魏晋玄学的名教与自然之辨1

魏晋玄学的名教与自然之辨1 魏晋玄学的名教与自然之辨 内容提要 名教与自然之辨是玄学思潮的主 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 。关于此，汤用彤、陈寅恪、唐长孺、牟宗三、余英时和庞朴等方家均有专题研究。这里，笔者试图把名教与自然之辨拆解为名实、情礼、古今、天人四个理论层面，逐一解读。本文除了不可避免地要涉诸儒道关系外，立论的主旨则在于揭示名教与自然之辨的基本论域、内在理路及其所由产生的历史语境。 颠倒的社会塑造了颠倒的人格。生当魏晋乱世的玄学名士，他们对名教的矛盾心态和人格行为的不统一，有着真切的历史内涵。我们不应无视而是应该充分揭示这种真实的矛盾——矛盾的真实，并由此来完整地把握名教与自然之辨的思想意味。 从何晏、王弼到嵇康、阮籍，再到向秀、郭象，这是玄学思想发展的“三部曲”，名教与自然之辨在这三段中也展现为一种逻辑递进关系。然而，这种逻辑演进并不明显，而玄学家们对名教与自然关系的讨论又多有重叠之处。而且，由于名教与自然范畴的歧义性以及名教与自然之辨在玄学思想体系中的主导地位，名教与自然的关系实乃涉诸语言、人性、社会和宇宙等诸多方面。由是，本文选择了共时性的结构性的话语 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 ，同时尽可能兼顾历史性的说明。 玄学家的名教与自然之辨以及由此衍生的一些议题，多是当代哲学关注的理论问题，玄学家以其对这些问题深刻而独到的见解丰富了人类思想的宝库，给后人以宝贵的启迪。 (一) 引言 魏晋之际，经学式微，玄风振起。玄学名士们清谈雅论，旷达风流，煽起了一股颇具异端色彩的思想潮流。作为魏晋时期的思想主潮，玄学当然不是无主题变奏，或无主题的变相说法所谓多主题。那么，玄学的思想主题是什么呢?应该说是名教与自然之辨。名教与自然之辨是玄学对魏晋社会的时代课题的理论解答，是玄学理论体系的逻辑起点和终点，规定与凸显了玄学思潮的价值取向和思想品位。当然，名教与自然概念其来有自，在先秦时代即已形成。但是，把二者的关系自觉而明确地作为理论探讨的中心议题的，当是魏晋玄学。 与中国传统思想上其他概念术语一样，名教与自然这对范畴也具有模糊性与歧义性。这里有必要对历史上自然与名教概念的内涵分别进行简略的梳理，以期为魏晋玄学名教与自然之辨的真实意味提供一个大致的座标。传统上的“自然”概念至少有四种含义:其一，指自然界或自然现象，吕坤《呻吟语?天地》:“阳亢必旱，久旱必阴，久阴必雨，久雨必晴，此之谓自然。”其二，指非人为、无意识的本然状态，《老子》六十四章:“是以圣人欲不欲，不贵难得之货;学不学，复众人之所过。以辅万物之自然而不敢为。”其三，指人类与生俱来的自然 本性或自然情感，张邈《自然好学论》:“夫喜怒哀乐、爱恶欲懼，人之有也，得意则喜，见犯则怒，乖离则哀，听和则乐，生育则爱，违好则恶，饥则欲食，逼则欲懼。凡此八者，不教而能，若论所云，即自然也。”其四，指“道”，程颢《遗书》卷十二:“一阴一阳之谓道，自然之道也。”其五，指必然，戴震《孟子字义疏证?理》:“由血气之自然，而审察之以知其必然，是之谓理义;自然之必然，非二事也。”“名教”一词，较早见于《管子?山至数》:“名教通于天下而夺其下。”这一概念在魏晋南北朝时期尤为流行。关于名教的含义，本文认为主要指维护宗法等级社会的儒家伦理道德 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 ，尤以君臣父子两伦及相应的忠孝为根基。,1,袁宏说: 夫君臣父子，名教之本也。故尊卑永固，而不逾名教。2 君臣离而名教薄，世多乱而时不治。3 郑鲜之说: 名教大极，忠孝而已。4 此外，隋文帝诏曰: 行仁蹈义，名教所先，历俗敦风，宜见褒奖。5 隋炀帝诏曰: 将欲尊师重道，用阐阙繇，讲信修睦，敦奖名教。6 唐太宗诏曰: 谅由君臣义重，名教所先，故能明大节于当时，立清风于身后。7 由此可见，名教的内容几乎涵盖了三纲五常。在这个意义上可以说，名教即礼教。8傅玄《乐论》曰: 能以礼教兴天下者，其知大本之所立乎?•夫大本者，与天地并存，与人道俱设，虽蔽天地，不可以质文损益变也。