孕妇营养食谱知识大全

孕妇营养食谱知识大全 目录 孕妇饮食营养知识????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1 孕期营养相关因素 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1 孕妇营养需求 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1 孕期营养素的总体需求 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 8 胎儿发育必需的营养素??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 8 孕妇需要的营养素 ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 12 最容易忽视的营养素 ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 14 孕前饮食的基本原则 ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 15 怀孕早期饮食的基本原则 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 19 怀孕中期饮食的基本原则 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 25 怀孕晚期饮食的基本原则 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 33 营养与优生 ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 38 与大脑发育关系密切的营养种类??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 38 与智能关系密切的维生素种类 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 41 优生与饮食营养的关系????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 42 对胎儿脑及神经系统发育的影响??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 44 孕妇饮食营养知识 从妊娠开始至分娩，以及整个哺乳期，母体要经历一系列的生理、生化改变。在此期间，母体不仅要供给自身生理变化的营养要求，还要供给胎儿生长发育所需要的营养。因此，孕产妇的营养不仅关系自身健康，同样要影响到胎儿，乃至婴儿的健康发育和成长。 孕期营养相关因素 营养方面作相应的调整。妊娠分为3个主要时期:妊娠早期(1个月—3个月)，胎儿生长发育很快，重要脏器萌芽，但体重平均每天仅增加1克，对营养的要求是质高量少，此期孕妇与正常人要求相近或略减;妊娠中期(4个月—6个月)，胎儿体重增长加速，平均每天增加10克，对热能和各种营养素的需要量均相应增加;妊娠晚期(7个月—9个月)，胎儿体重增加迅速，尤以妊娠32周-38周时最为明显，此时母体还需额外贮备营养为分娩和哺乳作准备。 孕妇营养需求 1. 热能 WHO建议，妊娠早期(头3个月)每天增加630千焦(150千卡)，中期以后(后6个月)则每天增加1470千焦(350千卡)。我国建议为，除按劳动强度供给所需的热能外，每天另多增加1 1260千焦(310千卡)。 2. 蛋白质 人体肌肉、血液、皮肤、毛发、骨骼等组织的组成均需要蛋白质，妊娠期体内各器官和组织中的蛋白质代谢较为旺盛，蛋白质的消耗增多，孕妇本身组织增长与胎儿生长发育均需从食物中获得蛋白质来补充。孕妇蛋白质摄入量适当，婴儿的身高就长;蛋白质不足不仅使婴儿形体小，而且出生后的发病率及死亡率均较高。孕妇蛋白质需要1.25克/千克体重才能保持氮平衡，如胎儿生长时蛋白质不足，出生时机体组织细胞数就会减少，特别是脑细胞发育较快，如损耗将是不可逆的。 母体除了通过胎盘向婴儿供给氨基酸外，许多大分子蛋白质，如抗体亦可通过胎盘进入胎儿体内，使胎儿对母体曾接触过的抗原有被动免疫能力。国内建议对孕妇的蛋白质供给量为妊娠早期每天增加X克，妊娠晚期每天增加25克。一般轻体力劳动妇女每天需要蛋白质65克，故妊娠中期时需要80克，妊娠晚期需要90克。 3. 脂肪 胎儿发育过程中孕妇需摄入适量的脂肪，对胎儿发育及脂溶性维生素的吸收有帮助，如缺少一定量的必需脂肪酸，可推迟胎儿脑细胞的分裂增值，脂肪还对促进乳汁分泌有利。妊娠过程孕妇需增加脂肪2000克,4000克，故孕妇每天应补充适量的脂肪，每天约60克,70克，其中必需脂肪酸3克,6克，植物油中必需脂肪酸占40%，每天摄入7.5克,15克植物油即可满足所需的必需脂肪酸。妊娠期贮存的脂肪，可作为缺乏时的补充，并防止母体组织的分解代谢，妊娠期间增加的脂肪，足 2 以为哺乳期提供4个月的每天额外需要的300千卡必需脂肪酸热能。胎儿的脂肪在20周时仅占体重的0.5%，28周增加为3.5%，34周为7.5%，出生时达16%，胎儿的脂肪由葡萄糖合成，母亲仅向胎儿提供必需脂肪酸。 4. 碳水化合物 胎儿耗用母体的葡萄糖较多，母体需须氧化脂肪来供给热能，氧化不全可产生酮体，故孕妇饥饿时易发生酮症酸中毒。食物中某些不能被人体消化吸收的碳水化合物，如纤维素、半纤维素、木质素、果胶、海藻、多糖等都可以增加肠蠕动，吸收肠道水分以防止便秘。单糖类，如葡萄糖、果糖存在于水果中，易被人体吸收并迅速增高血糖;双糖如蔗糖在体内可分解为葡萄糖，多糖如淀粉分解为葡萄糖的过程较缓慢，不致引起血糖急剧升高。妊娠后半期肝中糖原合成及分解均增强，碳水化物的完全氧化作为能源的利用也亢进，因此妊娠时碳水化物的需求不断增加，其来源主要为粮谷类的淀粉，如过多可导致孕妇肥胖，过少则热能不足，如在150克以下，就有发生酮症酸中毒的可能。 5. 矿物质与微量元素 (1) 钙 胎儿生长发育需一定量的钙，妊娠早期每天需钙7毫克，妊娠中期增至110毫克，妊娠晚期则为350毫克。由于我国居民饮食中含钙量普遍不足，母体平时的贮存的钙亦不多，在妊娠过程中均需补钙，如维生素D充足则饮食中的钙量可以减少，胎儿骨骼的钙化程度取决母体饮食中的钙、磷及维生素D的含量。孕妇摄入的钙量除影响胎儿外，可影响自身健康，易发生骨质软化病，甚至骨盆畸形，产后泌乳与钙亦有一定关3 系。我国建议每天对孕妇供给维生素D10毫克，钙在中、晚期分别为1000毫克和1500毫克。牛奶是食物补钙的最佳选择，虾皮、鱼松、骨头汤、蛋类、海带等含钙也较多。 (2) 铁 妊娠期需铁1200毫克，其中300毫克用以满足胎儿需要，570毫克供给母亲红细胞利用，其余准备补偿分娩时的损失。育龄妇女因有月经每月失血30毫升—50毫升，故贮铁量不足，妊娠后期易患缺铁性贫血，谷物中的铁不易被吸收，而动物肌肉中的铁较易利用，以粮食为主食的国家应特别注意铁的补充;我国建议妊娠妇女每天应供给铁28毫克;如维生素C不足的孕妇，铁的供给量还应增多，防止妊娠期缺铁应在未孕时即增加铁的摄入量，在妊娠期至少有300毫克的铁贮备。 (3) 锌 锌是体内很多酶的重要组成成分之一，参与热能代谢，蛋白质及胰岛素的合成，与生育、免疫均有关。妊娠后锌的需要量增加，平均胎盘及胎儿每天需锌0.75毫克,1毫克，缺锌可使羊水的抗微生物活性物质缺乏，胚胎神经细胞数目减少，甚至发生神经系统畸形，与血锌值最有关的饮食因素是动物性食品。我国尚未制定孕妇锌供给量的标准，美国建议孕妇锌的供给量为每天20毫克。目前因进食精加工食粮增多，而摄入粗粮减少，很多人处于缺锌的边缘。 (4) 铜 妊娠期细胞外液增加，母体钠的需要量亦增加可达11.5克,20.7克，血钠水平下降会产生肾素，而增加血管紧张素，与妊娠高血压症发生可能有关，目前不主张对孕妇严格限制钠的摄入和使用利尿剂。 (5) 碘 合成甲状腺素需要碘，甲状腺素能促进蛋白质合成，活化多种酶，调节人体物质代谢的能量交换。孕早期缺碘易导致胎儿中枢神经系统及听神经损害，出生后可有脑损害， 4 甲状腺肿及骨骼和生长发育不良，成人每天需碘100微克以上，妊娠期的需要量增加，如每周食谱中有1次紫菜或海带，即可满足需要。 6. 维生素 脂溶性维生素 (1) 维生素A 妊娠期需要量增加，维生素A对生长发育及嗅觉的正常发育均有作用。胎儿在肝内贮存一定量的维生素A，摄入过多或过少均可引起胎儿畸形，我国暂定维生素A的供给量，妊娠中晚期均为300国际单位。 (2) 维生素D 与钙、磷代谢有关，而钙磷又是形成骨骼所不可缺少的物质，对牙齿、骨骼的形成极为重要。如经常接触阳光，在一般饮食条件下，维生素D不致缺乏。摄入过多可致中毒，婴儿出现动脉硬化及精神发育迟缓，故使用鱼肝油必须遵守医嘱，WHO建议孕妇的维生素D供给量为每天400国际单位，或每天补充维生素D10毫克。 (3) 维生素E 动物实验发现维生素E可减少自然流产和死胎。