨。 表7-2 运输量表 序号 货 物 名 称 来处或去处 数量(吨/年) 一 投入物 37080 1 饲料 县内 1080 2 水 周边 36000 二 产出物 1620 1 种鸡 市场 90 2 商品野鸡 市场 450 3 粪尿量 农地 1080 合计 38700 以汽车为主要运输工具，产品及原材料均为公路运输。 7.3 公用辅助工程 7.3.1给水系统 1 水源。场区水源利用附近小河的地下溶洞水，其水质符合国家《生活饮用水标准》，满足场区内的生产、生活和消防用水。设水池200立方米一个。 2 用水量。日用水总量为98.63吨，其中生产水用量为90.95吨/日，生活用水量为7.68吨/日。 7.3.2排水系统 场区生产、生活、沐浴的污水与雨水的排除采用分流式。养鸡场产生的废水要经隔离池排入该场的处理池。生活污水和人粪尿经化粪池处理后排除场外，场区雨水采用沟排方式。 7.3.3消防系统 根据防火规范，消防用水量;养鸡场为20升/秒，室内为15升/秒。按照规范要求，除设置足够数量的消火栓外，还须设置1座蓄水池，容积均为600立方米(与生产生活水池共用)，满足场区2小时的消防容量，在蓄水池上设有供消防取水用的取水口，池边设置泵接合器，方便消防由蓄水池内取水，直接向管网加压供水。 7.3.4电气 1 电气系统主要包括: 1 供电电源。该项目的供电电源由附近360伏高压线直接引入，距项目区200米。 2 用电负荷。该项目用电负荷为60千瓦，其中照明容量为18千瓦，动力容量为42千瓦。 3 负荷等级。该项目用电负荷等级均为3级负荷。 4 变配电系统。该项目在饲料场建设变配电室1座。 a.变配电室由10千伏和380/220伏母线均采用单母线，变压器采用室内高位布置。 b.供电电源均为三相四线制380伏。设备电机容量小于10千瓦，采用全压直接启动。 c.配线全部采用BV型铜芯导线。电缆穿镀锌管理埋地暗设，埋深0.5米。 d.电器装置的外壳采用接零保护。各设备电机均安装接地线。 5 照明。照明灯分节能日光灯。 a.潮湿场所，采用防潮型荧光灯。 b.浴室和淋浴间采用防水型灯具。 c.设备间采用防爆灯具。 d.办公室、生活用房照明采用日光灯。 7.3.5供热 项目区属非采暖地区，冬天不需要取暖。 第八章 节水措施 8.1 节水措施 ――使用节水型设备、卫生洁具，减少用水量及加压能耗。 ――做好用水设备的日常维护管理，防止跑、冒、滴、漏。 ――绿地安装节水灌溉设备。 ――科学、合理安装鸡舍内的自动饮水器。根据不同生长期的特点，合理调整饮水器的高度和流量。 8.2 水耗指标分析 日用水98.63m3。 第九章 环境影响评价 9.1 项目所在地环境现状 项目建设地处**乡***村，四面环山，项目所在地为一不规则平坝。该址自然坡度约2.5-3度，利于污水和自然雨水的排放。该村以传统农业为主，自然生态良好。场址附近主要为农田，四周村民住户少，生产运作噪声影响面窄。生产过程中不添加任何有毒有害物质，污染程度较大的生产废水仅悬浮物含量较高，经污水处理站处理后可用于农田灌溉，不会对环境造成不良影响。 9.2 项目产生的污染物对环境的影响 1 废水的主要来源:鸡舍清洗有一定的废水排放; 2 固体废弃物。本项目鸡舍固体废弃物，经过处理后可当作肥料使用。 3 噪声。本项目的噪声来源来自饲料加工。 9.3 环境保护设施与投资 本项目遵照国家环境保护法，本着“三废治理与建设工程三同时”的原则，对:“三废”采取必要的治理。 1.噪声防治 设计中采用隔离墙法来控制噪声，设备选用低噪声设备，并设置减振器，使车间噪声低于60分贝。 2.废水 该项目建成后，100%生产污水可通过水泵抽水，用于灌溉牧草。 3.鸡粪和鸡尿的处理 建设集粪池对鸡粪、鸡尿分别处理，鸡粪可用于制造生物肥料，部分鸡粪晒干后用于种蘑菇及牧草地施肥，鸡尿通过建沼气池处理后，沼液自动灌溉牧草地。 4.工作环境与生产厂区绿化 为了保证鸡舍空气清洁，在设计中采用了合理通风系统。鸡场内种植花草、树木美化环境，建立优美洁净的工作环境。 本项目环保投资约11.10万元。 9.4 环境影响评价 本项目不论是大气环境、水环境还是噪声环境，项目投产后对现有场址周围环境都不会造成不良影响，从环保角度来看，本项目是可行的。 第十章 经营管理 10.1 项目法人组建方案 ――本项目承办单位为云龙县**特种养殖有限公司，公司实行董事会领导下的总经理负责制，组织机构完善，规章 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 健全，总经理对企业的生产、经营、质检、安全、保卫等各项工作负责，由总经理聘任副经理及生产车间和各科室主任，实行分工负责，各司其职，各 负其责。云龙县**特种养殖有限公司专设项目基建领导小组，由公司 经理任组长，下设办公室，直接对项目法人负责，确保项目按时按质 按量完成。 ――本项目建成后，由云龙县**特种养殖有限公司负责经营管 理，确保公司有良好的经营业绩，维护和保障公司的经营收益。 10.2 管理机构设置方案 总经理 技术部 饲养场 供销部 财务部 综合部 防 疫 商品鸡饲养 采 购 融 资 人 事 配 种 种鸡饲养 销 售 成本核算 安全保卫 质检分析 仓 储 出 纳 后 勤 环 保 5人 78人 6人 3人 4人 10.3 专业技术人员培训 为了保证项目建成后能维持正常生产,发挥预期效益,将对所有 干部、员工进行培训，技术人员必须掌握操作规程，持证上岗。 10.4 项目定员 全场劳动定员见附表。 表10-1 全场劳动定员表 序号 部门 数量(人) 1 综合部 4 2 财务部 3 3 技术部 5 4 供销部 6 5 饲养场 78 合 计 96 第十一章 项目实施进度 11.1 建设工期 项目工期半年。 11.2 项目实施进度安排 1、根据进度总体安排，本项目实施建成投产需要6个月时间，建设期为半年。 2、为确保项目按时竣工投产，在可行性研究报告送审之前，可先做种禽选择、设备选型等工作。 3、为了缩短建设周期，待土建施工到一定程度后，可合理安排设备安装等工作，二者交叉进行。 11.3 项目实施进度表 项目实施进度计划表 表11―1 序 号 项 目 工 程 建 设 期 2009-2010年 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 可研报告编制 2 可研报告审批 3 施工图设计 4 养殖场建设 5 商务考察、谈判 6 设备订货 7 设备安装工程 8 饲养 第十二章 投资估算与资金筹措 12.1 项目总投资估算 12.1.1建设投资估算依据 1、建筑工程 根据该项目的建构筑物的结构形式及装修要求，结合本地区近期造价水平计算工程造价。 2、设备购置费 主要生产工艺设备及通用设备均按询价计算，设备运杂费按8%计算，已并入设备费内。 3、安装工程 设备安装、工艺管道等其他安装工程费参考《轻工业工程设计概算编制办法》中有关规定指标并结合该项目实际情况计算。 4、其他工程费用 (1)建设单位管理费按工程费用的0.8%计列; (2)项目前期工作费按工程费用的1%计列; (3)工程设计费按按工程费用的0.4%计列; (4)工程建设监理费按工程费用的0.3%计列; (5)施工图预算费按按工程费用的0.3%计列; (6)土地费用4万元/亩; (7)生活及办公家具购置费按工程费用的0.2%计列; (8)培训费按工程费用的1%计列。 5、基本预备费 基本预备费按工程费用和其他工程费用之和的2.5%计。 6、建设期利息 建设期贷款600万元，利息为42.00万元。 12.1.2建设投资构成 项目建设投资1287.27万元，其中建筑工程费852.64万元、设备及工器具购置及安装工程费282.50万元、工程建设其他费用79.76万元、基本预备费30.37万元、建设期利息42.00万元。 建设投资构成如下表 表12-1:建设投资构成分析表 单位:万元 序号 投 资 内 容 投资金额 占总投资 % 备 注 1 建筑工程 852.64 66.24 2 设备及工器具、购置安装工程 282.50 21.95 3 其它工程费 79.76 6.20 4 预备费 30.37 2.36 5 建设期贷款利息 42.00 3.26 6 建设投资 1287.27 100 12.1.3流动资金估算依据 本项目流动资金按分项详细估算法进行计算。 a、主要原辅料的最低周转天数为30天。 b、燃料及动力最低周转天数为30天。 c、生产过程中在产品的周转天数为2天 。 d、销售过程中产成品的周转天数为30天。 e、结算过程中应收帐款和应付帐款的周转天数为30天，现金的周转天数为30天。 12.1.4流动资金估算结果 流动资金需要额:生产期投入流动资金224.00万元(详见附表3)。 12.1.5项目总投资 总投资1511.27万元，其中建设投资1287.27万元，铺底流动资金224.00万元。详见表4。投资构成如下: 表12-2:投资构成表 单位:万元 序 号 项 目 名 称 金 额(万元) 比 例(%) 1 总投资 1511.27 100 2 建设投资 1287.27 85.18 3 铺底流动资金 224.00 14.82 资金筹措 资金来源渠道为:企业自筹811.27万元。其余申请贷款700.00万元。详见附表4。 