大本有三:一曰君臣，以立邦国;二曰父子，以定家室;三曰夫妇，以别内外。9 此外，名教的含义也近于“德教”、10“王教”、11 “风教”、12 “儒教”。13称为“礼教”，系侧重于礼仪有助教化;称“德教”是取其道德之义，称“王教”是由于王权介入教化，称“风教”是着眼于风俗与教化的联系，称 “儒教”是因名教为儒家所标榜。至于称之为“名教”，则是强调以名为教。所谓“以名为教”，即指依据以三纲五常为核心的道德规范，确定名分，名位，名节，名目，名号及善名，德名，荣名，令名，华名，以此来发挥劝善戒恶的道德感化功能。14《颜氏家训?名实》曰: 或问曰:“夫神灭形消，遗声余价，亦犹蝉壳虵皮，兽迒鸟迹耳，何预于死者，而圣人以为名教乎?”对曰:“劝也，劝其立名，则获其实。且劝一伯夷，而千万人立清风矣;劝一季札，而千万人立仁风矣;劝一柳下惠，而千万人立贞风矣;劝一史鱼，而千万人立直风矣。故圣人欲其鱼鳞凤翼，杂沓参差，不绝于世，岂不弘哉?” 这里的“以为名教”，王利器《颜氏家训集解》注引向宗鲁说，认为当改为“以名为教”。15宋人范仲淹就曾指出，“以名为教”是名教的功能和特征。他说: 我先王以名为教，使天下自劝。汤解网，文王葬枯骨，天下诸侯闻而归之，是三代人君已因名而重也。太公直钩以邀文王，夷齐饿死于西山，仲尼聘七十国以求行道，是圣贤之流，无不涉乎名也。孔子作《春秋》，即名教之书也。善者褒之，不善者贬之，使后世君臣爱令名而劝，畏恶名而慎矣。16 由上述讨论似乎可以得出这样的结论:“自然”范畴有多重含义，涉诸自然，社会和人性等不同层面;而“名教”概念的意谓虽然较为暧昧，但主要关涉于伦理道德领域，三纲五常是名教的道德内容，以名为教则是名教的教化形式。若从思想学派的分野上看，大致可以说，名教是儒家的思想旗帜，而自然则为道家所标榜。关于此，晋人阮瞻说得明白:“圣人贵名教，老庄明自然。”17 魏晋时期的名教与自然之辨，从某种意义上讲也就是儒道关系的讨论。从史籍记载中可以发现，尽管这一讨论涉及儒家与道家的优劣高下、本末主次、相斥互补、同合离异等诸多方面，但在话语表达上，包括玄学家在内的魏晋及南北朝人多讲儒道合同。如《后汉书?孔融传》载: (李)膺请(孔)融，问曰:“高明祖父尝与仆有恩旧乎?”融曰:“然。先君孔子与君先人李老君同德比义，而相师友，则融与君累世通家。” 孔融言孔老同德比义，相为师友，道出一代学子调和儒道的先声。《世说新语?文学》载: 王辅嗣弱冠诣裴徽，徽问曰:“夫无者，诚万物之所资，圣人莫肯致言，而老子申之无已，何邪?”弼曰:“圣人体无，无又不可以训，故言必及有;老、庄未免于有，恒训其所不足。” 按王弼的玄解，老子成了崇有者，孔子倒尚起无来。儒道的区别与冲突在王弼的诠释中化解。同篇又载: 阮宣子(修)有令闻，太尉王夷甫(衍)见而问曰:“老、庄与圣教同异?”对曰:“将无同?”太尉善其言，辟之为掾。世谓“三语掾”。 阮修用疑问句的形式巧妙地指明这一时期思想界的主调——儒道合同。这也无怪乎讲了三个字便受到王衍的如此青睐。同书《德行》载: 王平子、胡毋彦国诸人，皆以放任为达，或有****者。乐广笑曰:“名教中自有乐地，何为乃尔也!” 乐广认为，名教中就能尽享自然之妙趣，毋庸外求。王平子、胡毋彦国等辈一味放浪形骸，那是不明儒道相通的奥义。对此，戴逵疏解道: 是时竹林诸贤之风虽高，而礼教尚峻，迨元康中，遂至放荡越礼。乐广讥之曰:“名教中自有乐地，何至于此?” 乐广之言有旨哉!谓彼非玄心，徒利其纵恣而已。18 乐广此语，韩愈也曾借用为:“始知乐名教，何用苦拘宁。”19此外，儒者王昶劝戒其子侄曰:“欲使汝曹立身行己，遵儒者之教，履道家之言。”20 道士葛洪也讲:“道者儒之本，儒者道之末也”，21 “得道之圣人，则黄老是也;治世之圣人，则周孔是也”。22隐士李谧作《神士赋》曰:“周孔重儒教，庄老贵无为。二途虽如异，一是买声儿。”23调和儒道几成了这一时期思想界的大合唱。 玄学名士们就是在这种调和儒道的思想氛围中登上历史舞台并成为时代风潮的主演，主唱。当然，具体到魏晋玄学家，他们是否真的要调和儒道，又怎样调和儒道，以及儒道能否调和，这都是有待探讨的问题。本文虽然无可避免地要涉诸于此，但立论的主旨则是试图揭示名教与自然之辨的内在矛盾和理论得失。