Alfred-Tennyson丁尼生

Alfred, Lord Tennyson poet laureate (1850), spokesman for the ideas and values of his time Alfred Tennyson 1. the fourth son of a clergyman in the country 2. entered Cambridge in 1827 3. made Laureate Poet in 1850 4. created a baron in 1884 5. became a court poet 6. an admirer of Keats 作者简介      阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生（Afred Tennyson, 1809-1892）生于林肯郡的萨默斯比的一个牧师家庭，少有诗名，12岁时便写出了6000行的史诗，18岁时与其兄出版了《两兄弟诗集》（Poems by Two Brothers，1827）。1828年，丁尼生进入剑桥大学，继续诗歌创作，并结识哈勒姆（Arthur Henry Hallam）。1831年，因父亲去世，丁尼生被迫辍学，两年后，他的挚友哈勒姆又英年早逝，使他深受打击，此后10内未发 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 诗作。在此期间，丁尼生贫困潦倒，但仍然在写诗。1842年，丁尼生又开始发表新诗，从此诗名与日俱增。1850年，他被封为桂冠诗人。丁尼生是维多利亚时期的主要诗人，他的诗歌语言极富音乐感和表现力，其主要诗作有《公主》(The Princess,1847)、《悼念》(In Memoriam A. H. H., 1850)、《毛黛》(Maud, 1855)、《伊诺克·阿登》(Enoch Arden, 1864)和《国王之歌》(Idylls of the King, 1859-1885)等。 Victorian poetry The Victorian age produced two great English poets: Browning & Tennyson. Their poetry was characterized by experiments with new styles and new ways of expression. Browning has paved the way for modern English poetry in the twentieth century. Victorian poetry developed in the context of the novel. Poets sought new ways of telling stories in verse. All poets show the strong influence of the Romantics, but cannot sustain the confidence the Romantics felt in the power of the imagination. Victorian poets often rewrite Romantic poems with a sense of belatedness. Dramatic monologue – the idea of creating a lyric poem in the voice of a speaker ironically distinct from the poet is the great achievement of Victorian poetry. * 1. Life Story Tennyson Born in 1809,at Somersby in Lincolnshire His father was a vicar The whole family lived by gift from landed proprietors severe depression Graduated from Cambridge 1830 1831 1832 Published his first volume Appeared his second volume not well received leave Cambridge The Miller’s Daughter（磨坊主的女儿） The May Queen（五月女王） He began his long series of idylls of English life. 1836 Went to live near London, for 10 years he published nothing 1842 Came forth with 2 volumes， Established Tennyson’s career as a writer 1847 The Princess（公主） appeared About the high education of women 1850 In Memoriam（悼念） 1859-1885 Idylls of the King（国王之歌） Death in 1892 2. His Major Poetical Works In Memoriam 《悼念》 1833—1850 131 short poems the death of a friend Arthur Henry Hallam relations between religion and science Idylls of the King 《国王之歌》 1850—1885 12 metrical tales King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table Tennyson’s Best-known Short Poems “Break, Break, Break” “拍吧，拍吧，拍吧” Crossing the Bar “穿过沙洲” sadness over the loss of a dear friend, combining nature with his inner world Major Works Poems by Two Brothers 《兄弟诗集》 Poems, Chiefly Lyrical 《抒情诗集》 Poems 《诗集》 Ulysses 《尤利西斯》 Morte d'Arthur 《摩尔特·亚瑟》 Dora 《朵拉》 The Gardener's Daughter 《园丁的女儿》 The Princess  《公主》 Tears, Idle Tears 《泪水，无聊的泪水》 Come down, O Maid 《来吧，美人》 Sweet and Low 《甜蜜与低缓》 The Splendor Falls 《壮美的瀑布》 In Memoriam 《悼念》 Rizpah 《里兹帕》 Merlin and the Gleam 《魔法师与灵光》 Crossing the Bar 《跨越沙洲》 Idylls of the King 《国王诗歌集》 Break, Break Break 1. It was written in memory of A.H. Hallam, Tennyson’s closest friend. Hallam died suddenly of a stroke in Vienna at the age of 22. The sudden death of his friend plunged Tennyson into great sorrow, which found the expression in this exquisite little poem. 1.Why did the author write this poem? 2. Please analyze the stress of each line and that of the stanza. 3. What effect has been achieved by the variation of the stress? 