第十三章 财务评价 13.1 项目财务评价 13.1.1财务评价基础数据与参数选取 财务价格 据野鸡国内市场历史及当前价格分析，综合考虑不确定性因素，本项目产品平均售价以略低于现行市场价估算，种鸡按50元,只估 算，商品野鸡按40元,只估算。 项目计算期 项目计算期为15年，其中建设期半年，生产期14年。 生产负荷 项目计算期第二年至第十五年按100%计。 财务基准收益率 财务基准收益率按10%计。 利率 建设投资和流动资金的借款年利率按7%计。 税金及附加费 增值税按现行标准不执行，城建税、教育费附加也不执行，所得 税计算按27,计算。 13.1.2成本费用 a、产品单位成本估算见附表7-1 b、总成本费用估算见附表7 产品成本估算依据: a、原材料、燃料及动力的价格 原材料、燃料、动力价格均按目前市场价格计算，其消耗定额根 据工艺计算提供。 b、工资及福利 本项目用工96人，工资及福利总额按15000元/年人计。 c、折旧和摊销。 本项目设备折旧年限为15年，建构筑物折旧年限为25年，净残值率为5%，按分类年限计算折旧为61.90万元(详见附表5)。 固定资产投资中递延资产和无形资产摊销为0.53万元(详见附表6)。 d、其他费用 其他费用包括管理费用和销售费用，每年分别按销售收入的3%和4%计，分别为45.00和60.00万元。 野鸡单位成本为21.78元/只，野鸡产品年总成本为965.95万元。 13.1.3销售收入 年销售收入为1500.00万元。 13.1.4税收 经估算，所得税144.19万元(详见附表10)。 13.1.5利润 由损益表可看出:本项目计算期为15年，建设期为半年，生产期为14年，平均年利润总额为534.05万元，平均利税为534.05万元，所得税按利润总额的27%计算。 利润总额 投资利润率 ×100% 总 投 资 534.05 ×100% 1511.27 35.34% 利税总额 投资利税率 ×100% 总 投 资 123.10 ×100% 1511.27 35.34% 13.1.5财务盈利能力分析 13.1.5.1项目全部投资财务盈利能力分析 按全部投资为基础计算逐年现金流入和现金流出，通过分析计 算，得出下列税前和税后财务评价指标(详见附表11)。 a、所得税前指标: 财务内部收益率:43.44% 财务净现值(ic 10%):2926.88万元 投资回收期:3.41年 b、所得税后指标: 财务内部收益率:32.94% 财务净现值(ic 10%):1969.33元 投资回收期:4.10年 13.1.5.2项目自有资金财务盈利能力分析 按自有资金计算，详见附表11-1。 a、所得税前指标: 财务内部收益率:60.23% 财务净现值(ic 10%):2935.07万元 投资回收期:2.95年 b、所得税后指标: 财务内部收益率:42.79% 财务净现值(ic 10%):1977.67元 投资回收期:4.25年 13.1.6项目清偿能力分析 本项目偿还借款的资金来源于未分配利润、年折旧费和年摊销费，借款偿还期为2年，项目具有一定的清偿能力，能满足银行贷款偿还的条件(详见附表14)。 11.8.1利息备付率 如下表所示，在整个借款期内利息备付率平均为4.96，都大于1，说明项目付息的保障程度充足。 11.8.2偿债备付率 如下表所示，在整个还款期内偿债备付率平均为2.02，都大于1小于2，说明项目偿债能力较强。 13.1.7资金来源与运用分析 在整个计算期15年内，项目累计资金来源12773.10万元，资金运用7141.92万元，盈余资金5631.18万元，财务平衡情况较好，企业自身技术水平能力很强(详见附表12)。 13.1.8资产负债分析 资产负债率在建设期大于50;在达产期第1年后各年小于0.5;流动比率各年平均大于2，速动比率各年平均大于2，表明项目的资产可以抵补负债(详见附表13)。 13.2 不确定分析 各种不确定性因素如:建设投资、销售收入、销售进度、项目计算期等的变化会影响投资方案的经济效果。本项目的不确定性分析包括盈亏平衡分析和敏感性分析，以此分析为基础，判断投资方案对不确定性因素变化的承受能力，对项目的最终决策提供参考依据。 14.6.1盈亏平衡分析 以销售率表示的盈亏平衡点(BEP): 固定成本 销售收入―销售税金及附加―可变成本 该项目的盈亏平衡点为32.48%，表明项目有较强的抗风险能力。 14.6.2敏感性分析 本项目主要进行销售收入和建设投资对内部收益率(IRR)的敏感性分析，主要包括当销售收入、建设投资分别发生变化时对全投资内部收益率的单因素敏感性分析。在单因素分析时假定其他因素都不发生变化。 14.6.2.1销售收入变化对内部收益率的敏感性分析 销售收入变化时对内部收益率的影响如下图表所示(年基准收益率为10%): 销售收入变化幅度 -40% -35% -30% -25% -20% -15% -10% 内部收益率 -1.57% 4.10% 8.95% 13.70% 18.24% 22.65% 26.95% 依据上表,采用插入法计算销售收入变动的临界点: 设临界点的销售收入变化率为X,则: [X- -30% ]/[-25%- -30% ] [10%-8.95% ]/[13.70%-8.95%] 解这个方程得 X -31.11% 由此可以看出，本项目的销售收入允许变动的幅度为 -31.11%,+? ，也就是说，在销售过程中当下调价格和实施优惠措施时，销售 收入的下降幅度不要超过31.11%，否则项目将达不到基准的收益水 平。 14.6.2.2建设投资对内部收益率的敏感性分析 建设投资变化时对内部收益率的影响如下列图表所示(基准收益 率为10%): 投资变化幅度 0% 150% 200% 250% 300% 内部 收益率 32.94 23.72% 17.23% 12.93% 9.80% 依据上表,采用插入法计算建设投资变动的临界点: 设临界点的销售收入变化率为X,则: [X-250%]/[300%-250% ] [10%-9.80% ]/[12.93%-9.80%] 解这个方程得 X 253.20% 从以上计算结果看出，建设投资允许变动的幅度是(-?， 253.20%)，建设投资上涨到253.20%时，内部收益率达到临界值10%。 即建设投资在(-?，253.20%)的范围内变动时，项目盈利大于最低的期望水平。否则，项目达不到最低的期望的盈利水平。因此，在保证工程质量的前提下，在项目的开发过程中一定要严格控制建设投资，使投资上涨幅度控制在253.20%以内。 13.3 财务评价结论 项目建成投产后，每年销售收入为1500.00万元，年平均利润总额534.05万元，年利税总额534.05万元，投资利润率35.34%，投资利税率35.34% ，财务内部收益率税前为43.44%，税后为32.94%，投资回收期税前为3.41年，税后为4.10年，银行贷款偿还期3年。财务三率均高于食品行业的基准收益率。从财务评价角度看是可行的。 第十四章 风险分析 14.1 项目主要风险因素识别 14.1.1市场风险 饲料是本项目的主要原材料，占产品成本的90,以上，价格的变动直接影响产品价格的波动，行业内企业的经营模式都是“高进高出、低进低出"，利润水平一般比较稳定，价格的波动将在一定程度上影响市场需求量的变化，会对本项目的盈利能力产生影响。 14.1.2技术风险 本项目饲养技术是首次引进利用，采用技术应用上的可靠性和适用性等存在不确定性，可能给本项目带来的风险。 14.1.3社会风险 社会风险是项目与所在地互适程度可能出现的问题，对社会各利益群体、当地组织机构及环境带来负面影响，项目可能承担的风险。 14.2 风险程度分析 经初步评估，市场风险、技术风险、社会风险属一般风险。 14.3 防范和降低风险对策 14.3.1市场风险防范 一要重视信息网络建设，及时了解掌握国内外产品市场需求和价格信息，认真分析市场价格变动趋势，做到未雨绸缪。二要与饲料供货商建立良好的协作关系，订立购销 合同 劳动合同范本免费下载装修合同范本免费下载租赁合同免费下载房屋买卖合同下载劳务合同范本下载 ，确保饲料供应数量、质量、价格稳定。三要严格按规范组织生产管理，推进饲养技术消化吸收，确保产品质量标准，以优质的质量赢得消费者的信赖。四要加强市场营销，树立品牌形象，注重对产品的宣传，建立良好的购销协作关系，形成基本稳定的客户销售网络。 14.3.2技术风险防范 一是选购技术成熟、先进适用、操作简单安全的设备。二要聘请技术专家到现场指导、培训工人。三要适时组织生产技术骨干到技术力量强、工艺技术先进的企业考察学习。 第十五章 研究结论与建议 15.1 结论 云龙县***特种养殖项目是在充分考虑到市场需求的前提下提出的，该项目符合国家产业政策，有利于发展地方经济。 本项目建设将带动该地区的特种养殖产业的发展。 该项目设计思想合理，饲养技术成熟可靠，设备选型适当，产品市场销路十分看好，技术方案可行。项目建设条件和各项外部条件在完善中。符合当地经济发展规划。 项目的税后内部收益率为32.94%，投资利润率为35.34%，投资利税为35.34%，投资回收期为4.10年，项目的经济效益显著。 项目的盈亏平衡点为32.48%，项目具有较强的抗风险能力。 项目建设周期短，投资回收快，对云龙县的畜牧业经济增长有明显的意义，投资效果好，产品市场销路广阔，具有明显的经济效益。 综上所述，本项目是可行的。 15.2 建议 1.企业应严格执行饲养技术规范，在项目建设过程中应严格按照国家有关规定和要求进行项目建设。 