由于名教与自然之辨是玄学思潮的主题，玄学的其他命题、范畴与之具有结构性的联系，是其不同方面的论证与诠释，故此，仅仅局限于对名教与自然之辨这一命题的狭隘理解并对其进行历时性的简单描述，则无法厘清其中意蕴。本文拟把名教与自然之辨按其本来的论域拆解为若干不同的理论层面，逐一解析。 (二)实与名——不言之教 玄学思潮的兴起及其名教与自然话题的由来，无疑是与东汉末叶以降儒家道德的危机息息相关。而这种道德危机的主要表现形态便是名实的脱节。 一般讲来，作为一种调节社会关系的价值体系，道德既像法律又象习俗，但又与二者有所区别。道德与法律都关注于重要的社会问题，不同于涉诸日常生活细微末节的习俗;而道德与习俗的约束力来自于内在的自觉与外在的舆论，不同于由政治的强制力量所确立、改变和裁夺的法规。但是，中国传统上的情行则不是这样。汉代以来，儒家伦理学说依托于礼俗和政治两大凭借。一方面，儒学与宗法等级社会的礼仪习俗相衔接，道德学说附丽于礼俗之中，礼仪形式成了道德理念的物质载体、践履途经和检验 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 。这种伦理道德学说与礼仪习俗相结合的特点始自儒学产生之初。我们知道，儒家本来就是从春秋时为贵族相礼作乐的搢绅先生蜕变而来的，其与宗法社会的礼节风俗有着天然的联系。春秋末叶的孔子给原始的宗法性礼俗注入了较多道德意义，建构了一套伦理体系，从而亦创建了儒家学派。儒家伦理与礼俗的结合，既是它得以绵延数千年而不废的一个秘密，又为其流于形式化、具文化和虚伪假冒造成了现实的可能。24另一方面，儒学与政治又有着不解之缘。尤其是自汉武帝“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”以来，儒家学说与王权政治紧密结合起来。儒者借助统治者的权力来实现他们的道德理想，政治上的褒贬赏罚乃至生杀予夺成了保证伦理规范得以遵循的外在力量。统治者又依靠儒家伦理学说感染教化的功能来维护社会的秩序、稳定和运转。道德的标准遂成了政治上迁升贬黜的重要尺度。儒学与政治的联姻，既是儒学的幸运又是不 幸，尽管汉武帝以来儒家便由诸子百家中的一家跃居为强势地位的官方意识形态，但由于与政治的紧密结合又必然造成儒学的蜕化与沉沦。因为，对统治者来讲，他们对儒学的推崇完全是出于维护其统治的狭隘的功利目的，原始儒学中的人本主义和仁爱思想只能作为粉饰其暴力统治的道德装璜，而不会真心实意地付诸实施。儒学与专制政治的结合，必然使思想受到政治动机的牵引而改变其本来面目。此外，尤其应该指出的是，儒家学说重义轻利，而汉代以来的统治者推崇儒学的方法，又恰是名利的引诱，即通过立经学博士、举贤良方正和孝悌力田等政治手段来彰显儒学。而对违背儒家伦理行为的惩处，实是以否定的形式来肯定名利。这种道德信念与教化手段在价值取向上的悖反，成了道德虚伪性的深层原因。政治与儒学的结合，使得因儒学与礼俗结合而埋置下来的潜在的或弱度的形式化问题终于放大。而这种道德的虚伪与堕落，往往伴随着专制王朝的衰败没落而益发严重。 汉代儒生，就是在这种名利的引诱和权势的威逼下，大多失去了传统上“处士横议”的现实批判精神和“知其不可而为之”的理想追求，一味循循娖娖，卑躬折节，奔竞于功名利禄之途。汉儒章句之学的烦琐支离，谶纬迷信的荒诞不经，师法家法的固步自封，以及经今古文的互相水火，其实无一不是利益的驱使，尽管其中无可否认地参杂有学术知趣与价值取向等因素。而名教虚伪化的最集中的体现，便是道德之名与道德之实的脱节。这种情况随着东汉末叶及魏晋之际的政治危机而愈加恶化，终于演化成全社会的道德危机。史书中所谓“刻情修容”，“纯盗虚名”，25“偷世盗名”，“虚造空美”，26“父盗子名，兄窃弟誉，骨肉相治，朋友相诈”，27“真伪浑杂，虚实相蒙”，28云云，讲的就是东汉末叶的道德危机。再如，《抱朴子?外篇?审举》载汉末人的话说:“举秀才，不知书;察孝行，父别居;寒素清白浊如泥，高第良将怯如鸡。”这段文字从吏治选拔的角度反映了其时真假相冒、名实相违的情状。因此，后来魏明帝才有了“选举莫取有名，名如画地作饼”29的感慨。又如《后汉书?陈蕃传》载: 时李膺为青州刺史，„„民有赵宣葬亲而不闭埏隧，因居其中，行服二十余年，乡邑称孝，州郡数礼请之。郡内以荐(陈)蕃，蕃与相见，问及妻子，而宣五子皆服中所生。