介词
介词英语中称为“preposition”是由“前缀pre-(在……前部)+position(位置)”构成的,所以又叫前置词。一般放在名词、代词或动名词的前面。介词是虚词,主要用来
表
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示人、物、事件等与其他人、物、事件之间的关系,如空间位置、时间先后、因果关系、方式方法等。介词与其宾语构成介词短语。可作介词宾语的主要有名词、代词、动
名词(或动名词短语)、名词性从句等。
分类
特点
例词
简单介词
即一个介词
about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on等等。
合成介词
由两个介词构成合成词
into, onto, throughout, upon, within
短语介词
由短语构成
according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to等等。
双重介词
由两个介词搭配而成
from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between等等。
分词介词
由现在分词转化而来
considering(就……而论), including,regarding,concerning等。
兼类介词
由形容词直接转化而来
like, unlike, near, next, opposite等等。
介词不能独立在句中做成份,介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分,
表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。
介词短语的功能
例 句
作定语
They didn’t find the solution to the problem.
作状语
We have breakfast at seven.(表时间)
They were late for the meeting because of the heavy rain.(表原因)
What do you mean by doing such a thing?(表方法)
Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(表条件)
作表语
When I paid a visit to you yesterday, you were not at home.
作宾语补足语
I found the old building in a bad condition.
介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一,使用频率相当高,其用法跟冠词一样复杂。但根据近年来高考命
题
快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题
的情况来看,考生需要掌握以下内容。
1.表示相同或相似概念的介词(短语)的区别
表示的概念
介词(短语)
区 别
例 子
时间
in
on
at
at在一个时间点上;
in在一段的时间之内;
on在具体日子。
①at 8 o’clock, at noon
②in the 1990s, in January
③on Monday, on a warm morning
since
from
since 指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用;
from指从时间的某一点开始。
①We have not seen each other since 1995.
②I hope to do morning exercises from today.
in,
after
in指在一段时间之后,也可以指一段时间之内=within;
after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中。
①We’ll be back in three days.
②After seven the rain began to fall.
③What shall we do after graduation?
in the end
at the end of
by the end of
in the end作“最后”、“终于”解,单独作句子成分,后不接介词of;at the end of 表示“在……末梢”,“到……尽头”,既可指时间,也可以指地上或物体。不可单独使用;by the end of 作“在……结束时”,“到……末为止”解,只能指时间。不可单独使用。
①In the end they reached a place of safety.
②At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden.
③They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week.
④By the end of last month he had finished the novel.
位置
between
among
一般说来,between表示两者之间,among用于三者或三者以上的中间。
①You are to sit between your father and me.
②He is always happy among his classmates.
注意:但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,
强调的是两两相互间接关系时、在谈到一些事物或一组事物,而把它们视为分居两边时以及在谈事物间的差别时,就用between。
①Agreements were made between the
different countries.
②The little valley lies between high
mountains.
③They don’t know the difference between wheat, rice and coin.
in
on
to
in表示在某范围内;
on指与什么毗邻;
to指在某环境范围之外。
①Changchun is in the northeast of China.
②Mongolia is on the north of China.
③Japan is to the east of China.
on
in
on只表示在某物的表面上,而用in表示占去某物一部分。
①There is a book on the piece of paper. ②There is an interesting article in the
newspaper.
③ He dug a hole in the wall.
in
into
in通常表示位置(静态);
into表示动向,不表示目的地或位置。
①We walked in the park.
②We walked in
to the park.
through
across
through表示从内部通过,与in 有关;across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过,与on有关。
①Water flows through the pipe.
②The old man walked across the street.
in the corner
on the corner
at the corner
in the corner 表示在角落里,in指角的内面;on the corner表示“在角上”,on指的不是内面,也不是外面,而含内外兼有之意;at the corner指“在拐角处”,at指的是拐角外附近的外面。
①The lamp stands in the corner of the room.
②I met with him at the street corner.
③He sat on the corner of the table.
除了
besides
except
but
except for
besides指“除了……还有,再加上”;except指“除了,减去什么”,不能放在句首。but 与except意思近似,表示“除了……外”经常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑问词后面。except for表示“如无……就,只是”表明理由细节。
①All went out besides me.
②All went out except me.
③I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.