临床应用治疗习惯性流产及不育症，但疗效未能肯定，妊娠期不需要增加维生素E的供给，正常情况下一般平衡的饮食就能满足需要。维生素E的供给标准为每天15国际单位，食物中的来源为麦胚油、花生油、玉米油、芝麻油、绿叶蔬菜、肉类、蛋类、奶类，及鱼肝油等。 (4) 维生素K 合成血液凝固所必需的凝血酶原，对防止母亲凝血障碍和新生儿期出血具有重要作用，妊娠最后数周给孕妇用维生素K可作为预防凝血机能障碍的常规治疗。 水溶性维生素 5 (1) 维生素B缺乏 维生素B孕妇可致多发神经炎，新11 生儿哭闹、吐泻、凝视、抽搐、丙酮酸升高，甚至夭折。妊娠期维生素B需要较平时增加30%，我国建议孕妇维生素B供11给量为每天1.8毫克。 (2) 维生素B维生素 B不足时影响蛋白质代谢及胎儿22 发育，妊娠期维生素B需要量增加25%，每天需要1.8毫克，2 孕早期缺乏可使软骨形成受阻，发生骨骼畸形，如长骨缩短、肋骨融合等。 (3) 维生素C 胎儿生长发育需要大量维生素C，因其对胎儿骨骼和牙齿形成，造血系统的健全和机体抵抗力等都有促进作用。缺乏时会发生胎膜早破和新生儿死亡率上升。WHO建议孕妇维生素C的供给量每天为60毫克，我国定为100毫克。 (4) 维生素B 维生素B与氨基酸及不饱和脂肪酸的代66 谢有关，也是糖原代谢中的辅助因子;可协助谷氨酸代谢生成Y—氨基丁酸，抑制神经系统活动，避免过度兴奋。如口服含雌激素的避孕药可引起维生素D6缺乏。孕妇由于胎儿生长需要更多的氨基酸，加上雌激素增多，故维生素B的需要量亦增加，6 早期妊娠反应时的恶心、食欲不振也与缺乏维生素B有关。6WHO建议妊娠期每天维生素B的供给量为2.5毫克，动物性6 食品，如蛋类、肉类、鱼类、奶类，及谷物种子外皮及卷心菜等均含有丰富的维生素B。 6 (5) 叶酸 叶酸可促进胎儿的正常发育和防止巨幼红细胞性贫血，叶酸缺乏可增加早产及神经管畸形，妊娠期叶酸的需要量为成年女子的1倍。WHO建议每天供给量为800微克，应多食用动物的肝肾及含叶酸丰富的蔬菜。 (6) 维生素B 胎儿维生素B的完全由母亲供给，缺乏1212 6 时可致婴儿早熟及贫血。胎儿贮存于肝脏的维生素B约为3012毫克，WHO建议的供给量为每天4微克。 产妇营养需求正常分娩的过程虽历时不长，但产妇的体力消耗和生理变化巨大，除需要付出加强大的体力和热能外，还要损失一定量的血液。把分娩视为特殊的强体力劳动并不过分，此期需要有足够的营养补充，约需要蛋白质95克和热能16.7千焦(4000千卡)。 第1产程占整个分娩过程的大部分时间，因子宫收缩可有反射性呕吐、食欲减退;如果产程延长，产妇常出现植物神经功能紊乱症状，如肠胀气及消化不良，产妇体力消耗较大。为保证胎儿娩出时产妇有良好的腹压，进入第1产程仍要鼓励产妇进食，食物以清淡、易消化，并有一定的热能供给为宜。可结合产妇的饮食喜好给予流质饮食或半流质饮食，如牛奶、蛋糕、面包、鸡蛋、果酱面包、稀饭、肉松、藕粉等。有些产妇因故拒绝进食，也不必勉强，以免引起呕吐。如产程较长、产妇体力消耗多，可酌情静脉补充葡萄糖液及维生素C。有些产妇在胎儿即将娩出时要服食桂圆汤，这是有些地方的传统习俗，但桂圆有安胎的作用，可减弱子宫的收缩力，以致产程延长，甚至产后出血增多，因此以不食为好。临产时对产妇补充营养常有一定困难，最好在妊娠中晚期即就注意补充营养，使之有一定的营养贮备，可供分娩时的消耗。 7 孕期营养素的总体需求 胎儿发育必需的营养素 脂肪 脂肪是构成组织的重要营养物质，在大脑活动中起着重要的和不可替代的作用。脂肪占脑重量的50%,60%，其来源大多数是依靠从食物中摄取，体内只能制造一小部分，因此，要想有个聪慧的头脑，脂肪的摄取量是不可少的。 脂肪的主要来源是我们日常饮食中的植物类脂肪和动物类脂肪。还有坚果类、鱼虾、动物内脏等。大脑的发达程度与摄取的脂肪的质量有关，多摄取一些不饱和脂肪酸，而这些不饱和脂肪酸都是在体内不能合成的，必须由食物供给，它主要来自动物性脂肪。新鲜的家禽类、动物中还有大量的脑所需的不饱和脂肪酸。还有鱼虾类中的鲤鱼、沙丁鱼、鳝鱼、秋刀鱼、竹节虾等。这些鱼类含有比动物的肉中更丰富的不饱和脂肪酸，而且还含有一种更能够健脑的营养物质—DHA。 DHA的化学名称是二十二碳六烯酸，是鱼类特有的一种高度不饱和脂肪酸。DHA是脑组织的重要组成成分，它占人脑脂肪含量的10%左右，它具有促进大脑的发育和神经兴奋的传导。增强记忆力、防止脑老化等功能。因此，妊娠中应该在饮食结构中注意经常性地食用含有丰富不饱和脂肪酸类的食物。 蛋白质 蛋白质可以分为动物蛋白质和植物蛋白质两种，动物蛋白 8 质如肉、鱼、蛋等，植物蛋白质主要有谷物和豆类食品。过去人们往往只注意动物蛋白质的营养价值，而忽视了植物蛋白质的摄取，其实，这是一种观念上的错误。植物蛋白质如豆类制品不但味道鲜美，而且对胎儿的大脑发育有着特殊的功能。大豆所含的蛋白质比鸡蛋高35倍，比牛肉高2倍，比牛奶高13倍。更主要是大豆还含有人体必需的自身不能合成的8种氨基酸。 因此说怀孕期间要多食用豆类制品，它可以预防新陈代谢紊乱、贫血、营养不良性浮肿和脱发等。大豆中含有大量的卵磷脂，这种物质可以增强记忆力，也就是说孕妇多吃豆类制品，才能促进胎儿的脑细胞的生长旺盛，进而提高胎儿的脑发育。智力上乘的物质基础应该说是取决于脑细胞的数量、结构和功能的发育。尤其是妊娠晚期，即最后3个月是胎儿发育的旺盛 时期，父母们千万抓住这一关键时期。 维生素C 维生素C在胎儿脑发育期起到提高脑功能敏锐的作用。人脑的维生素C的量比其他组织器官高得多，孕妇充足的摄取维生素C，可以提高胎儿的智力，但是，维生素C在摄取过程中利用率很低，维生素C遇热、碱、氧均不稳定，很容易在烹饪中损失，造成摄入不足而引起维生素C缺乏。因此孕妇除每日摄入充足的维生素C以外，还要注意合理的烹饪 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 ，防止维生素C的损失。 美国营养学家库巴拉和卡兹的研究表明，血液中的维生素C的含量与智力有着密切关系，胎儿出生后自身合成维生素的能力在10个月后迅速下降，到1周岁时几乎丧失。不注意从饮9 食中供给维生素C，则可能使大脑发育不良，甚至导致脑功能紊乱。由此可见，孕妇摄取足够的维生素C对胎儿的脑发育非常重要。 维生素B族 许多营养学家认为，维生素B族元素对大脑的功能有着间接的作用，维生素B族元素包括:B 、B 、B 、烟酸、B 等12612物质，它们对人体的作用十分广泛，而对脑的作用则是通过帮助蛋白质代谢而促进脑活动的，也就是说，维生素B族对脑的作用是它与蛋白质共同作用的结果。我们已经知道，蛋白质是脑功能活动的重要物质，蛋白质代谢是脑功能活动的重要物质基础，因此，维生素B族充当着脑力活动的重要助手，是不可缺少的。许多研究证明孕期妇女缺少维生素B族元素，可造成胎儿精神障碍，出生后易哭闹、不安、烦躁等症状，还可以引起胃肠蠕动减弱、便秘、消化液分泌减少、食欲不振等症状，并且加快了孕妇的早孕反应，使母体对营养吸收更差，造成胎儿各方面营养缺乏，从而严重地影响脑的发育，影响胎儿今后的智力水平。因此，怀孕的妇女一定要注意维生素B族元素的摄取，尤其是维生素B还有减轻早孕反应的作用。 6 维生素A 维生素A可以促进脑的发育，缺少维生素A可使智力低下，维生素A是促进脑组织发育的重要物质，孕妇为了胎儿更好地发育，孕期要适当补充维生素A，但是不可过量，不能因为维生素A具有促进脑发育而过量饮用，这样会导致不良后果，1960年—1964年，美国纽约曾经发生20多名儿童死于维生素A中毒，原因是他们的母亲以为多吃维生素A的效果要比少吃为好， 10 大量服用维生素A，结果引起了维生素A过高症，以致造成死亡。这些事例要引起孕妇的警惕。 维生素E 维生素E具有保护细胞膜的作用，还能防止不饱和脂肪酸的过氧化。也就是说，维生素E可以防止脑细胞活性衰退，体内有充足的含量克保持脑的活力，如果孕妇缺少维生素E，就会影响胎儿大脑的功能，造成脑功能障碍，脑活动能力减弱，造成胎儿出生后智力下降。 钙 钙具有保证大脑顽强工程工作以及对脑产生异常兴奋起到抑制，使脑细胞避免有害刺激的作用，因此，孕妇怀孕期间对钙的摄取也是很重要的。如是缺钙会使人对各种刺激变得非常敏感，情绪容易激动，烦躁不安，孕妇的这种情绪变化可以直接影响胎儿的脑发育，使胎儿的脑发育障碍，出生后也可出现烦躁、智力低下，造成先天性佝偻病，缺钙还可能使脑力活动维持不了多久，精神不易集中，孕妇本人也可以因缺钙造成手足抽搐等症状。因此孕妇要及时补充钙营养。 糖 脑是消耗能量的器官，虽然脑总量只占体重的2%。糖是大脑活动能量的来源，具有刺激大脑的活动能力的作用，其原因是由于大量的糖能刺激胰岛素的分泌增加，使血液中色氨酸的含量增高，同时又可刺激5—羟色胺的产生而增强了大脑神经原的活动，提高智力。糖食大脑能量供应的主要源泉，但是，如果摄入过多又会损害脑功能，容易造成神经敏感和神经衰弱等11 各种大脑障碍，孩子出生后易哭闹、吃奶差等。孕妇在妊娠期间摄入的糖量要适度，糖的正常摄入要根据体力消耗强度来确定。 碘 碘是人体合成甲状腺素的主要原料之一，也是胎儿神经系统发育的必要原料，胎儿的脑发育离不开碘。