蕃大怒曰:“圣人制礼，圣者俯就，不肖企及。且祭不欲数，以其易黩故也。况乃寝宿冢藏，而孕育其中，诳时惑众，诬汙鬼神乎?”遂致其罪。 这是说，小民赵宣为猎取功名利禄，葬亲以孝，居于墓道守灵，以表孝心，凡二十余载。真可谓乡里称誉，风光无限。可他却暗渡陈仓，服丧期间私生五子。幸有名士陈蕃明察秋毫，使这则道德造假事件曝光。赵宣称孝一事遂为天下笑谈。这个个案表明，儒家名教已沦为诳时惑众、射取名利的道德招牌。 东汉末，陈蕃、李膺等士大夫掀起清议运动，实有用“臧否人伦”的士人舆论来澄清和整饬道德之意，“李元礼(膺)风格秀整，高自标持，欲以天下名教是非为己任”。30而终于遭到镇压，也终于出现了黄巾农民暴动。魏文帝时开始实施的九品官人之法，意在修补汉代察举 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 的蔽端，最后也成了世家大族垄断仕途的舆论工具。 魏晋之际的司马氏集团，一方面闻名于“博学洽闻，伏膺名教”，31“履义执忠”，“以至孝闻”，32“孝弟忠信”，33另一方面又自我放纵情欲，生活糜烂已极，如以孝显达的何曾日食万钱，其子日食二万，却仍言餐桌上没有下筷子的地方。34再如，爱打道德官腔的晋武帝养后宫近万，每日乘羊车信车所之，择偶就寝，宫人们为得到皇帝的莅临与宠幸，取竹叶插户，以盐汁洒地，以引得羊来。35此外，他们又假借名教的名誉来诛除异己，肆意杀伐，如以“无君之心”36杀曹爽，以“毁人伦之叙，乱男女之节”37废齐王芳，以“将危社稷”38杀夏侯玄、张缉，以“反志”，“祸乱”39平“淮南三叛”，以“悖逆不道”40杀曹髦„„司马氏的一切篡夺活动，都是在维护名教的幌子下进行的，这无疑加剧了东汉末以来的道德危机。名教无以维系人心，也无以维系社会，于是出现了任达不拘、矜高浮诞、肆意放荡、毁方败常的名士风潮。 名实紊乱，名学遂盛。汉末魏晋时期兴起了名理学。“名”指名称，概念;“理”指条理、逻辑。名理学是以“辨名析理”的方法来考察名实关系。而名实关系即名词、概念与事物、实际的关系。《墨子?经说上》曰:“所以谓，名也;所谓，实也。”当然，名理学的讨论不囿于玄学家，其中包括“正名定分”的儒家倾向，“综核名实”的法家色彩，“弃名”，“无名”的道家精神。儒“贵名”，法“崇实”，但二家都主张捏合名实;道家则夸大名实的离异而主张“无名”，甚或 “忘象”，他们“尚虚”。就此而言，玄学名士沿袭了道家的思维路数。 玄学家们对语言的功用普遍具有怀疑态度。王弼说: 至真之极，不可得名。无名，则是其名也。41 夫名所名者，生于善有所章而惠有所存。善恶相须，而名分形焉。•若夫大无私，惠将安在?至美无偏，名将何生?42 何晏说: 仁道至大，不可全名也。43 为民所誉，则有名者也;无誉，无名者也。若夫圣人，名无名，誉无誉，谓无名为道，无誉为大。44 这是讲，名起于对事物有所肯定或否定，赞誉或贬损，其功用在于区别。而至美大爱无以名之，因为名称就是局限，有局限就非尽善尽美。所以，圣人应无名无誉。玄学家还认为，言辞概念不仅不能概括客观存在，也不能反映主观意念。关于后者，玄学家从言意之辨的角度加以论证。《易?系辞上》曰:“书不尽言，言不尽意。”《庄子?外物篇》曰:“言者所以在意，得意而忘言。”玄学家对此进行了发挥，王弼说: 象生于意而存象焉，则所存者乃非其象也;言生于象而存言焉，则所存者乃非其言也。然则，忘象者，乃得意者也;忘言者，乃得象者也。得意在忘象，得象在忘言。45 荀粲说: 盖理之微者，非物象之所举也。今称立象以尽意，此非通于意外者也;系辞 焉以尽言，此非言乎系表者也。斯则象外之意，系表之言，固蕴而不出矣。46 这里，王弼的“得意在忘象，得象在忘言”和荀粲的“言不尽意”虽有微殊，但他们都强调有声的语言与无声的思想之间的差异。不仅如此，嵇康更进而否认非语言的声音如音乐能确切地表达人的内心情感，他认为:“心之与声，明为二物。”47 当然，玄学家们怀疑语言的功能，否认语言符号能代表确定的外界对象，主要还不是因于对人的认知领域的纯学理的探究，而是有着真切的历史内涵。换言之，他们对语言的这种不信任，是当下名实脱节的道德危机在观念形态上的折射与投影。他们热衷于名实关系的探讨及言意之辩，那主要在于揭示现实道德实践中名实脱节的情境，并寻求理论的解答。