④His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
表示的概念
构成
例 子
动作(表进行概念、表被动的关系)
at+名词
at dinner/table在吃饭 at work在工作 at war交战
at cards 在玩牌 at work 在办公 at play 在玩耍
at rest在休息 school在上学 at press正在排印
at church在做礼拜
beyond+名词
beyondbelief难以置信 beyondcontrol不听管教。 beyondcompare无可比拟 beyonddescription难以形容
beyondexpression无法表达 beyondsuspicion无可怀疑
in+名词
或in+名词+of+名词
in the army在当兵 in need of需要 in action在运转
in progress在进行 in operation在运行中 inuse开始使用
insight看得见 instore贮藏着
incourseofconstruction正在兴建当中。 in(good)repair维修良好的incourseofshipment.定的货正在运输途中。 inchargeof负责 inthechargeof由……负责 inpossessionof拥有 inthepossessionof被……拥有
on+名词
on business办事/出差 on holiday/vacation/leave在休假
on watch值班 on duty值勤/日。
on guard在值勤 on strike在罢工
on sale出售 on loan借贷
on the move 在移动,搬迁,离开 on the march在行军
on the air在广播 onfire在燃烧。
ontrial在试用 onshow/display/ exhibition在展出
under+名词
under control在控制之中 under discussion在讨论
underdevelopment在发展中 under observation在观察中
under test在被测试 under construction在建设中
under fire在炮火中 under examination在检查/调查中
under consideration在考虑中 under repair在修理中
underarrest被逮捕 underattack受到袭击
undermedicaltreatment在治疗中 underst
udy在研究中
其他
against one’s opinion反对某人的见解
for one’s opinion同意某人的见解
abovereproach无可指责,无可非议
abovesuspicion不受怀疑
abovecriticism无可指责
at the mercy of在……支配下;任由……摆布
forsale供出售 forrent供出租 withinsight看得见
2.常见同一形容词与不同介词搭配时意义上的差别
常见形容词
搭配
意义
absent
(be) absent from
缺席
(be) absent in
不在这里而在……
afraid
(be) afraid of
担心……
(be) afraid for
为……而担心
angry
(be) angry with sb.
对某人生气
(be) angry at/about sth.
因某事而生气
anxious
(be)anxious for sth
急于想得到
(be)anxious about sth./sb.
对某事/某人担心
different
(be) different from
与……不同
(be) different to
不关心
familiar
(be) familiar with
精通,熟悉
(be) familiar to
为……熟知(悉)
good
(be) good at
擅长于
(be) good for
对……有益
(be) good to
对……友好/态度好
popular
(be) popular with sb.
受……欢迎
(be) popular for
因……而流行
strict
(be) strict with sb.
对某人要求严格
(be) strict in sth.
对某事要求严格
3.容易混淆的含有介词固定搭配的词组
类 型
举 例
差一冠词,大相径庭
in front of(在……前面)——in the front of(在……前部)
in charge of(负责)——in the charge of(由……负责)out of question(毫无疑问)——out of the question(不可能)
at table(在吃饭;在吃饭时)——at the table(在桌子旁边)
有无介词,意义不同
know sb.认识某人——know about sb.了解某人
shoot sb.击中某人——shoot at sb.向某人射击search sb.搜身——search for sb.搜寻某人
believe sb.相信某人的话——believe in sb.信任某人的人格benefit sb.使某人受益——benefit from sb.从某人那里得到益处
画蛇添足,误加介词
serve the people为人民服务(容易在serve后加for)
enter the room进入房间(容易在enter后加into)follow me跟在我后面(容易在follow后加behind)
marry sb.与某人结婚(容易在marry后加with)
go abroad出国(容易在go后面加to)
live upstairs住在楼上(容易在live后面加 in)
母语思维,误用介词
be caught in the rain被雨淋着(不用by)
leave for some place动身去某地(不用to)set an example to
sb.为某人树立榜样(不用for)
in the direction朝着……方向(不用to)do a favor for sb.帮某人一个忙(不用to)
different from和……不同(不用with)with the help of在……的帮助下(不用under)
steal sth. from sb.偷某人的东西(不用of)
read sth. to sb.给(为)……读(念)……(不用for)
①Although my opinion, the old professor didn’t come up with his own.
A. against B. on C. for D. in
②Some people choose jobs for other reasons money these days.
A. for B. except C. besides D. with
【解析】答案为C。句意:如今一些人选择工作时,除了钱的原因还有其他原因。besides意为“除了(包含除去的)”;except意为“除了(不包含除去的)”。根据题意besides符合题意。
③Some students often listen to music classes to refresh themselves.
A. between B. among C. over D. during
【解析】答案为A。between用于两者之间,也可指多个事物中的两两之间的关系;among用于三者或三者以上。“课间”是指两节课之间,因此应用between。
④This is a junior school. You should go to a senior school girls of your age. (2007北京卷)
A. for B. about C. from D. to
【解析】答案为A。for在此表示“适于、适合”。句意:这是一所初级中学,你应该去一所适合你这个年龄段女孩子的高级中学读书。
⑤ the silence of the pauses, we could hear each other’s breathing and could almost hear our own heartbeats.
A. In B. For C. Under D. Between
【解析】答案为A。句意:在停顿的沉默中,我们能听到对方的呼吸,甚至能听到我们自己的心跳。In意为“在……之中”。
⑥Sorry, Madam. You’d better come tomorrow because it’s the visiting hours. (2006福建卷)
A. during B. at C. beyond D. before
【解析】答案为C。beyond表示“(
时间)晚于、迟于”。句意:对不起,女士,你最好明天来,因为参观的时间已经过了。
⑦This new model of car is so expensive that it is the reach of those with average incomes.
A. over B. within C. beyond D. below
⑧It was a pity that the great writer died his works unfinished.
A. for B. with C. from D. of
【解析】答案为B。句意:那个著名作家的作品还未完成他就去世了,真是遗憾。with引导的是复合结构作伴随状语。
⑨—What do you want ________those old boxes?
—To put things in when I move to the new flat.
A. by B. for C. of D. with
【解析】答案为D。所提到的情景“To put things in when I move to the new flat. ”说明了箱子的用途。with的意思是“用”后接工具。如:cut with a knife用刀切。