2.运营过程中应加大环保的监测力度，杜绝环境污染事故的发生。 3.企业在项目投入运营前应做好员工的各种知识培训工作，制定和完善各项规章制度，避免人为因素造成的意外事故发生。 4.本项目承建单位尽快落实项目资金，协调好建设前期工作，确保项目按期建成投产。 附图、附表、附件 附图 项目总体布置图 附表 1.经济效益汇总表 2.项目投资汇总表 3.流动资金估算表 4.投资使用计划与资金筹措表 5.固定资产折旧费表 6.无形及递延资产摊销费表 7.成本估算表 8.销售收入计算表 9.产品收入、税金及附加费用表 10.损益表 11.全部投资财务现金流量表 12.自有资金财务现金流量表 13.资金来源与运用表 14.资产负债表 15.借款还本付息估算表 16.利息备付率计算表 17.偿债备付率计算表 18.主要原材料、动力消耗及单位制造成本表 目 录 第一章 总 论 1 1.1 项目背景 1 1.1.1项目名称 1 1.1.2承办单位概况 1 1.1.3可行性研究报告编制依据 1 1.1.4项目提出的理由与过程 1 1.2 项目概况 2 1.2.1拟建地点 2 1.2.2建设规模与目标 2 1.2.3主要技术条件 3 1.2.4项目投入总资金及效益情况 3 1.2.5主要技术经济指标 4 1.3 问题与建议 5 第二章 市场预测 5 2.1 产品市场供应预测 5 2.2 产品市场需求预测 5 2.3 产品目标市场分析 6 2.4 价格现状与预测 6 2.5 市场竞争力分析 6 2.5.1主要竞争对手情况 6 2.5.2产品市场竞争力优势、劣势 6 2.5.3产品目标市场占有份额分析 7 2.6 市场风险 7 第三章 建设规模与产品方案 7 3.1 种禽年生产能力 7 3.2 商品禽年生产能力 7 3.3 产业化关联度分析 8 第四章 场址条件 8 4.1 场址地点与地理位置 8 4.2 场址占地面积 8 4.3 土地利用现状 8 4.4 场址建设条件 8 4.4.1工程地质与水文地质条件 8 4.4.2气候条件 9 4.4.3土壤条件 9 4.4.4水质条件 9 4.4.5交通运输条件 10 4.4.6公用设施社会依托条件(水、电、汽、生活福利) 10 4.4.7防洪、防潮、排涝设施条件 10 4.4.8环境保护条件 10 4.4.9征地、拆迁条件 11 4.4.10法律支持文件 11 第五章 技术方案、设备方案和工程方案 11 5.1 技术方案 11 5.1.1野鸡种禽 11 5.1.2野鸡养殖 13 5.1.3防疫技术设施与保障体系 14 5.2 主要设备方案 15 5.3 工程方案 16 第六章 原材料燃料供应 16 6.1 种禽供应 16 6.2 饲料供应 17 6.3 燃料供应 17 第七章 项目总体布置 17 7.1 总体布置 17 7.1.1项目构成 17 7.1.2总体布置 17 7.2 运输 18 7.3 公用辅助工程 19 7.3.1给水系统 19 7.3.2排水系统 19 7.3.3消防系统 20 7.3.4电气 20 第八章 节水措施 21 8.1 节水措施 21 8.2 水耗指标分析 21 第九章 环境影响评价 22 9.1 项目所在地环境现状 22 9.2 项目产生的污染物对环境的影响 22 9.3 环境保护设施与投资 22 9.4 环境影响评价 23 第十章 经营管理 23 10.1 项目法人组建方案 23 10.2 管理机构设置方案 24 10.3 专业技术人员培训 24 10.4 项目定员 25 第十一章 项目实施进度 25 11.1 建设工期 25 11.2 项目实施进度安排 25 11.3 项目实施进度表 26 第十二章 投资估算与资金筹措 26 12.1 项目总投资估算 26 12.1.1建设投资估算依据 26 12.1.2建设投资构成 27 12.1.3流动资金估算依据 28 12.1.4流动资金估算结果 28 12.1.5项目总投资 28 12.2 资金筹措 29 第十三章 财务评价 29 13.1 项目财务评价 29 13.1.1财务评价基础数据与参数选取 29 13.1.2成本费用 30 13.1.3销售收入 31 13.1.4税收 31 13.1.5利润 31 13.1.5财务盈利能力分析 32 13.1.6项目清偿能力分析 33 13.1.7资金来源与运用分析 33 13.1.8资产负债分析 33 13.2 不确定分析 33 13.3 财务评价结论 35 第十四章 风险分析 36 14.1 项目主要风险因素识别 36 14.1.1市场风险 36 14.1.2技术风险 36 14.1.3社会风险 36 14.2 风险程度分析 36 14.3 防范和降低风险对策 37 14.3.1市场风险防范 37 14.3.2技术风险防范 37 第十五章 研究结论与建议 37 15.1 结论 37 15.2 建议 38 附图、附表、附件 39 附图 39 项目总体布置图 39 附表 39 1.经济效益汇总表 39 2.项目投资汇总表 39 3.流动资金估算表 39 4.投资使用计划与资金筹措表 39 5.固定资产折旧费表 39 6.无形及递延资产摊销费表 39 7.成本估算表 39 8.销售收入计算表 39 9.产品收入、税金及附加费用表 39 10.损益表 39 11.全部投资财务现金流量表 39 12.自有资金财务现金流量表 39 13.资金来源与运用表 39 14.资产负债表 39 15.借款还本付息估算表 39 16.利息备付率计算表 39 17.偿债备付率计算表 39 18.主要原材料、动力消耗及单位制造成本表 39 children inside it, covering them with all the clothes she could find. During the night, it got terribly cold. The woman kept as near as she could to the children and even tried to get into the case herself, but it was too small. Early ,next morning she heard planes passing overhead and wondered how she could send a signal. Then she had an idea. She stamped out the letters' SOS' in the snow. Fortunately, a pilot saw the signal and sent a message by radio to the nearest town. It was not long before a helicopter arrived on the scene to rescue the survivors of the plane crash.Lesson76 April Fools Day 愚人节?'To end our special news bulletin,' said the voice of the television announcer,' we are taking you to the macaroni fields of Calabria. Macaroni has been grown in this area for over six hundred years. Two of the leading growers, Giuseppe Moldova and Ricardo Brabante, tell me that they have been expecting a splendid crop this year and harvesting has begun earlier than usual. Here you can see two workers who, between them, have just finished cutting three cart-loads of golden brown?macaroni stalks. The whole village has been working day and night gathering and threshing this year's crop before the September rains. On the right, you can see Mrs Brabante herself. She has been helping her husband for thirty years now. Mrs Brabante is talking to the manager of the local? factory where the crop is processed. This last scene shows you what will happen at the end of the harvest : the famous Calabrian macaroni-eating competition ! Signor Fratelli, the present