医学统计资料表明，世界上智力残疾人口的80%是由于缺碘造成的，碘缺乏造成的疾病已经有仅仅局限于人们所认识的甲状腺肿大，更加严重的是对智力的损害，孕妇如果摄取的碘缺乏时，使体内合成的甲状腺素供应不足，进而造成胎儿的碘缺乏病，表现为智力低下、语言障碍、耳聋和运动神经障碍等，而且这种障碍是不可以逆转的终身性残疾。因此，孕期母亲一定要注意碘的摄取，除每日食用的含碘食盐以外，还要在饮食中经常性地食用一些海带、紫菜等海藻类植物，孕期妇女媒体摄取的碘量应该不低于200微克。 孕妇需要的营养素 蛋白质 蛋白质是构成人体细胞的主要物质，同时，蛋白质中的氨基酸对脑细胞也极为重要。孕妇缺少蛋白质可以影响垂体促性腺激素的分泌，雌激素及孕激素减少，最终导致妊娠中断。一般来说，成人每千克体重每天需要1克蛋白质，而胎儿每千克体重每天需要3克蛋白质，平均起来，孕妇每天的蛋白质需求量是60克左右。在妊娠后期需要的蛋白质量更多，以供应分娩 12 和哺乳所需。含蛋白质成分较多的食物有肉类、鱼类、乳类、豆类等。其中，蛋类和乳类的蛋白质最易为人体吸收。 糖类物质 糖类即我们所说的碳水化合物，糖类是人体能量的主要来源，对孕妇和胎儿发育非常重要。糖类主要存在于日常摄取食物中的面粉、大米、马铃薯和水果等。 脂肪类物质 脂类能供给能量，而且是细胞的重要组成物质。怀孕期间，胎儿各组织器官的形成离不开脂类物质。所以孕妇每天应在膳食中间补充20克,30克脂类物质，但最好不要超过50克，以免脂肪摄取过多，增加肝脏的负担造成肥胖。脂肪含量丰富的食物主要有肥肉、乳制品、果仁和食用油等。 矿物质 矿物质是指碳、氢、氮以外的物质，矿物质在人体的代谢过程中的作用非常重要。比如钙是构成骨骼和牙齿的主要成分，钙可以加强母体血液的凝固性、安定神经中枢、防止疲劳，妊娠期间应比平时进食两倍以上的钙质。孕妇缺钙，母亲的健康首先将受到影响。如果缺钙严重，胎儿将会出现骨质钙化不良，组织内钙水平下降、体重下降等。因此，妊娠期间要多吃含钙丰富的食物，如乳制品、排骨、虾皮等。 铁是构成血液中血红蛋白的必要成分，胎儿通过胎盘从母亲血液中摄取铁。如果贴的摄入量不足，可造成孕妇生理性贫血，严重者可导致婴儿出生时贫血。 13 维生素 维生素对身体的健康和发育有着像润滑剂般的作用，如果维生素缺乏，其他营养素就无法发挥其原有的效能。由于维生素无法由体内制造，必须从食物中摄取，而各种均衡的卫生食品都能提供身体高水准的维生素，需靠额外补充。有研究结果显示，如果能在怀孕前和怀孕头3个月补充多种维生素，可以防止胎儿发生如无脑和脊柱裂之类的缺陷。 怀孕期间特别需要的维生素主要有维生素A、C和叶酸。 维生素A可以保持皮肤健康，增强膀胱、肾脏、肠、支气管及妇女阴道的抗感染的能力，如果孕妇能够摄取足够量的维生素A，生产后便可以减少子宫、肺、膀胱及胸部的细菌感染机会。含丰富维生素A的食物有牛乳、鸡蛋、鱼类、动物的肝脏等。 维生素C则可以使子宫强壮，是生产过程更加顺利;若子宫收缩无力将会使分娩时间过长，可能会造成生产时大量出血。所以，孕妇要注意多吃些水果、蔬菜及食物。 叶酸是复合维生素的一种，是构成红血球的成分之一，同时也是胎儿发育细胞分裂时所必需的，由于母体不积存叶酸，怀孕期间的排出量又远远高于平常的数量，因此，每日要有足够的叶酸摄入是非常重要的，美国FDA特别要求所有针对孕妇的食品必须添加叶酸。动物的肝、肾、坚果以及新鲜蔬菜均含有一定量的叶酸。 最容易忽视的营养素 饮水和新鲜空气 14 除了必要的食物营养之外，水和空气也是必需的营养物质。但是，新鲜的空气和洁净的饮用水却经常被人们忽视。 水占人体体重的60%，是人体体液的主要成分，饮水不足不仅仅是喉咙的干渴，同时关系到体液的电解质的平衡和养分的运送。调节体内各组织的功能，维持正常的物质代谢都离不开水。所以，在怀孕期间要养成多喝水的习惯。 清新的空气对生活在大城市的人们来说确实是一种奢侈品，随着近年来机动车辆的增多，空气污染已经成为一种社会的公害，而这种公害靠我们自己是无法解决的。但是，有些孕妇因为怕感冒，屋中常年不开窗，影响了新鲜空气的流通，长此以往，会对孕妇的健康带来不良影响。因此，一定要注意室内空气的清新。 阳光 阳光中的紫外线具有杀菌消毒的作用，最重要的是通过阳光对人体皮肤的照射，能够促进人体合成维生素D，进而促进钙质的吸收和防止胎儿患先天性佝偻病。 因此在怀孕期间要多进行一些室外活动，这样既可以提高孕妇的抗病能力，又有益于胎儿的发育。 孕前饮食的基本原则 孕前营养特点 生孩子需要做好充分的准备，惟有这样，才可能拥有一个健康、聪明的孩子。 不少人认为在妻子怀孕后再加强营养就行了，这是一个错15 误的观点。因为在妊娠早期，是脑细胞形成数目能否达到正常的关键期，胚胎所需的营养是直接从子宫膜储存的养料中取得的，而子宫内膜所含营养的状况是在孕前就形成的，它的营养也全面自然影响着胚胎发育的质量。因此在准备妊娠前的几个月既可以加强营养调配，特别是应多吃一些青菜、水果、肉类和豆制品类，已通过蛋白质及多种维生素的摄取，充分为子宫内膜输送胚胎发育所必需的各类氨基酸及其他营养物质。 孕前饮食的注意事项 要加强营养。受孕前3个月，夫妇双方都要加强营养。以提供健康优良的精子和卵子，为优良胎儿的形成和孕育提供良好的物质基础。 在饮食中要多吃一些含动物蛋白质、矿物质和维生素丰富的食品。孕前夫妇可根据自己家庭、季节等情况，有选择地科学安排好一日三餐，并注意多吃水果，经过这样一段时间的健体养身，双方体内储存了充分的营养，身体健康，精力充沛，为优生打下坚实的物质基础。 (1) 要养成良好的饮食习惯。不同的食物中所含的营养成分不同，含量也不等。有的含这几种，有的含那几种;有的含量多，有的含量少。所以，应当吃得杂一些，不偏食，不忌嘴，什么都吃，养成好的膳食习惯。 (2) 应避免各种食物被污染。食物从其原料生产、加工、包装、运输、贮存、销售直至食用前的整个过程中，都可能不同程度地受到农药、金属、霉菌素以及放射性元素等有害物的污染，从而对人类及其后代的健康产生严重危害。因此，孕前夫妇在(本文来自159369网详见www.159369.com)日常生活中 16 应当重视饮食卫生，防止食物污染。应尽量选用新鲜天然食品，避免服用含食品添加剂、色素、防腐剂物质的食品。蔬菜应吃新鲜的并要充分地清洗干净，水果应去皮后再食用，以避免农药污染;尽量饮用白开水，避免饮用各种咖啡、饮料、果汁等饮品。在家庭炊具中应尽量使用铁锅或不锈钢炊具，避免使用铝制品及彩色搪瓷制品，以防止铝元素、铅元素等对人体细胞的伤害。 孕前宜吃的食物 (1) 水果 多吃水果对大脑的发育有很大的好处。胎儿在生长发育过程中，细胞不断生长和分裂，需要大量的热量和蛋白质，但合成细胞的每一个步骤，都需要大量天然的有机化合物来促成，这种具有催化作用的特殊物质就是维生素。所以，经常食用水果的人，体内时不会缺乏维生素的。 (2) 小米、玉米 每100克小米和玉米中蛋白质、脂肪、钙、胡萝卜素、维生素B及B的含量，均是大米、面粉所不及的，营养学家指12 出，小米和玉米是健康、补脑的有益主食。 (3) 海产品 海产品可为人体提供易被吸收利用的钙、碘、磷、铁等无机盐和微量元素，对于大脑的生长、发育健康，防止神经衰弱，有着极高的效用。 (4) 芝麻 《本草纲目》中说芝麻具有“补气、强筋、健脑”的效果。黑芝麻含有丰富的钙、磷、铁，同时含有19.7%的优质蛋白质17 和近10种重要的氨基酸，这些氨基酸均为构成脑神经细胞的主要成分，必须随时进行补充。 (5) 核桃 核桃的营养丰富，其中脂肪约占63%,65%，蛋白质占15%,20%，糖占10%左右。据测定，一斤核桃仁相当于五斤鸡蛋或九斤半牛奶的营养价值，特别是对大脑神经细胞有益，其他如磷、铁和维生素A、维生素B、维生素B等营养成分也含12 量比较高。 (6) 黑木耳 每100克含糖量高达65.5%，含钙量高于紫菜，含铁量高于海带。所含胶质把残留在消化系统的有些灰尘和杂志吸附、集中起来排除体外，从而起到清胃涤肠的作用，还具有帮助消化纤维一类物质的特殊功能。木耳还具有滋补、益气、养血、健胃、止血、润燥、清肺、强智等疗效，用于滋补大脑和强身，还可能和其他菜肴配合烹调。黑木耳炖红枣具有止血、养血之功效，是孕产妇的补养品，木耳黄花菜共炒，可收到补上加补之效。 (7) 花生 花生具有极易被人体吸收利用的优质蛋白。花生产生的热量高于肉类，是牛奶、鸡蛋无法与之媲美的。花生中还富有各种维生素、糖、卵磷脂，人体必须得蛋白氨基酸、胆碱等。孕妇可经常食用花生仁(其红衣可治疗贫血，不可抛弃)，与大枣、桂圆肉糯米煮食。 准备怀孕的准孕妇要在怀孕前将自己的身体调整到最佳状态，以便以抖擞精神、充沛的体力迎接体内新生命的到来，早一天拥有爱情的结晶是每一位准孕妇的希望;以下是不同类型 18 的妇女怀孕前的最佳饮食 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 。 普通人的饮食基本原则 原则上食物没有限制，但为了使身体更健康，并能过健全的生活，要注意以下几点。这对防止身体功能失去平衡也很有效。 (1) 用餐时要注意情绪，不要边吃边想工作，应保持愉快的气氛。