王弼说: 夫敦朴之德不著，而名行之美显尚，则修其所尚而望其誉，修其所道而翼其利。 望誉翼利以勤其行，名弥美而诚愈外，利弥重而心愈竞。父子兄弟，怀情失直，孝不任诚，慈不任实，盖显名行之所招也。患俗薄而名兴行，崇仁义，愈致斯伪，况术之贱此 者乎?48 嵇康说: 或有矜以至让，贪以至廉，愚以成智，忍以济仁;然矜吝之时，不可谓无廉，情忍之形，不可谓无仁;此似非而非非也。或谗言似信，不可谓有诚;激盗似忠，不可谓无私;此类是而非是也。49 阮籍说: 竞逐趋利，舛倚横弛，父子不合，君臣乖离。故复言以求信者，梁下之诚也;克己以为人者，廓外之仁也;窃其雉经者，亡家之子也;刳腹割肌者，乱国之臣也;曜菁华，被沆瀣者，昏世之士也;履霜露，蒙尘埃者，贪冒之民也;洁己以尤世，修身以明者，诽谤之属也;繁称是非，背质追文者，迷罔之伦也;诚非媚悦以容求孚，故被珠玉以赴水火者，桀纣之终也;含菽采薇，交饿而死，颜夷之穷也。是以名利之途开，则忠信之诚薄;是非之辞著，则醇厚之情烁也。50 向秀、郭象说:51 为义则名彰，名彰则竞兴，竞兴则丧其真矣。父子君臣，怀情相欺，虽欲偃兵，其可德乎。52 德之所以流荡者，矜名故也;知之所以横出者，争善故也。虽复桀跖，其所矜惜，无非名善也。53 若乃矜乎名声，牵乎形制，则孝不任诚。慈不任实，礼之大意哉!54 在玄学家们看来，由以名为教导致的矜名、尚名、显名这种道德语言的滥用，造成尚名好高，心迷神荡，丧情失真，欺世盗名，遂致是非混淆，天下多故。道德教化没有促成道德的普遍实现，而恰恰成了道德沦丧的祸源。正是出于这种洞识，他们蔑弃儒家标榜的道德名目、经典和圣人。荀粲说:“六籍虽存，固圣人之糠秕。 ”55 嵇康说:“欲与生不并久，名与身不具存”，“向之不学，未必为长夜，《六经》未必为太阳”，“识名位为香饵，逝而不顾。”56 他“以诵讽为鬼语，以《六经》为芜秽，以仁义为臭腐，”57 “轻笑唐虞，而笑大禹”， 58 “非汤武而薄周孔”。59 而阮籍作诗曰:“高名令志惑，•重利使心忧”，60 “薄安利以忘生，要求名以丧体”，61“岂为夸誉名，憔悴使心悲”，62“夫世之名利，胡足以累之哉。”63他并把“以诵周、孔之遗训，叹唐、虞之道德” 的儒家君子们视之为群虱，栖身于裤裆之缝际，自以为丰衣足食，结果是烧死于其中而不能出。64 向秀、郭象说: 尧舜者，世事之名耳;为名者，非名也。故夫尧舜者，岂直尧舜而已哉?必有神人之实焉。今所称尧舜者，徒名其尘垢秕糠耳。65 针对“以名为教”的流弊，玄学家提倡“行不言之教”。王弼说: 夫立言垂教，将以通性，而弊至于湮;寄旨传辞，将以正邪而势至于繁。既求道中，不可胜御，是以修本废言，则天而行化。66 不言之教行，何为而不威如?67 是故天生五物，无物为用。圣行五教，不言为化。68 以无为为居，以不言为教，以恬淡为味，治之极也。69 居无为之事，行不言之教，故功成事遂，而百姓不知其所以然也。70 大人在上，居无为之事，行不言之教，万物作焉而不为始，故下知有之而已。71 向秀、郭象说: 任其自行，斯不言之教也，„„绝学去教，而归于自然之意也。72 从上述所引玄学家的思想资料来看，“不言之教”包括如下内容:一，否定仁、义、忠、孝等道德术语及由此而来的道德说教的合理性;二，否定儒家和统治者所定立与称颂的名位、德名的荣耀;三，否定对尧、舜、周、孔等古圣人、贤人之名的称颂和追慕;四，否定把六经等儒家道德教化的文字奉为神圣与顶礼膜拜。玄学家们认为，只有这样才能确保道德理念的最终实现。王弼说: 用不以形，御不以名，故(名)仁义可显，礼敬可彰也。夫载之以大道，镇之以无名，则物无所尚，志无所营。各任其贞事，用其诚，则仁德厚焉，行义正焉，礼敬清焉„„ 故仁德之厚，非用仁之所能也;行义之正，非用义之所成也;•礼敬之清，非用礼之所济也。73 “自然”概念有“无为”之义，如王弼解释《老子》“道常无为”句为:“顺自然也”。74 而无为思想在对待语言文字的态度上，便表现为不言、无名。“不言之教”则是“以名为教”的否定项，二者是自然与名教概念在道德领域中名实关系维度的具体化。玄学家们主张用“不言之教”、“不言为化”来取代“以名为教”，认为如此才能保证道德的纯洁性，终而达于道德的普遍实现。