champion, has won it every year since 1961. And that ends our special bulletin for today, Thursday, April 1st. We are now returning you to the studio.'Lesson77 A successful operation 一例成功的手术?The mummy of an Egyptian woman who died in 800 B.C. has just had an operation. The mummy is that of Shepenmut who was once a singer in the Temple of Thebes. As there were strange marks on the X-ray plates taken of the mummy, doctors have been trying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease. The only way to do this was to operate. The operation, which lasted for over four hours, proved to be very difficult because of the hard resin which covered the skin. The doctors removed a section of the mummy and sent it to a laboratory. They also found something which the X-ray of the god Duamutef. This god which has the head of a cow was normally placed?inside a mummy. The doctors have not yet decided how the woman died. They feared that the mummy would fall to pieces when they cut it open, but fortunately this has not happened. The mummy successfully survived the operation. Lesson78? The last one? 最后一枝吗,?After reading an article entitled 'Cigarette Smoking and Your Health' I lit a cigarette to calm my nerves. I smoked with concentration and pleasure as I was sure that this would be my last cigarette. For a whole week I did not smoke at all and during this time, my wife suffered terribly. I had all the usual symptoms of someone giving up smoking: a bad temper and an enormous appetite. My friends kept on offering me cigarettes and cigars. They made no effort to hide their amusement whenever I produced a packet of sweets from my pocket. After seven days of this I went to a party. Everybody around me was smoking and I felt extremely uncomfortable. When my old friend Brian urged me to accept a cigarette, it was more than I could bear. I took one guiltily, lit it and smoked with satisfaction. My wife was delighted that things had returned to normal once more. Anyway, as Brian pointed out, it is the easiest thing in the world to give up smoking. He himself has done it lots of times! Lesson79 By air 乘飞机?I used to travel by air a great deal when I was a boy. My parents, used to live in South America and I used to fly there from Europe in the holidays. An airhostess would take charge of me and I never had an unpleasant experience. I am used to travelling by air and only on one occasion have I ever felt frightened. After taking off, we were flying low over the city and slowly gaining height, when the plane suddenly turned round and flew back to the airport. While we were waiting to land, an air-hostess told us to keep calm and to get off the plane quietly as soon as it had touched down. Everybody on board was worried and we were curious to find out what had happened. Later we learnt that there was a very important person on board. The police had been told that a bomb had been planted on the plane. After we had landed, the plane was searched thoroughly. Fortunately, nothing was found and five hours later we were able to take off again.Lesson80? The Crystal Palace 水晶宫?Perhaps the most extraordinary building of the nineteenth century was the Crystal Palace, which was built in Hyde Park for the Great Exhibition of 1851. The Crystal Palace was different from all other buildings in the world, for it was made of iron and glass. It was one of the biggest buildings of all time and a lot of people from many countries came to see it. A great many goods were sent to the exhibition from various parts of the world. There was also a great deal of machinery on display. The most wonderful piece of machinery on show was Nasmyth's steam hammer. Though in those days, travelling was not as easy as it is today, steam boats carried thousands of visitors across the Channel from Europe. On arriving in England, they were taken to the Crystal Palace by train. There were six million visitors in all, and the profits from the