例如在桌上放着喜爱的花作装饰，或吃最想吃的食物等。 (2) 事前已知将会忙碌，或有过分疲劳的倾向，就应避免吃辛辣等刺激性食物，可以贝汤为主，如此不但恢复得快，也能预防疲劳。 (3) 将盛产期的水果连皮制成果汁，每次服用100毫克,200毫克左右，早晚饮用2次。 (4) 早餐和午餐应尽量多吃，晚餐则少吃一点。睡前3小时不吃东西，那么隔天早上起床时，脑子会清醒。 (5) 吃饭时，应恪守细嚼慢咽的原则。 怀孕早期饮食的基本原则 妊娠早期营养生理特点 妊娠早期是指怀孕期的前三个月(1周,12周)。在此期间，胚胎生长发育速度缓慢，胎盘及母体的有关组织增长变化不明显，母体和胚胎对各种营养素的需要量比妊娠中、后期相对要少，大体和未孕期的需要量相同。但是，妊娠早期处于胚胎细胞的分化增殖和主要器官系统的形成阶段，是胎儿发生、发育19 的最重要时期。尤其在怀孕的第3周至第9周，会有很多不利因素使胎儿发育不良或先天缺陷(畸形)。动物实验表明。某种营养或食物成分的缺乏或过量，可引起动物胚胎早期发育障碍和畸形。另外，某些食品添加剂、食品污染物对胚胎也具有毒性作用。在妊娠早期，绝大部分孕妇会有不同程度的早期妊娠反应，一般从怀孕的第6周开始，至第12周消失。妊娠反应往往会改变孕妇的饮食习惯，影响营养素的摄入。 应注意的问题 根据妊娠早期营养生理特点，均衡营养应注意以下几点。 (1) 合理而全面的营养:妊娠早期，胚胎各器官的形成发育需要各种营养素，包括蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、矿物质、维生素和水，这一阶段要避免偏食。孕妇的饮食应满足胚胎对各种营养素的需要，还应考虑早期妊娠反应的特点，适合孕妇的口味。 (2) 保证优质蛋白质的供给:蛋白质是构成人体组织的最重要物质，对于胚胎的发育，母体的健康有着重要作用，蛋白质缺乏会影响胎儿中枢神经系统的发育和功能，使脑组织细胞数量减少，即使在胎儿出生后再摄入足够的蛋白质也不能恢复。早期胚胎缺乏氨基酸合成酶，不能合成自身所需要的氨基酸，需要由母体供给。妊娠早期蛋白质摄入量应不低于未孕妇女的摄入量。肉类、奶类、蛋类和鱼类蛋白质属优质蛋白质，在饮食中应占适当比例。 (3) 适当增加热能的摄入:孕妇热能的需要量应随着妊娠中基础代谢的增加、胎儿和胎盘的生长发育、母体有关组织的增大以及体重的增加而增加。妊娠早期基础代谢增加不明显， 20 胚胎发育缓慢、母体体重、乳房发育变化很小，所以热量的摄入量只要比未孕时略有增加就可以满足需要。热能主要来源于脂肪和碳水化合物;脂肪主要来源于动物油和植物油。植物油中如芝麻油、豆油、花生油、玉米油等既能提供热量，又能满足母体和胎儿对脂肪酸的需要，是食物烹调的理想用油。由于某些孕妇因妊娠反应，怕油腻，喜清淡，造成热能摄入不足，必需脂肪酸缺乏，这对于胚胎发育和母体健康不利。因此，应当采取适当的烹调方法，使食物油而不腻，清爽适口。碳水化合物主要来源于蔗糖、面粉、大米、玉米、小米、红薯、土豆、山药等。碳水化合物比脂肪容易消化，在胃内停留时间较短，能缓解早期妊娠反应。 (4) 确保无机盐、维生素的供给:无机盐和维生素对保证早期胚胎器官的形成发育有重要作用。在未孕的第9周至第10周，胚胎骨骼开始骨化，若钙和磷的摄入量不足会影响骨骼的发育。有些孕妇因妊娠反应，食物摄入量减少，而精制食品摄入量增多，致使铁的摄入量不足。母体内含铁量不足，是造成中、后期妊娠贫血的主要原因。锌对胚胎的脑发育有重要作用，动物实验还证明，锌的缺乏，会导致动物胎仔畸形。从怀孕起，母体对锌的需要量迅速增加;孕妇应适当摄入含丰富钙、磷、铁、锌的食物。奶类、豆类、海产品等含有丰富的钙和磷。肉类、动物血、海带、木耳、芝麻等含有丰富的钙和磷。肉类、动物肝脏、蛋类、花生、核桃、杏仁、麦胚、豆类、牡蛎、鲜鱼等含有较多的锌。 怀孕早期要特别注意维生素B、B、B的补充。B族元素126 主要来源于谷类粮食，但对于加工过细的精米，精粉，B族元素含量明显减少。因此，孕妇应多吃标准米和标准粉，在烹调21 加工中还要注意保护，以免损失维生素。如做面食时尽量少加碱或不加碱，淘米时不要过分搓洗。 (5) 禁止或尽可能少喝含酒精的饮料:长期饮酒或饮含酒精的饮料会影响母体健康和胎儿发育。蒸馏酒(白干、烧酒)中乙醇含量较高，发酵酒(啤酒、果酒、黄酒)中乙醇含量较低，但都不宜经常饮用。对于软饮料即不含酒精的饮料，如汽水、桔子汁、果子露、酸梅汤、茶及含咖啡的可乐型饮料可适量饮用。近来有人提出，孕妇大量饮用咖啡会影响胎儿发育。 (6) 防止发生腹泻和便秘:整个妊娠过程中，孕妇消化功能下降，抵抗力减弱，易发生腹泻或便秘;腹泻不仅损失营养素，而且因肠蠕动亢进而刺激子宫，甚至引起流产。因此，应食用新鲜卫生、易消化的食物。便秘时应多食用含纤维素多的蔬菜、水果、薯类食品。水果中还含有较多的果糖和有机酸，易发酵，有预防便秘的作用。水分的补充也非常重要，要多喝果汁、牛奶、开水、生果等防止便秘。 早期妊娠反应与饮食 早期妊娠反应是早期妊娠的一种生理反应。主要症状表现为恶心、呕吐、食欲不振，其症状的严重程度的持续时间因人而异，一般从怀孕的第6周开始，至第12周消失。呕吐严重者，无法进食，引起营养缺乏和脱水。孕妇思想紧张，顾虑重重，会使呕吐加剧。若不予调理，会影响孕妇的健康，使胎儿先天发育不良。调理饮食，减轻或抑制呕吐的正确方法是: (1) 保持精神愉快，解除思想顾虑。饭菜要清淡，双口，不油腻。另外，舒适的环境，适口的食物也有促进食欲的作用。 (2) 多吃容易消化的食物，如烤面包、饼干、大米或小米 22 稀饭等。每日要少食多餐，吃饭时间不必严格规定。正常饮食开始，可以吃一些碳水化合物和蛋白质混合的小餐，但不要有刺激性的东西和精制糖块等，吃饭时要细嚼慢咽，饭后可以立即躺下休息。早晨起床前吃少量食物对减轻恶心也有帮助。 (3) 食物烹调要多样化，根据孕妇的不同情况和嗜好，选择不同的原料和配套方法，对于呕吐严重、有脱水的孕妇要选择含水分多的食品。如各种水果、西瓜、新鲜蔬菜不仅含有大量水分，而且含有丰富的维生素C和钙、钾等无机盐。有的孕妇会有酸味、辣味和其他味道的嗜好，烹调食物时可使用少量香辛料，如姜、辣椒、紫苏、紫菜等，使食物具有一定得刺激性，有增加食欲的作用。柠檬汁、醋拌凉菜、酸奶等酸味食品能引起食欲备受孕妇的喜爱。冷食也是妊娠早期的理想食品。妊娠呕吐时对气味非常敏感，冷食比热食气味小并有抑制胃黏膜病态兴奋的效果，所以对于许多食品科晾凉后吃。咸、甜饼点、面试、水果、寿司等，即可充当零食，也可刺激食欲，冰糕、冰激凌等冷饮是也可适量摄入。 适当地吃一些小零食 怀孕后，孕妇有时对某些食物不能忍受，尤其是咖啡、油腻和煎炸食品等。而另一方面，有些妇女会产生对某些食品的嗜欲，通常是一些酸甜类的零食;也可能爱吃一些平时混杂在一起吃的食物，更有甚者，还要吃一些非孕时不可能吃的东西，如煤、泥土或牙膏等，这在医学上称为“异食癖”。异食癖可能是营养不良的一种表现，常常是由体内缺乏铁、钙、锌或钴等微量元素或矿物质所致。目前绝大多数孕妇营养状况很好，这种异食癖已很罕见。 23 爱吃零食和对某些食物的厌恶，可能是怀孕阶段体内激素变化所致。激素变化还会影响舌上的味蕾。这些变化只要仍合乎情理，也就没有什么害处。只是过多地吃果酱、市丁、蛋糕、精制食品、巧克力、水果汁、汽水、冰激凌和其他一些甜食，很容易增加体重。 如果在两餐之间吃点零食的嗜欲，可吃一些能量释放缓慢的碳水化合物类，如坚果类、葡萄干等果类，还要吃些粗纤维的菜和水果，如胡萝卜、芹菜和苹果等。准备好少量的零食是有用的。如果进餐很多，营养也很丰富，则最好少吃零食 怀孕早期营养素供给量 我国营养学会推荐的怀孕早期妇女每日营养素供给量如下表，以轻体力劳动强度为例。 怀孕早期妇女营养素供给量 供给量 供给量 热能 9623千焦 维生素E 10毫克 硫胺素(维生蛋白质 70克 1.2毫克 素B) 1 按黄素(维生钙 800毫克 1.2毫克 素B) 2 尼克酸(维生铁 18毫克 12毫克 素PP) 抗坏血酸(维锌 15毫克 60毫克 生素C) 硒 50微克 视黄醇(维生800微克当量 24 素A) 碘 150微克 维生素D 5微克 孕早期摄入的实物量 主食:米、面250克、杂粮(玉米、小米、豆类等)25克,50克。动物类食品(鱼、肉、禽类)100克,150克，蛋类50克，蔬菜(绿色蔬菜占70%)枷克，牛奶250克，水果2克，烹调油25克。 怀孕中期饮食的基本原则 中期营养生理特点 妊娠中期是指怀孕的第13周至第28周，也就是怀孕的第4个月至第7个月。妊娠中期，胎儿和母体都发生了明显变化，胎儿各器官系统迅速增殖发育。怀孕3个月时的胎儿体重大约20克，从第4个月开始，胎儿体重增长加快，逐渐发育成熟，至妊娠中期末时，胎儿体重可增加到1000克，出生后能啼哭，若具备良好条件，加强护理可存活，胎儿每月体重增加见表。 胎儿每月体重增加数量 0,妊娠时间(月) 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3 体重增加(克) 20 100 120 340 420 500 700 800 妊娠中期，为了适应胎儿生长发育的需要，母体各系统发生了巨大的适应性变化。