2. The first line seems to be the given, the starting point for the creation of the form. Three bleak repeated words, three stresses. In classical metrics there is such a foot. It is called a molossus. The second line seems to have four stresses, although it can be read as a three-stress line. The form of the first stanza is s three-stress-per-line stanza of four lines, a quatrain in which the second and fourth lines rhyme. And this is certainly the form of the second stanza, which comes across as a much more regular piece of versification than the first. In the third stanza, the third line, a fourth stress is added to the pattern. And the variation is repeated in the last stanza, putting an extra stress into the third line. Tennyson’s love for Hallam and his grief at his death were expressed passionately. In this poem, the line that introduces the variation, “ But O for the touch of a vanished hand”, is also the line that tells for the first time what the unutterable grief is about. The line varies, it expands, because it suddenly has an extra freight of emotion. Published in 1842, it is one of Tennyson’s first attempts to express his grief over the death of Arhtur Hallam and one of his most anthologized poems. In this poem, he contrasts his own feeling of sorrow with the carefree joys of the children at play and the young sailor at work, and with the unfeeling movements of the ship and the sea waves. The repetitive beginning of the first and the last stanza indicates not only the indifferent, mechanical movement of the sea waves but is also an echo of the rushes of grief of the heart- broken poet. The five “O”s are the exclamations of one whose mourning heart is filled with an unutterable and yet uncontrollable longing and sorrow and of one who wishes “ that my tongue could utter the thoughts that arise in me”. And the lines “O” in the second and the third stanza are left unfinished as is suitable for a deep-mourning man. There is good reason for them—the children and the sailor lad– to shout and sing with joy, but there is no chance for me to feel the touch and hear the voice of my dear friend again. Understanding: Break, Break, Break 1). Type of Work and Date of Composition "Break, Break, Break" is a lyric poem that Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892) was believed to have completed in 1834. It centers on Tennyson's grief over the death of his best friend, Arthur Hallam, a fellow poet. In this poem, the poet’s own feelings of grief stands in sharp contrast with the carefree, innocent joys of the children and the apathetic motion of the ship and the waves. Lyrical poetry presents the deep feelings and emotions of the poet as opposed to poetry that tells a story or presents a witty observation. A lyric poem often has a pleasing musical quality. The word lyric derives from the Greek word for lyre, a stringed instrument in use since ancient times.  2). Rhyme Scheme and Meter Lines 2 and 4 of each stanza have end rhyme. The meter in the poem varies, but the anapestic foot creates the musicality of the poem, as in the following lines: iamb anapest anapest iamb But O| for the TOUCH | of a VAN | ished HAND, anapest. anapest anapest And the SOUND| of a VOICE| that is STILL! 3). Rhetorical Devices Following are examples of figures of speech and other rhetorical devices in "Break, Break, Break":  Apostrophe (Lines 1 and 2): The narrator addresses the sea.  Personification and metaphor also occur in Lines 1 and 2, for the poet regards the sea as a human being.  Alliteration (Line 8): boat on the bay (Lines 9-12): Stanza 3 uses this figure of speech as follows: And the stately ships go on To their haven under the hill; But O for the touch of a vanished hand, And the sound of a voice that is still! Alliteration (Line 15): day that is dead Repetend: Line 13 repeats Line 1; Line 7 repeats the first two words of Line 5. Paradox: Touch of a vanished hand (Line 11), sound of a voice that is still (Line 12). 