exhibition were used to build museums and colleges. Later, the Crystal Palace was moved to South London. It remained one of the most famous buildings in the world until it was burnt down in 1936.Lesson81 Escape 脱逃?When he had killed the guard, the prisoner of war quickly dragged him into the bushes. Working rapidly in the darkness, he soon changed into the dead man's clothes. Now, dressed in a blue uniform and with a rifle over his shoulder, the prisoner marched boldly up and down in front of the camp. He could hear shouting in the camp itself. Lights were blazing and men were running here and there: they had just discovered that a prisoner had escaped. At that moment, a large black car with four officers inside it, stopped at the camp gates. The officers got out and the prisoner stood to attention and saluted as they passed. When they had gone, the driver of the car came towards him. The man obviously wanted to talk. He was rather elderly with grey hair and clear blue eyes. The prisoner felt sorry for him, but there was nothing else he could do. As the man came near, the prisoner knocked him to the ground with a sharp blow. Then, jumping into the car, he drove off as quickly as he could. Lesson82 Monster or fish? 是妖还是鱼,?Fishermen and sailors sometimes claim to have seen monsters in the sea. Though people have often laughed at stories told by seamen, it is now known that many of these 'monsters' which have at times been sighted are simply strange fish. Occasionally, unusual creatures? are washed to the shore, but they are rarely caught out at sea. Some time ago, however, a peculiar fish was caught near Madagascar. A small fishing-boat was carried miles out to sea by the powerful fish as it pulled on the line. Realizing that this was no ordinary fish, the fisherman made every effort not to damage it in any way. When it was eventually brought to shore, it was found to be over thirteen feet long. It had a head like a horse, big blue eyes, shining silver skin, and a bright red tail, The fish, which has since been sent to a museum where it is being examined by a scientist, is called an oarfish. Such creatures have rarely been seen alive by man as they live at a depth of six hundred feet.Lesson83 After the elections 大选之后?The former Prime Minister, Mr Wentworth Lane, was defeated in the recent elections. He is now retiring from political life and has gone abroad. My friend, Crawley, has always been a fanatical opponent of Mr Lane's Radical Progressive Party. After the elections, Crawley went to the former Prime Minister's house. When he asked if Mr Lane lived there, the policeman on duty told him that since his defeat, the ex-Prime Minister had gone abroad. On the following day, Crawley went to the house again. The same policeman was just walking slowly past the entrance, when Crawley asked the same question. Though a little suspicious this time, the policeman gave him the same answer. The day after, Crawley went to the house once more and asked exactly the same question. This time, the policeman lost his temper.' I told you yesterday and the day before yesterday,' he shouted, 'Mr Lane was defeated in the elections. He has retired from political life and gone to live abroad !' ' I know,' answered Crawley,' but I love to hear you say it !' Lesson84 On strike 罢工?Busmen have decided to go on strike next week. The strike is due to begin on Tuesday. No one knows how long it will last. The busmen have stated that the strike will continue until general agreement is reached about pay and working conditions. Most people believe that the strike will last for at least a week. Many owners of private cars are going to offer 'free rides' to people on their way to work. This will relieve pressure on the trains to some extent. Meanwhile, a number of university students have volunteered to drive buses while the strike lasts. All the young men are expert drivers, but before they drive any of the buses, they will have