子宫的容积随着胎儿、胎盘和羊水的25 增长而扩大。乳腺增生加速，乳房增大。孕妇血容量扩充。肾脏排泄功能加速，部分营养素可随尿液丢失。孕妇可因雌激素的影响或缺乏维生素C，出现齿龈充血、肿胀、疼痛、出血等症状。蛋白质、糖、脂肪、矿物质等的代谢发生变化，各种营养素的需要量显著增加。整个妊娠期，孕妇体重增加大约10千克，妊娠早期(怀孕期的前三个月)仅增加0.8千克,1.5千克，妊娠中期和后期每周大约增加0.4千克。妊娠中期，大部分孕妇的早期妊娠中毒症消失，食欲改善，饮食量增加。应注意的问题，根据妊娠中期营养生理特点，均衡营养应注意以下几点。 (1) 增加热能。从妊娠中期开始，孕妇的基础代谢加速，糖利用增加，热能需要量每日比妊娠早期增加约30千卡。但最近的调查表明，大部分妇女在怀孕5个月时都要调换做较轻的工作，家务劳动和其他活动有所减少，因此，热能的增加应根据劳动强度，活动量的大小因人而异，最好是观察孕妇体重的增加情况，妊娠中期和后期体重的增加应不少于每周0.3千克，不多于0.5千克。热能摄入过多，新生儿体重太大，难产机会越多。随着热能需要量的增加，与能量代谢有关的维生素B的需1要量也相应增加。 (2) 摄入足量的蛋白质。为了满足胎儿、子宫、胎盘、母血、乳房等组织迅速增加的需要，并为分娩消耗及产后乳汁分泌进行适当贮备，蛋白质的收入应足量，孕妇每月蛋白质的摄入量不应低于80克,90克。同时，妊娠中期的胎儿脑细胞分化发育处于第一个高峰期，蛋白质的缺乏克导致细胞的永久性减少。一般每天要比妊娠早期多摄入15克,90克，最好动物性蛋白质量占全部蛋白质的一半，另一半为植物性蛋白质(包括大豆蛋白质)。所以，除了以面粉、米为原料的主食外，肉类、蛋 26 类、奶类等副食品也尤为重要，注意副食品中蛋白质的利用。 (3) 保证适宜的脂肪供给。脂肪是提供能量的重要物质。动物性食品和植物油都有丰富的脂肪，孕妇应根据实际情况作以适量的补充;妊娠中期，脂肪开始在孕妇的腹壁、背部、大腿及乳房部位存积，为分娩和产后哺乳作必要的能量贮备。怀孕24周时，胎儿也开始脂肪贮备。脂肪还是构成脑和神经组织的重要成分，必需脂肪酸缺乏时，可推迟脑细胞的分裂增殖。脂肪的摄入量一般占全部热能的25%,30%为宜。植物油和动物油应有适当的比例。植物油所含的必需脂肪酸比动物油更为丰富。动物性食品，如肉类、奶类、蛋类以含有较多的动物性脂肪，孕妇不必再额外摄入动物油，如猪油、羊油、鸡油等，烹调菜肴时，只有植物油就可以了。 (4) 多吃矿物质和微量元素丰富的食物。从怀孕的第10周开始，孕妇的血容量迅速增加，至第33周时达到最高峰，以后速度减慢。整个妊娠中期恰好是孕妇血容量增加速度最快的时期，血液相对稀释，从而造成生理性贫血，血红蛋白降低。这种低血红蛋白除了血液稀释的缘故外，往往还由孕妇缺铁以及胎儿本身制造血液和组织对铁的吸引力的增加所致。孕妇铁摄入量不足时，会影响胎儿铁的贮备，使婴儿期较早出现缺铁及缺铁性贫血。所以，中期妊娠期间应多吃含铁丰富的食物，必要时要给予铁剂治疗。轻度贫血对妊娠、分娩影响不大，重度贫血可引起早产或死胎，使孕妇发生贫血性心脏病。贫血还容易并发妊娠中毒症，减低机体的抵抗力，引起产后感染。食物中的铁分为血红素铁盒非血红素铁。血红素铁主要含在动物血液、肌肉、肝脏等组织中，此种铁消化吸收率较高，一般为11%,25%。植物性食品中的铁均为非血红素铁，主要含在各种谷类27 粮食、蔬菜、坚果等食物中，此种铁吸收率较低，一般为1%,5%。鱼和肉除了自身所含的铁较容易吸收外，还有助于植物性食品中铁的吸收;因此，孕妇的膳食量最好在同一餐中食入适量鱼或肉。维生素C能增加铁在肠道内的吸收，应多吃些维生素C含量多的蔬菜、水果。茶叶、咖啡中含有单宁酸，能抑制铁的吸收，孕妇不宜大量引用浓茶和咖啡。牛奶和人奶铁含量少，而且吸收率低。蛋黄中铁含量虽稍多，但吸收率也较低。 碘是合成甲状腺素的重要物质。甲状腺素能促进蛋白质合成，促进胎儿的生长发育。怀孕期间，尤其是妊娠中期开始，甲状腺功能活跃，碘需要量增加，各种海产品都含有丰富的碘，是膳食的最好来源。 其他矿物质和微量元素，如钙、锌、镁等，随着胎儿发育的加速和母体的变化，需要量也相应增加。尤其需要加强钙的补给，牛奶是最佳的钙质来源，若孕妇本身不爱喝牛奶，那么，几块豆腐、两块薄芝士、小鱼、几辆芥菜或西兰花等所含的钙质，亦相当于一杯牛奶。 (5) 增加维生素的摄入量。自妊娠中期开始，孕妇对各种维生素的需要量增加，这时应多吃新鲜蔬菜和水果以及适当的动物内脏。 叶酸是合成核酸必需的物质，叶酸缺乏时核酸形成减少，影响红细胞成熟，引起巨幼红细胞性贫血。妊娠中、后期，孕妇对叶酸的需要量增加，同时由于孕妇胃酸分泌减少，胃肠功能减弱，吸收率较低。妊娠中、后期，胎儿的生长发育对叶酸的需求量也增加。因此，妊娠中。后期巨幼红细胞性贫血比较多见。叶酸最丰富的食物来源是动物肝脏，其次是绿叶蔬菜，酵母及动物内脏，孕妇应适当摄入。对于严重的叶酸缺乏者， 28 应大量食用纽崔莱铁质叶酸片。 维生素B能促进红细胞的发育成熟，缺乏时，也可引起巨12 幼红细胞性贫血，一般和叶酸同时存在。维生素B主要含在动12物肝脏中，也含于奶、肉、蛋、鱼中，植物性食品中一般不含维生素B。 12 妊娠中期，胎儿和孕妇对维生素B的需要量增加，尤其在6 怀孕5个月以后最为明显。维生素B缺乏时，新生儿出生后体6 重降低。维生素B的分布很广，其中含量较多的食物有蛋黄、6 肉、鱼、奶、全谷、豆类及白菜。 (6) 食欲和体重。此时期是孕妇怀孕期间食欲最好的时候。如果准妈妈在怀孕初期时，体内的养分供应失调，务必在这几个月间尽力补救，以免因为营养不足，出现母体与胎儿互争营养的情况。 此期间，也应该继续保持“少量多餐”的原则。对于嗜食的食物，若一次吃得太多，只能吃坏肚皮。虽然要积极争取营养，但也不可吃得过胖;一般而言，由第4个月起止怀孕期满，每3个月增加4千克,5千克为适当。由于容易掌握身体状况，孕妇更要注意饮食营养的均衡，不可偏食。尽量少吃甜品，牛奶、水果都是适当的零食。 孕中期的食欲不振可能是饮食中缺乏某些物质所致，尤其是维生素B和锌。为此要吃一些含维生素B族和锌丰富的食物，即使不喜欢也要坚持吃几天，这样胃口可能马上就会好转。 精心安排孕中期的膳食 这一时期大多数孕妇的妊娠反应已经基本消除，食欲渐增，颇为适合胎儿快速生长发育的需要。孕妇在1日3餐之外，还可再加上碘辅食，以保证营养供给。 29 妊娠中期正是胎儿骨质与软组织及其他组织器官的快速发育时期，胎儿不断通过胎盘向母体索取各种营养素，以供应自身生长发育的需求。这时母体如果不能及时从饮食中补充各种营养素，就可能造成母体的营养不良，从而容易引起胎儿营养不良，甚至会诱发早产、死胎等。此期孕妇的主食不得少于400克,500克，并要摄入足够的脂肪、蛋白质、蔬菜及水果等。 孕中期营养素的供给量以轻体力劳动强度为例: 热能10460千焦，维生素B1.8毫克，维生素B1.8毫克，12蛋白质85克，烟酸18毫克，维生素C80毫克，钙1000毫克，维生素A3300国际单位，维生素D10微克，铁28毫克，锌X毫克，维生素E12毫克。 孕中期每日的营养安排应注意以下几点: (1) 主食要充足。孕中期要摄入足够的主粮以保证热能的供给，可以节省蛋白质的消耗。提倡孕妇选食标准米、面，或与杂粮混食，如玉米面、小米、麦片等。孕中期主粮每日应摄入400克,500克。 (2) 多吃动物性食品。动物性食品提供的蛋白质应占蛋白质总量的1/3以上。特别是动物内脏含有丰富的优质蛋白质、血红素铁、维生素B、叶酸、维生素B、维生素A等，正是212 孕中期妇女最为需要的几种营养素。孕中期孕妇至少每周选食1次一定量的动物内脏。 (3) 增加植物油摄入量。孕中期应增加烹调所用的植物油的量，以适应胎儿机体及大脑生长发育的需要。也可多吃些花生仁、核桃仁、葵花籽仁及芝麻等含脂质丰富的食品。 (4) 合理烹饪，减少维生素的损失。例如，淘米时应避免反复用力搓洗;烧煮时不应丢弃米汤;煮稀饭及馒头时不应加 30 碱;蔬菜先洗后切，切后就烧，不宜搁放太久;烧炒时宜旺火快炒等。 (5) 少食多餐。孕中期，逐渐增大的子宫进入腹腔可能挤压胃，孕妇每餐后易出现胃部胀满感，故孕妇宜少食多餐，每日4次,5次。 