应该说，这种思想源于道家，“不言之教”就是由老、庄首先提出来的，《老子》二章曰:“是以圣人处无为之事，行不言之教。”同书四十三章曰:“是以知无为有益。不言之教，无为之益，天下希及之。”《庄子?知北游》曰:“夫知者不言，言者不知，故圣人行不言之教。”当然，不同的是，老、庄虽然认为废弃外在的道德教化才能实现真正的道德，也说过“绝仁弃义，民复孝慈” 75 这种 似乎认可“孝慈”的话，但没有象魏晋玄学那样把儒家的仁义忠孝作为行不言之教的目的和结果来明确加以强调。晋人戴逵曰:“儒家尚誉„„其弊必至末伪，道家去名„„其弊必至本薄。”76 这用来概括儒道对名教问题上的偏失，是恰如其分的。在名实关系上，玄学承续了老庄的运思方法，也继续了他们的偏颇。他们这种对包括道德语言在内的人类语言普遍的不信任态度，虽有其历史的根由，但却在理论上导致悖论，从而丧失现实的可操作性。这不是由于混淆语义层次而导致的所谓“语义悖论”，77而是一种真实的矛盾。语言是人的本质的外化与延长，“人类总是用语言的方式来拥有世界”。78 自从产生了语言，思想就离不开它的物质外壳语言，道德规范和共识也主要不是以前语言和非概念化的样态存在和形成的。诚然，人类的语言有其局限，甚至会给思想观念带来误导和混乱，但玄学家们对语言的怀疑并不隐含着对语言进化的预期，这就使他们自身处于十分尴尬的境地。他们对语言的不信任恰是在语言中形成和表达的，他们在理论上要废言、不言、行不言之教，可在实践上又挥麈谈玄，悬河泻水，成为一代言家高手，清谈领袖，这一如声称“知者不言”79 而又留下“五千言”的老子。又就不言之教而言，道德确会为权力的兜售者和权力的追逐者所滥用与败坏，但取消道德的外在规范与教化则几无异于取消道德本身。关于此，玄学家试图从人性层面寻求解答。 (三)情与礼——越名任心 人性论是中国传统哲学的重要内容。就儒家关于人性及人的本质的观点而言，虽然漫衍杂多，但其理论的重心都在于论证道德教化的合理性。儒家创立者 80 他把后天的习染作为人类差异的成因而孔子认为“性相近也，习相远也”。 加以强调。孟子提出性善论，认为人先天具有仁义礼智等“善端”，所谓“仁义礼智根于心”，81 这是经由凸显人的道德属性来论证教化的可能性。荀子主张性恶论，说“人之性恶，其善者伪”，82 这是通过把人性中的好利、疾恶，耳目之欲等动物属性导致作为万恶之源来论证教化的必要性。当然，孟子的性善不是讲人性的至善，因为若果如此，人将无需教化，他曾说过:“人之所以异于禽兽者几希。”83 荀子的性恶也不是指人性纯恶，因为那样的话，人则不可救药，荀子所谓“途之人可以为禹”84 无疑暗示了人性中孕含成圣的潜质。汉代大儒董仲舒提出性三品，把人性划分为“圣人之性”、“中民之性”和“斗筲之性”。但他的着眼点则是在“中民之性”，他认为“中民之性”兼具善恶，“两有贪仁”，85 这在理论上就兼顾了道德教化的必要和可能。汉代儒者多持性善恶混说，如刘向、扬雄、郑玄等。及至宋明理学家，他们把人性区分为“天地之性”和“气质之性 ”，这也是一种性善恶混说。儒家的人性论是服从于道德教化的需要，或者说教化的提出是基于对人性的确认。道家则不同，他们既否认仁义礼智为人性的内容，又把纵情嗜欲排除于人性之外，而只承认维持人的生物性存在和物种延续的最低限度欲求的实在性，并认为人性先天完满自足无需借助后天外力来存养或改造。他们以此来否定外在的礼乐教化。可以说，道家才是纯粹意义上的性善论者。86 玄学家继承了原始道家的人性论而又有所变通。 玄学的“自然”范畴，其含义之一指人的内在本性的自然。他们认为，文教礼俗，礼乐教化是有害于自然圆满之人性的。在这个意义上，名教与自然的关系 则表现为外在的道德规范与内在的人类本性的关系。他们主张“越名任心”，“越名教而任自然”。 向秀、郭象说: 人待教迹而后仁义者，非真性也。夫率真性而动，非假学也。故矫性伪情，舍己效物而行仁义者，是减削毁损于天性也。87 嵇康更明言: 推其原也，六经以抑引为主，人性以从欲为欢，•抑引则违其愿，从欲则得自然;然则自然之得，不由抑引之六经，全性之本，不须犯情之礼律。故仁义务于理伪，非养真之要术，廉让生于争夺，非自然之所出也。88 教化，仁义，《六经》，是迷乱至醇天性的诱饵，钳制自然情欲的枷锁，故要越名任心。嵇康说: ••••夫称君子者:心无措乎是非，•而行不违乎道者也。