to pass a special test. The students are going to take the test in two days' time. Even so, people are going to find it difficult to get to work. But so far, the public has expressed its gratitude to the students in letters to the Press. Only one or two people have objected that the students will drive too fast!Lesson85 Never too old to learn 活到老学到老?I have just received a letter from my old school informing me that my former head- master, Mr Regmald Page, will be retiring next week. Pupils of the school, old and new, will be sending him a present to mark the occasion. All those who have contributed towards the gift will sign their names in a large album which will be sent to the headmaster's home. We shall all remember Mr Page for his patience and understanding and for the kindly encouragement he gave us when we went so unwillingly to school. A great many former pupils will be attending a farewell dinner in his honour next Thursday. It is a curious coincidence that the day before his retirement, Mr Page will have been teaching for a total of forty years. After he has retired, he will devote himself to gardening. For him, this will be an entirely new hobby. But this does not matter, for, as he has often remarked, one is never too old to learn. Lesson86 Out of control 失控?As the man tried to swing the speed-boat round, the steering-wheel came away in his hands. He waved desperately to his companion, who had been water-skiing for the last fifteen minutes. Both men had hardly had time to realize what was happening when they were thrown violent1y into the sea. The speed-boat had struck a buoy, but it continued to move very quickly across the water. Both men had just begun to swim towards the shore. when they noticed with dismay that the children inside it, covering them with all the clothes she could find. During the night, it got terribly cold. The woman kept as near as she could to the children and even tried to get into the case herself, but it was too small. Early ,next morning she heard planes passing overhead and wondered how she could send a signal. Then she had an idea. She stamped out the letters' SOS' in the snow. Fortunately, a pilot saw the signal and sent a message by radio to the nearest town. It was not long before a helicopter arrived on the scene to rescue the survivors of the plane crash.Lesson76 April Fools Day 愚人节?'To end our special news bulletin,' said the voice of the television announcer,' we are taking you to the macaroni fields of Calabria. Macaroni has been grown in this area for over six hundred years. Two of the leading growers, Giuseppe Moldova and Ricardo Brabante, tell me that they have been expecting a splendid crop this year and harvesting has begun earlier than usual. Here you can see two workers who, between them, have just finished cutting three cart-loads of golden brown?macaroni stalks. The whole village has been working day and night gathering and threshing this year's crop before the September rains. On the right, you can see Mrs Brabante herself. She has been helping her husband for thirty years now. Mrs Brabante is talking to the manager of the local? factory where the crop is processed. This last scene shows you what will happen at the end of the harvest : the famous Calabrian macaroni-eating competition ! Signor Fratelli, the present champion, has won it every year since 1961. And that ends our special bulletin for today, Thursday, April 1st. We are now returning you to the studio.'Lesson77 A successful operation 一例成功的手术?The mummy of an Egyptian woman who died in 800 B.C. has just had an operation. The mummy is that of Shepenmut who was once a singer in the Temple of Thebes. As there were strange marks on the X-ray plates taken of the mummy, doctors have been trying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease. The only way to do this was to operate. The operation, which lasted for over four hours, proved to be very difficult because of the hard resin which covered the skin. The doctors removed a section of the mummy and sent it to a laboratory. They also found something which the X-ray of the god Duamutef. This god which has the head of a cow was normally placed?inside a mummy. The doctors have not yet decided how the woman died. They feared that the mummy would fall to pieces when they cut it open, but fortunately this has not happened. The mummy successfully survived the operation. Lesson78? The last one? 