孕中期膳食构成举例: 米、面主粮44克,55克，豆类及豆制品50克,100克，蛋类50克,100克(1个,3个)，新鲜绿叶蔬菜55克，畜、禽、鱼、肉100克,150克，时令水果200克 孕中期1日食谱的安排,春季例, 早餐:馒头50克 稀饭50克(大米) 酱鸡蛋50克 酱瓜10克 午餐:炒蚕豆(鲜蚕豆100克，植物油5克，盐适量) 红烧带鱼(带鱼100克，植物油5克，酱油及白糖适量) 米饭100克(大米) 午点:芝麻糊(米粉25克，芝麻25克，白糖适量) 晚餐:炒青菜(青菜100克，植物油5克，盐适量) 油豆腐烧肉(油豆腐50克，猪肉50克，植物油5克，酱油及白糖适量) 米饭100克(大米) 晚点:苹果100克 31 孕中期1日食谱的安排,夏季例, 早餐:大饼50克 油条25克 牛奶卧鸡蛋(牛奶250克，鸡蛋50克，白糖10克) 午餐:炒毛菜(毛菜150克，植物油5克，味精及盐适量) 清蒸鲸鱼(鲸鱼150克，香葱及盐适量) 米饭150克(大米) 午点:冷面(挂面50克，花生酱10克，酱油适量)西瓜 500克 晚餐:炒素什锦(素鸡片切克，土豆片100克，面筋25克， 植物油5克，味精及盐适量) 丝瓜炒蛋(丝瓜100克，鸡蛋50克，植物油5克， 味精及盐适量) 米饭100克(大米) 晚点:西瓜500克 孕中期1日食谱的安排,秋季例, 早餐:豆沙包(面粉50克，X10克，白糖10克) 稀饭25克 腐乳10克 早点:橘子100克 午餐:青菜炒蘑菇(青菜100克，鲜蘑菇50克，植物油5 克，味精及盐适量) 紫菜虾皮汤(紫菜5克，虾皮5克，香油3克，味 精及盐适量) 米饭150克(大米) 32 午点:奶油蛋糕50克 晚餐:炒三丁(高笋丁50克，香干丁150克，猪肉 丁100克，植物油5克，味精及盐适量) 菠菜汤(菠菜100克，植物油3克，味精及盐适量) 米饭100克 晚点:橘子100克 孕中期1日食谱的安排,冬季例, 早餐:小馄饨(面粉50克，猪肉25克，香油2克，葱、 味精及盐适量) 午餐:面筋塞肉(面筋25克，猪肉X克，味精及盐适量) 炒青菜(青菜150克，植物油5克，味精及盐适量) 虾皮粉丝汤(虾皮10克，粉丝50克，香油3克， 味精及盐适量) 米饭150克(大米) 午点:甜豆浆(豆浆250克，白糖15克) 晚餐:荷包蛋(鸡蛋50克，植物油5克，味精及盐适量) 罗宋汤(土豆150克，卷心菜150克，牛肉100克， 西红柿X克，植物油5克，味精及盐适量) 米饭100克(大米) 晚点:苹果150克 怀孕晚期饮食的基本原则 增加豆类蛋白质的摄入 妊娠晚期除保证畜禽肉、鱼、奶等动物性食品的摄入外， 33 可多增加一些豆类蛋白质，如豆腐和豆浆。这种食品包含了大豆的主要营养成分，并去除了大豆中的抗消化的因子，提高了蛋白质消化吸收率。豆腐、豆浆的营养价值与牛肉和猪肉相比，毫不逊色。 多吃含钙丰富的食物 为了满足大量钙的需要，应选择海带(干制品含钙348毫克/100克)、虾皮(含钙991毫克/100克)、发菜(含钙875毫克/100克)、芝麻酱(含钙1170毫克/100克)、干酪(含钙799毫克/100克)、紫菜、豆腐丝等。 注意植物油的摄入 植物油不仅含丰富的必需脂肪酸，而且富含维生素E。维生素E可避免胎儿发育异常和肌肉萎缩。如多吃花生、芝麻、核桃以及芝麻油、豆油等，就可得到足量的维生素E。 注意动物肝脏的摄入 动物肝脏中含有血红蛋白铁、核黄素、叶酸、维生素B、12维生素A等，是妊娠晚期营养素补充的理想食品。蛋不宜每日食用，每周1次,2次)，蔬菜(绿叶蔬菜)500克,700克，水果200克。 妊娠晚期的科学饮食 妊娠后期，胎儿增长，子宫压迫胃，孕妇饭量反而减少，营养素摄入量易出现不足。这个时期的饮食原则是:食物品种多样，营养更为丰富，饮食中应以蛋白质和碳水化合物为主，除食入主食如米、面及含蛋白质丰富、体积小、营养价值高的 34 动物性食物如奶类、蛋、肉、鱼类等食物外，还要注意多食动物肝脏、猪血、海产品、骨头汤、豆制品、胡萝卜、水果等含钙、铁磷等元素及维生素高的食物，对纯热能的食物如白糖、蜂蜜等甜食少吃或不吃，以防降低食欲，影响蛋白质等营养素的摄入。在妊娠的最后两个月，胎儿对铁质的需求量相对较多;此时若孕妇进食量少，则叫贫血，因此，必须多食富含铁的食物如动物的肝、肾及红枣桂圆、桃仁、杏仁、菠菜等。同时，要注意适当晒太阳，以促进维生素D的合成，以利于钙、磷的吸收和胎儿(本文来自159369网详见www.159369.com)骨髓的生长发育。妊娠后期，往往会出现便秘，孕妇除了多吃油菜、芹菜等含纤维素的蔬菜外，还要吃些生津清热的水果、蔬菜如苹果、香蕉、葡萄、西红柿、茄子等。纤维素多的食物可增加肠蠕动，生津清热的食物可去肠热，并以津液润肠到，利于大便的排出。此期孕妇餐次可增加到5餐以上。一日膳食的组成，可在妊娠中期膳食组成的基础上再增加50克禽肉、鱼、蛋，或250毫升牛奶或豆浆。控制盐的摄入，若出现水肿应限制盐在每日5克以下。避免辛辣、酒等刺激性食物。 怀孕晚期的营养素供给量 根据我国营养学会推荐轻体力劳动孕妇妊娠晚期营养素供给量如下表。 妊娠晚期营养素供给量 供给量 供给量 热能 10460千焦 维生素E 12毫克 35 硫胺素(维生蛋白质 95克 1.8毫克 素B) 1 核黄素(维生钙 1500毫克 1.8毫克 素B) 2 尼克酸(维生铁 28毫克 18毫克 素PP) 抗坏血酸(维锌 20毫克 80毫克 生素C) 视黄酸(维生1000微克当硒 50微克 素A) 量 碘 175微克 维生素D 10微克 妊娠晚期1日食谱举例 早餐:米粥(大米25克) 煮鸡蛋(鸡蛋40克) 花卷(面粉50克) 炝黄瓜条(黄瓜50克) 加餐:甜牛奶(牛奶250克，白糖5克) 柑100克 午餐:米饭(大米150克) 36 白菜炒腰花(白菜150克，腰花50克) 冬瓜小排骨汤(冬瓜100克，猪小排50克) 加餐:柑100克 晚餐:米饭(大米125克) 肉丝鸡丝黄花菜木耳(肥瘦肉25克，蛋25克，鲜 黄花菜150克。鲜黄花菜应经蒸或煮处理后再食用， 防止秋水仙碱中毒。木耳2克) 紫菜虾皮汤(紫菜10克，虾皮10克) 加餐:酸牛奶(酸牛奶250克，白糖5克) 全天烹调用油量30克，食盐及调味晶适量 以上食谱寒热能2650千卡(11087.6千焦)。蛋白质105.4克，占总热能的15.9%，脂肪79.2克，占总热能的26.9%，碳水化合物379.2克，占总热能的57.22%，维生素A1312微克，维生素E29毫克，维生素B11.52毫克，维生素B2.09毫克，维2 生素C162.1毫克，尼克酸18.9毫克，钙1529毫克，铁30.4毫 克，锌20毫克，硒104.12微克，铜2.3毫克。37 营养与优生 为了保证在妊娠期胎儿及分娩的婴儿健康，首先应注意孕前营养。为了母婴的健康只注意孕期营养是不够的，必须从孕前开始摄入足够的营养才行。体重是衡量人体营养的一个指标。一个人可以根据自身体重是否达到理想标准来调节自己的饮食。体重过低表现消瘦是不好的，而体重过重成为肥胖也有害处，尤其是妇女更容易发胖。计算妇女标准体重最简单的公式，就是自己的身高(厘米数)减去100(北方人)或105(南方人)后再乘以0.9，所得的数字即为自己的体重(千克数)。北方妇女体格较大故减去100，南方妇女体格较小故减去105。例如，身高165厘米的北方妇女的体重为:(165,100)×0.9,58.5(千克)，而南方身高160厘米的北方妇女，体重在49.5千克。这是一个平均数，它有一个范围，例如身高165厘米的北方妇女，体重在45千克以下为偏瘦;45,50千克为中下等;50千克,60千克为中等;60千克,65千克为中上等;超过65千克是过重，达到70千克已超出标准体重的20%，可谓肥胖了。 与大脑发育关系密切的营养种类 大脑及神经系统发育需要多种营养素的不断供给，其中起重要作用的营养素有:脂肪、维生素C、钙、糖、蛋白质、B族维生素、维生素A、E等。前4种尤为重要。 1. 脂肪:脑重(除去水分)的50%,60%是脂肪，其中有40%,50%不能由人体本身在体内制造。这种脂肪称为“结构脂肪”，特别应该提供不饱和脂肪酸，具体包括二十二碳六烯酸 38 (DHA)、亚油酸、亚麻酸及花生四烯酸等。研究证实，二十二碳六烯酸是人脑细胞的组成部分。它存在于脑细胞的线粒体、突触体和微粒体中，是构成脑磷脂及细胞膜的基础，是大脑不可缺少的营养物质，对于脑的神经传导功能和突触的生长发育有重要作用。如果二十二碳六烯酸缺乏，那么，脑细胞膜的形成、脑细胞的生长发育，以及神经传导功能都会受到损伤。一般鱼类及贝类食品含有较丰富的二十二碳六烯酸，其他的不饱和脂肪酸包含在麻油、玉米、核桃仁、花生仁、瓜子仁、松子以及动物脑、心、肺、及瘦肉中。 2. 维生素C:是仅次于脂肪的重要健脑营养素，它在促进脑细胞结构的坚固，消除脑细胞结构的松弛与紧缩方面起着相当大的作用。 3. 钙:对脑细胞的正常发育十分重要。 4. 糖:据 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 ，脑的重量仅占全身重量的2%，但脑所消耗的葡萄糖量却可达全身热能消耗总量的20%。脑在生长发育过程中需要充足的糖分。 5. 蛋白质:大脑细胞中35%是蛋白质构成的，脑神经激素是一种多肽结构的蛋白质分子。缺少蛋白质将使胎儿脑发育迟缓。 6. B族维生素:在大脑的生长发育过程中也很需要，例如维生素B能促进糖氧化，维持正常的神经功能。 1 7. 维生素A:若缺乏维生素A，则会使大脑的生长发育迟缓。 8. 维生素E:能防止脑陷入酸性状态，以保证其正常的生长发育 其他营养素，如锌、铜、等微量元素与脑的生长发育也关39 系密切。 总体来说，孕妇营养不良，会影响脑细胞的大小及神经细胞髓鞘化得形成，对脑的成熟不利。对由于营养不良在出生后1年内死亡婴儿的研究，发现他们大脑重量轻，核酸及蛋白质含量低。由此可见，孕妇营养特别是孕晚期的营养对胎儿脑细胞的发育至关重要。 与智力发育关系密切的维生素种类 现已知，大脑的生理功能除与蛋白质、磷脂、不饱和脂肪酸等有关外，还与下列几种维生素的营养状况有密切关系: 1. 