何以言之?夫气静神虚者，心不存于矜尚;体亮心达者，情不系于所欲，故能审贵贱而通物情。物情顺通，故大道无违;越名任心，故是非无措也。89 •••• 任何一种为全社会普遍接受的伦理规范，•都或多或少是以牺牲个人的自我幸福来调整人们间的社会关系，•维护社会共同体的和谐。•而汉儒的伦理学说除了上述的一般共性外，又以假想的神学上帝为根据，以维护特权阶层的权力与利益为旨归，以遏制百姓的欲望和侵夺其利益为手段，颇具禁欲主义色彩。名教由人自已创造，反过来作为人的异己力量又与人对抗，是人的本质的异化(alienation)。黑格尔讲绝对精神的异化，费尔巴哈讲宗教的异化，马克思讲劳动的异化，而中国历史上的名教，实乃道德的异化。玄学家把社会外在的名教与 越名教而任自然”，这似是把人首先理解为人性内在的自然对立起来，并提出“ 一个感觉体，•把感性因素理解为人性的基本因素，这似乎是感性的觉醒，理性的飞升。90 ••••可是，玄学家理解的自然人性的内容又是什么呢?又应怎样才能一反道德的异化而还返人的自然天性呢?何劭《王弼传》载: 何晏以为圣人无喜怒哀乐，其论甚精。钟会等述之。弼与不同，以为圣人茂于人者神明也，同于人者五情也，神明茂，故能体冲和以通无;五情同，故不能无哀乐以应物。然则，圣人之情，应物而无累于物者也。今以其无累，便谓不复应物，失之多矣。91 何晏认为，理想的人格应无喜、怒、哀、乐之情。王弼则认为，凡圣之分不在乎情之有无，而在于圣人能够“?体冲和以通无”，“应物而无累于物”，虽有欲而不为欲迁，虽有情而似无情。这样，人的喜、怒、哀、乐就不会以名教的褒贬为转移。嵇康认为，人应“涤情荡欲”，92 “心无措乎是非”，“情不系于所欲”。阮籍也提倡“恬淡无欲”。93 向秀、郭象则认为，人既应去除心中的是非善恶之别，又应忘怀喜、怒、哀、乐之情，还得泯灭滋味声色之欲，坐忘现象界的一切差别，“玄同彼我”，“玄同光尘 ”，“玄同死生”，“玄同万物”。这样，便不会矜名逐利，尚名好高，彰名丧真，而达到“内不觉其一身，外不识有天地，•然后旷然与变化为体而无不通”94 的理想境界。由此看来，名教纲常的禁欲，是为了维护宗法等级秩序;玄学的少私寡欲，其用意之一则是为 了避免名教对人性的诱惑。•玄学家在宏扬自然人性的同时，又差不多掏空了人性的自然内容。向秀在《难养生论》中虽然曾承认人的生理欲求是自然之理•，但他又认为应该节之以礼。他说: ••••夫人含五行而生，口思五味，目思五色，感而思室，饥而求食，自然之理也。但当节之以礼耳。 向秀的这种说法已游离出玄学思潮的主调而更接近于儒家。 ••••玄学家们蔑弃外在的礼仪教化，•而提倡因任内在的道德情感。而且，他们还认为，只要人们不假外求，任其真性，自然就能达到仁、义、忠、信等道德规定。嵇康在《释私论》开篇伊始提出“越名教任自然”，他说: 夫称君子者:心无措乎是非，而行不违乎道者也。何以言之?夫气静神虚者，心不存于矜尚;体亮心达者，情不系于所欲。矜尚不存乎心，故能越名教而任自然;•情不系于所欲，故能审贵贱而通物情。物情顺通，•故大道无违;越名任心，故是非无措也。 这里，嵇康的“越名教而任自然”，是以对名位、德名的无所“矜尚”为前 大道无违”为目的。那么，•这个无违之“道”又指什提，以“是非无措”，“ 么呢?他在同篇说: 君子之行贤也，不察于有度，而后行也。仁心无邪，不议于善而后正也。显情无措，不论于是而后为也。•是故傲然忘贤，而贤与度会;忽然任心，而心与善遇;傥然无措，而事与是具也。 ••••言无苟讳，而行无苟隐。不以爱之而苟善，•不以恶而之苟非。心无所矜，而情无所系，体清神正，而是非允当。忠咸明天子，而信笃乎万民。 ••••原来，“心无所矜”，“显情无措”的结果是达乎“贤”、“信”，这就叫“心无措乎是非，而行不违乎道者也”。嵇康的这一思想，也表现在其他著作中。《太师箴》说: 浩浩太素，阳曜阴凝，二仪陶化，人伦肇兴，厥初冥昧，不虑不营，欲以开物，患以事成，犯机触害，•智不救生，宗长归仁，自然之情。故君道自然，必托贤明，茫茫在昔，罔惑不宁。 《声无哀乐论》说: •••君静于上，臣顺于下;玄化潜通，天人交泰。枯槁之类，浸育灵液，六合之内，沐浴鸿流，荡涤尘垢;群生安逸，自求多福;默然从道，怀忠抱义，而不觉其所以然也。 •••• 从嵇康的话语表达来看，他并不一般地否定建立在宗法等级制度之上的伦 理道德。他认为，主观上不矜乎名教，是为了客观上达于名教，“情不系于所欲”方能“审贵贱而通物情”;惟其“傲然忘贤”，故而“贤于度会”;要想“怀忠抱义”，必须心“不觉其所以然”。“越名教而任然”的理论归宿则是回归名教。 向秀、郭象则用“迹”(所当然)和“所以迹”(所以然)•来表述人性与名教的关系。他们说: 仁者，兼爱之迹;义者，成物之功。爱之非仁，仁迹行焉;成之非义，义功见焉。95 所以迹者，真性也。夫任物之真性者，其迹则六经也。况今之人事，则以自然为履，六经为迹。96 仁义，《六经》之“迹”是人性之“所以迹”的外现，自然之履留下的足迹便是名教。向秀，郭象认为，人们不应当慕求外在的仁义之“迹”，而应因任人心之“所以迹”，“彼我同于自得，斯可谓善也”，97“任其天性而动，•则人理亦自全矣”，98“善于自得，忘仁而仁?”，99“质全而仁义著”。100 那么，为什么人要自足其性便可以最终实现仁义呢?•向秀、郭象对此作了明确的回答，他们认为仁义就是人的内在品性。他们说: 夫仁义者，人之性也。101 夫仁义自是人之情性，但当任之耳。102 这样，玄学家在人性方面，•初而否定了桎梏自然人性的外在的仁义，终而又认定仁义是人的内在规定性。玄学家关于仁义是人之性情的说法似乎回到了儒家孟子，•但又有所区别。孟子提出性善论是为了论证后天存养与教化的合理性，而玄学家的人性理论恰恰是为了否定它。 玄学家主张取消人的是非善恶等道德意识和观念，认为因任人的内在的道德本能而为便可实现仁义忠孝。由此看来，玄学家是在标榜一种道德无意识。弗洛伊德在精神分析中强调“无意识”(unconscious)，认为这是一种被遗忘的意识察觉不到的经验，一股包含了欲望、冲动和本能在内的巨大潜流，在人格的形成中起着决定性的作用，其中有些属于“前意识”( preconsious )，通过与语言的联系便可进入意识领域。103•而我们称之为玄学家的无意识则与此多有区别，这种无意识不是来自后天被压抑的经验记忆而是一种先天秉赋，不是非道德甚或反道德的欲望冲动而是一种道德性的本能和动力，他们未详及由无意识到意识的转变过程，但他们认为与语言相联的道德意识的形成正是道德真义的丧失。《晋书?阮籍传》载: 籍不拘礼教，然发言玄远，口不藏否人物。性至孝，母终，正与人围其，对者求止。籍留与决赌。既而饮酒二斗，举声一号，吐血数升。及将葬，食一蒸肫，饮二斗酒，然后临诀，直言穷矣，举声一号，因又吐血数升。毁瘠骨立，殆致灭性。 名士阮籍，葬母不拘庸常礼俗，而情则至真至纯。阮籍这类“方外之人”的行止，正是玄学家的名教态度的绝好注脚。可是他们这种任凭道德无意识自然流露而对礼仪准则无所顾忌的行为，却被末流狂生所追慕仿效，再度形式化为时髦的名士风度，他们“或乱项科头，或裸袒蹲夷，或濯脚于稠众，或溲便于人前， 或停客而独食，或行酒而止所亲”，104成为毁方败常的无耻之尤。玄学家倡导的自然在现实中无补于名教的净化，反而助长了世风的颓败。这说明，在人性中如果确有道德无意识的话，其作用也是极为有限的，它替代不了道德观念、规范和教化在确定共同的行为选择边界及约束和规范个人的道德行为等方面的认知功能和实践功能。 此外，宗法专制社会的道德规范虽然有若干自然人性的依据，但总体来讲是人类本性的异化，有颇多违逆自然人性之处。而且，这些道德指令自身颇多抵牾，执行起来往往强调其中政治性内容(如忠)而把直接反映血缘关系的规定放在次一级考虑(如孝)，这就越发不尽情理。而玄学家们把这些规范认定为道德无意识的内容，必然有违人的自然天性，其所谓“越名任心”也就必然流于虚幻。嵇康临刑前在狱中曾作《家诫》，教导其子要“执信”、“守节”、“临义让生”，做?“忠臣烈士”。果然，后来嵇康本人被司马懿以“言论放荡，非毁典谟”105的罪名杀害，而其子嵇绍遵父遗嘱，在荡阴之难中，为保卫有杀父之仇的司马氏家族的晋惠帝而尽了“死节”。历史老人给嵇氏父子开了一个不小的玩笑。裴希声在《侍中嵇侯碑》中称颂嵇绍说: 夫君亲之重，非名教之谓也，爱敬出于自然，而忠孝之道毕矣。106 其实，嵇绍既不自然地违背了孝道，又因此而忠得非常不自然。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.