最后一枝吗,?After reading an article entitled 'Cigarette Smoking and Your Health' I lit a cigarette to calm my nerves. I smoked with concentration and pleasure as I was sure that this would be my last cigarette. For a whole week I did not smoke at all and during this time, my wife suffered terribly. I had all the usual symptoms of someone giving up smoking: a bad temper and an enormous appetite. My friends kept on offering me cigarettes and cigars. They made no effort to hide their amusement whenever I produced a packet of sweets from my pocket. After seven days of this I went to a party. Everybody around me was smoking and I felt extremely uncomfortable. When my old friend Brian urged me to accept a cigarette, it was more than I could bear. I took one guiltily, lit it and smoked with satisfaction. My wife was delighted that things had returned to normal once more. Anyway, as Brian pointed out, it is the easiest thing in the world to give up smoking. He himself has done it lots of times! Lesson79 By air 乘飞机?I used to travel by air a great deal when I was a boy. My parents, used to live in South America and I used to fly there from Europe in the holidays. An airhostess would take charge of me and I never had an unpleasant experience. I am used to travelling by air and only on one occasion have I ever felt frightened. After taking off, we were flying low over the city and slowly gaining height, when the plane suddenly turned round and flew back to the airport. While we were waiting to land, an air-hostess told us to keep calm and to get off the plane quietly as soon as it had touched down. Everybody on board was worried and we were curious to find out what had happened. Later we learnt that there was a very important person on board. The police had been told that a bomb had been planted on the plane. After we had landed, the plane was searched thoroughly. Fortunately, nothing was found and five hours later we were able to take off again.Lesson80? The Crystal Palace 水晶宫?Perhaps the most extraordinary building of the nineteenth century was the Crystal Palace, which was built in Hyde Park for the Great Exhibition of 1851. The Crystal Palace was different from all other buildings in the world, for it was made of iron and glass. It was one of the biggest buildings of all time and a lot of people from many countries came to see it. A great many goods were sent to the exhibition from various parts of the world. There was also a great deal of machinery on display. The most wonderful piece of machinery on show was Nasmyth's steam hammer. Though in those days, travelling was not as easy as it is today, steam boats carried thousands of visitors across the Channel from Europe. On arriving in England, they were taken to the Crystal Palace by train. There were six million visitors in all, and the profits from the exhibition were used to build museums and colleges. Later, the Crystal Palace was moved to South London. It remained one of the most famous buildings in the world until it was burnt down in 1936.Lesson81 Escape 脱逃?When he had killed the guard, the prisoner of war quickly dragged him into the bushes. Working rapidly in the darkness, he soon changed into the dead man's clothes. Now, dressed in a blue uniform and with a rifle over his shoulder, the prisoner marched boldly up and down in front of the camp. He could hear shouting in the camp itself. Lights were blazing and men were running here and there: they had just discovered