维生素B被认为是维护智力的营养素之一。膳食中维12 生素B供给不足，不仅对周围神经有影响，而且对中枢神经系12 统也有损害。临床研究表明，人体缺乏维生素B可患“智力衰12退性精神病”。这种病人的思维判断能力、记忆能力和自持能力都下降，甚至出现语无伦次及性格改变等严重情况。 2. 叶酸能增强人的智力。膳食中缺乏叶酸，除了可以引起智力减退外，还可以使人产生头昏、头痛、记忆力减退、急躁、烦闷及不安等精神方面的症状。 3. 烟酸与人的智力发育关系极大。人体早期缺乏烟酸会影响智力发育，主要表现为反应迟钝、恐惧及言语行动混乱。如果烟酸长期供应不足，则会出现“进行性痴呆症”，使智力受到全面的影响，严重者还可能发生癫狂。有人还报道，急性烟酸缺乏，会导致“大脑型脚气病”，严重损害人的智力。 4. 维生素B对神经系统的健康至关重要。缺乏维生素B66会出现周围神经炎。婴儿缺乏维生素B时会发生惊厥。 6 5. 维生素B有维护智力及促进智能活动的功能，早已被1 40 人们熟知。如果膳食中缺乏维生素B，中枢神经活动便会受到1 影响。维生素B严重缺乏还会引起“大脑型脚气病”，并有严重1 的精神病变。急性维生素B缺乏者最主要的症状是精神混乱及1 昏迷。典型的“大脑型脚气病”病人，发生第6对脑神经病变时，症状较轻者有眼球震颤现象，有的还有较轻的精神混乱症状。 与智能关系密切的维生素种类 人的智能来源有两种:一是先天智能，由遗传基因决定;二是后天智能，由接触外部环境学习而得。人们普遍认为，先天智能即所谓天赋是不可改变的，因为它是由父母遗传基因决定的;至于后天智能，则由学习条件或学习环境决定的。这种观点有一定的道理，但不够确切。先天智能也是可以改变的。变化主要发生(本文来自159369网详见www.159369.com)在从受精卵开始到胎儿神经系统初步形成这一关键时期。如某些药品、病毒、微量元素等均可影响胎儿神经发育。所以说，天才父母的孩子未必都是天才。研究表明，与智力发育关系尤为密切的微量元素有铁、锌、铜和碘等。 1. 锌:锌是大脑发育所必需的微量元素。锌在脑中之所以重要，是因为它影响着遗传物质脱氧核糖核酸的合成、染色质结构和细胞分裂。它也是其他营养物质有效地消化、吸收和利用所必需的。同时也是许多酶的辅助因子。锌在脑中主要存在于杏仁核、脉络丛、海马回、松果体和血管中。海马回中锌的浓度非常高，与记忆力有关。孕妇缺锌可严重影响胎儿的脑发育。 41 2. 铜:铜参与细胞色素氧化酶及超氧化物歧化酶的电子转移。新生儿供给失调主要是因为运动神经缺乏细胞色素氧化酶，铜可以保护神经不受朝阳阴离子的过氧化作用。在胎膜及生命形成初期若缺铜，可引起神经系统髓鞘形成不全等一系列综合症。由于大脑皮质下脱髓鞘状态，且伴有大脑和小脑萎缩，也可导致小儿脑髓体积和重量均变小。与此同时，背侧脊髓小脑脊变性，并伴有小脑运动失调和智力迟钝。孕妇缺铜，可引起胎膜早破，导致早产。早产儿也常出现神经及精神方面的异常，如张力不全、对周围环境缺乏反应、精神发育障碍、运动迟缓及视力反应迟钝等。 3. 铁:铁是机体重要的必不可少的微量元素。脑部神经基节及相关的结构，如锥体外系运动神经元含有丰富的铁。铁参与造血、血红蛋白与肌红蛋白的运输和贮存氧;参与酶代谢及电子传递等。转铁蛋白—mRNA(信使核糖核酸)的转录复制主要是在刚出生后即开始进行，转铁蛋白具有类似神经营养因子的作用。孕期缺铁对胎儿神经系统的发育极为不利。 4. 碘:碘是人们生活中比较熟悉的一种微量元素。碘是甲状腺素中的重要组成部分，甲状腺素克促进生长发育。孕妇及胚胎早期缺碘则可造成生长发育停滞，而且胎儿出生后即会出现克汀病(呆小病)。在妊娠第10周,18周间的神经元增殖期中，碘缺乏可导致神经系统的损害。出生后至2岁，缺碘可导致神经元树突的分枝、轴突及细胞数减少，髓鞘形成迟缓，从而使脑重量减轻，脑回发育异常。 优生与饮食营养的关系 42 优生，希腊文原意是“健康遗传”，即出生的后代从父母那里获得健康的遗传素质，从而在智力、体力及外貌等方面都是优良的。现代所讲的优生，则是通过改善遗传素质并采取一系列有效措施，保证所生后代是健康聪明的。具体地讲，优生就是防止和减少遗传病的发生，以及从妊娠开始对孕妇和胎儿进行监护，避免各种物理、化学及生物等因素对胎儿产生有害的影响，使所生婴儿是优良的。 影响优生的因素有很多，如遗传、环境等，但是营养因素是我们容易控制的惟一因素。孕妇在妊娠期间，必须有足够的营养物质供应，以满足自身的胎儿的需要。当孕妇营养不足时，胎儿要吸收母体本身的营养素，最后出现母体营养缺乏，从而容易导致: 1. 流产、早产、死产和胎儿畸形～增加新生儿的患病率和病死率。 2. 新生儿体重下降和早产儿增多。 3. 贫血。妊娠贫血有一定的危害性，往往引起早产，并使新生儿死亡率增高。妊娠贫血也会减弱新生儿的免疫系统功能，可引起水肿和呼吸道感染。 4. 影响婴儿智力发育。胎儿大脑的生长时所有器官中生长发育最早、最快的一个器官。母亲怀孕18天，在胚胎里就可辨认出神经板，它是大脑的雏形。成熟的大脑约有140亿个神经细胞。在怀孕后期，胎儿脑神经平均每分钟分化增殖2万个神经细胞。出生后，婴儿神经细胞就不再分化增殖。由此可以看出，孕妇营养不良会造成神经细胞的数量减少。这种后果即使在胎儿出生后，再补充丰富营养，也难以挽回。营养不良的胎儿，出生后到了入学年龄，有30%表现为智力低下。据日本有43 关报道，素食孕妇所生样的婴儿，往往由于维生素B12、铁基蛋白质等营养素缺乏，而有某种程度的脑损害。因而，只有保障妊娠期营养的需要，避免营养不足或营养缺乏，使孕妇处于最佳的生理状态，才能为胎儿的生长发育提供良好的条件，这是优生优育的前提。 对胎儿脑及神经系统发育的影响 在脑组织细胞分裂、增殖阶段，营养不良可使细胞分裂减慢，表现出细胞数量减少而体积不变。在脑组织细胞的增大阶段，营养不良则主要使脑细胞增大成熟减慢，表现为细胞平均体积减小而数量不变。一旦营养不良纠正后，细胞体积可以恢复，但是，因营养不良而引起的脑组织细胞数量的减少时无法纠正的，也就是说这种损害是永久性的。 通常把细胞分裂、增殖阶段称为营养不良作用的敏感期。胎儿脑及神经系统发育过程中各种神经细胞及部位神经细胞的分裂、增殖阶段是不同步的。因此，胎儿生长不同阶段出现的营养不良对胎儿脑及神经系统的损害是不同的。具体可分为产前和产后两个阶段。 产前营养不良对胎儿脑发育的影响:主要影响大脑皮质的神经母细胞的发育，可以通过测定脑组织的脱氧核糖核酸含量来进行观察。脑组织脱氧核糖核酸含量反映脑组织细胞分裂状况，脱氧核糖核酸含量减少提示神经母细胞数量的减少。各个器官是一个接一个地分化的，因此，各器官的敏感时期先后与长短也就不同。例如，神经系统发育较早，而且延至出生时还未发育完善，所以其对致畸物的敏期不但早，而且在妊娠时期 44 都易受影响。 胎儿畸形发生的因素尽管是多方面的，但营养因素也十分重要。营养因素对胚胎生长发育的影响主要体现在干扰胚胎生物合成代谢方面。具体表现在生物合成中必需前体、底物等缺乏、能量来源变化、酶抑制、细胞渗透性失调、细胞膜性质改变等。例如核黄素等维生素缺乏，干扰体内三坡酸循环，形成胚胎发育的能量不足。又如锌等无机盐缺乏，使体内脱氧核糖核酸聚合酶、核糖核酸聚合酶活性降低或消失，影响正常的合成代谢。 营养因素对胚胎和胎儿生长的影响主要表现在脑及骨骼等器官。受营养因素影响后，不但能暂时阻碍组织的生长发育，也可能影响以后的组织结构和功能，尽管看上去器官和组织的外型还是正常的，但细胞的数量和大小、组织化学的反应都会有改变。 孕期膳食中蛋白质与热能不足对胎儿的影响:孕期膳食中蛋白质和热能供给不足，对胎儿的生长发育会产生多方面的影响。首先，可使胎儿生长发育低下，体重偏轻;其次，影响胎儿头围的大小和脑的重量、成分及功能，使胎儿智力发育不良。 智利有人在观察死亡的婴儿时发现，营养不良者的脑重量、脑中核糖核酸和脱氧核糖核酸及蛋白质的含量均低于营养正常婴儿、此外，脑X、总胆固醇及磷脂含量均较低。如果孕妇蛋白质和热能严重不足，则可影响婴儿和儿童的神经、心理功能，其表现为:表情淡漠，对环境刺激无反应或反应慢，不爱说话，不爱动，经常躺着或坐着，没有微笑等。 人体和各种食物中的代表作都是由20多种氨基酸组成的，各种蛋白质中所含的氨基酸不仅种类不同，而且数量和排列顺45 序也不一样，其中有8种氨基酸是人体不能合成的，靠每日由膳食提供必需氨基酸。必需氨基酸供给不足，例如缺乏缬氨酸，大鼠就会出现中枢神经系统功能紊乱及共济失调等症状;缺乏赖氨酸、色氨酸和蛋氨酸中的任何一种，都会使大鼠胎儿的大脑重量减轻8%,17%，大脑中脱氧核糖核酸含量下降7%,15%，蛋白质含量下降5%,15%。如果孕鼠饲料中含0.2%的色氨酸而无烟酸，则由27%的仔鼠有先天性白内障;如果色氨酸在0.025%以下，即使补充烟酸至10毫克，也仍有64%的仔鼠有先天性白内障。 某种氨基酸过多对机体也有影响，因为它可以破坏机体氨基酸的平衡或发生副作用。当孕鼠饲料中含有过量的赖氨酸或亮氨酸，可造成胎仔生长停滞和死亡率升高。如果给孕鼠注射亮氨酸，则会造成胎仔畸形。苯丙氨酸过多对胚胎十分有害，在这一点上，动物和人是一样的。母亲患有苯丙酮尿症，则她的婴儿常会出现生长停滞、智力发育迟缓、先天痴呆和畸形等现象。 孕期最好能让孕妇多吃些瘦肉、鸡蛋、奶类、鱼类、动物肝肾等食品，避免过多或过少摄入某种氨基酸、以致氨基酸失衡，造成对胎儿的危害。 导致胎儿宫内生长迟缓的原因 以前，将足月出生体重低于2500克的婴儿称为足月低体重儿。但这仅仅反映了体重，实际上这种胎儿不单是体重低及生长迟缓，他们各方面发育还未能达到应有的状态，故现在称为胎儿宫内生长发育不良或胎儿宫内生长迟缓。这种婴儿不但死亡率较正常婴儿高8倍,10倍，能存活者也常是体弱多病成智力发育较差。 46 胎儿宫内生长迟缓的原因是多方面的、复杂的。有遗传基因、种族、分娩股次、胎盘及不良环境等因素，而孕妇营养更是不可低估的因素。 1979年世界卫生组织的一项统计结果表明，全世界1.22亿活产婴儿中，约有2100万位低体重儿，其中90%即1890万发生在发展中国家。这些国家的孕妇不是由于贫穷而缺乏营养的供给，就是因为某些宗教信仰而导致孕妇的不适当进食或限制饮食，或是营养不全面、不合理、不平衡，如只吃素食等。临床研究表明，孕期中不论是急性进食减少，或饥荒所致的限食，或医疗性禁食，都会使婴儿出生时体重减少。以饥荒为例，首先影响的是母体体重，随后依次是胚胎体重、胎盘重量、婴儿身长及婴儿头围。当饮食营养得到补充后，孕妇体重开始回升，接着是胎儿体重及其他指标的改善。 一般认为，在孕早期营养缺乏的孕妇所生婴儿，他们的中枢神经系统异常发生率增加。在孕早期营养缺乏的孕妇在分娩后，往往发生肥胖。在孕晚期营养缺乏的孕妇所生婴儿，则体重平均降低300克，男婴比女婴更为明显。当母亲营养不良时，血容量减少，心搏出量和胎盘血流量都减少，导致了胎儿发育迟缓。孕晚期妇女营养不良可使胎儿每周体重增加低于230克，分娩除出体重儿的可能性为正常孕妇的两倍。 我国在1961年,1962年经济困难时期，许多孕妇都营养不良，严重影响了胎儿的生长发育，曾统计过2268个活产儿，其中足月低体重儿(出生时体重低于2500克)为206人，占到9.1%。而且这还是经济发达、生活水平较高的上海市的资料。比较贫困的农村，可能情况更为严重。到1964年,1965年，经济情况略有好转，在1815个活产儿中，足月低体重儿为66人，所占47 比例已降为3.6%。这充分说明孕妇的营养状况严重地影响胎儿 的生长发育。 48 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised 49 history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an 50 important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the 51 authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, 52 respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the 53 wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the 54 < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the 55 party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization 56 amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and 57 supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the 58 strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding 59 performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption 60 struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of 61 the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made 62 provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation 63 Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted 64 and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior 65 punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements 66 adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in 67 accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in 68 offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of 69 feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for 70 instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant 71 provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, 72 the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. 73 The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions 74 of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in 75 public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if 76 the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in 77 simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root 78 according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the 79 original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary 80 terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new 81 shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with 82 the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth 83 mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously 84 organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations 85 at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic 86 life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. 87 Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > 88 closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection 89 and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely 90 linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, 91 dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely 92 punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations. 93