that a prisoner had escaped. At that moment, a large black car with four officers inside it, stopped at the camp gates. The officers got out and the prisoner stood to attention and saluted as they passed. When they had gone, the driver of the car came towards him. The man obviously wanted to talk. He was rather elderly with grey hair and clear blue eyes. The prisoner felt sorry for him, but there was nothing else he could do. As the man came near, the prisoner knocked him to the ground with a sharp blow. Then, jumping into the car, he drove off as quickly as he could. Lesson82 Monster or fish? 是妖还是鱼,?Fishermen and sailors sometimes claim to have seen monsters in the sea. Though people have often laughed at stories told by seamen, it is now known that many of these 'monsters' which have at times been sighted are simply strange fish. Occasionally, unusual creatures? are washed to the shore, but they are rarely caught out at sea. Some time ago, however, a peculiar fish was caught near Madagascar. A small fishing-boat was carried miles out to sea by the powerful fish as it pulled on the line. Realizing that this was no ordinary fish, the fisherman made every effort not to damage it in any way. When it was eventually brought to shore, it was found to be over thirteen feet long. It had a head like a horse, big blue eyes, shining silver skin, and a bright red tail, The fish, which has since been sent to a museum where it is being examined by a scientist, is called an oarfish. Such creatures have rarely been seen alive by man as they live at a depth of six hundred feet.Lesson83 After the elections 大选之后?The former Prime Minister, Mr Wentworth Lane, was defeated in the recent elections. He is now retiring from political life and has gone abroad. My friend, Crawley, has always been a fanatical opponent of Mr Lane's Radical Progressive Party. After the elections, Crawley went to the former Prime Minister's house. When he asked if Mr Lane lived there, the policeman on duty told him that since his defeat, the ex-Prime Minister had gone abroad. On the following day, Crawley went to the house again. The same policeman was just walking slowly past the entrance, when Crawley asked the same question. Though a little suspicious this time, the policeman gave him the same answer. The day after, Crawley went to the house once more and asked exactly the same question. This time, the policeman lost his temper.' I told you yesterday and the day before yesterday,' he shouted, 'Mr Lane was defeated in the elections. He has retired from political life and gone to live abroad !' ' I know,' answered Crawley,' but I love to hear you say it !' Lesson84 On strike 罢工?Busmen have decided to go on strike next week. The strike is due to begin on Tuesday. No one knows how long it will last. The busmen have stated that the strike will continue until general agreement is reached about pay and working conditions. Most people believe that the strike will last for at least a week. Many owners of private cars are going to offer 'free rides' to people on their way to work. This will relieve pressure on the trains to some extent. Meanwhile, a number of university students have volunteered to drive buses while the strike lasts. All the young men are expert drivers, but before they drive any of the buses, they will have to pass a special test. The students are going to take the test in two days' time. Even so, people are going to find it difficult to get to work. But so far, the public has expressed its gratitude to the students in letters to the Press. Only one or two people have objected that the students will drive too fast!Lesson85 Never too old to learn 活到老学到老?I have just received a letter from my old school informing me that my former head- master, Mr Regmald Page, will be retiring next week. Pupils of the school, old and new, will be sending him a present to mark the occasion. All those who have contributed towards the gift wil