4). Themes Grief The main theme is bereavement, heartache, emptiness. In the narrator's dark hour of grief, the sun rises, children laugh, business goes on as usual. How could the world be so cruel and unfeeling? Preciousness of Youth Tennyson's friend, Arthur Hallam, was only 22 when he died. The shock of Hallam's death impressed upon Tennyson how priceless youth is. To underscore this idea, and to express the agony he suffers at the loss of young Hallam, Tennyson presents images of youthful joy: the fisherman's son playing with his sister and the "sailor lad" singing in the bay.  Indifference of Nature Nature continues to function according to its rhythms and cycles regardless of what happens, good or bad, to human beings. The temperature may plummet just when a poor family runs out of fuel. The sun may shine and the birds may sing in the middle of the bloodiest of battles. And the sea will rise and fall in a defiant, unrelenting rhythm that refuses to acknowledge tragedy in the everyday life of average men. Tennyson laments this cold indifference in "Break, Break, Break."  5) Summary The narrator grieves the loss of his friend, Arthur Henry Hallam, a promising poet and essayist who had been engaged to Tennyson's sister, Emily. Hallam died of a stroke in 1833 when he was only 22. Nature, of course, does not stop to mourn the loss of anyone. Cold and indifferent, it carries on, the waves of the ocean breaking against rocks along the seashore without pausing even for a moment. The rest of the world carries on as well: the fisherman's boy happily playing with his sister, the sailor merrily singing, the ship busily plying the waters of commerce. Downcast, isolated by his grief, the narrator yearns to touch the hand of his friend once more, to hear the sound of his voice. But, no, Hallam is gone forever; his "tender grace" will never again return.  拍，拍，拍 海浪无情地拍，拍，拍 拍到冰冷阴灰的礁石来 纵然这世上有千言万语 又怎能表达我忧伤的情怀 喔，看那远处渔夫的孩子 他叫呀喊呀，和妹妹在玩 喔，还有那个年轻的水手 在小舟上，歌声唱遍港湾 远方那艘豪华的大轮船 还在慢慢地向着港湾驶进 我仿佛又摸到那已消失的手 我仿佛又听见那已消逝的声音 海浪无情地拍，拍，拍 拍到峭壁下的礁石来 往日的温情已消逝 永远永远不再回来 Such contrast is very common to classical Chinese poems. A proper phrase to describe such contrast is “物是人非” （The things are still there but men are no more the same ones). Here are some examples. Ah, generations have come and passed away From year to year the moons look alike, old and new. We do not know tonight for whom she sheds her ray, But hear the river say to its water adieu. 人生代代无穷已，江月年年望相似。 不知江月照何人，但见长江送流水。 ---张若虚，《春江花月夜》 Last year I came to view the moon with my compeers, But where are they, now that the scene is like last year’s? 同来望月人何在，风景依稀似去年。 ---赵嘏，《江楼感旧》 Literary Term Dramatic monologue: A kind of poem in which a single fictional or historical character other than the poet speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem. The occasion is usually a crucial one in the speaker’s personality as well as the incident that is the subject of the poem. In Memoriam It was written by Tennyon in memory of A.H.Hallam, his closest friend and the fiance of his sister. As a poetic diary, the poem is also an elaborate and powerful expression of the poet’s philosophical and religious thoughts---his doubts about the meaning of life, the existence of the soul and the afterlife, his faith in the power of love and the soul’s instinct and immortality. The familiar trance-like experience, mellifluous rhythm and pictorial descriptions make it one of the best elegies in English literature. Appreciation of Ulysses Written in blank verse, it is a story about Ulysses, king of the Ithaca Island, a Trojan War hero. Now, in his old age and three years back in his homeland, he calls on his old followers to give up their idle life at home and to set forth with him on further quests and travels. The story is based upon Dante’s account of Ulysses on his last voyage to “explore the world and search the ways of life”. The general idea of his speech is that the value and significance of human life lies in living it to the full, to do and achieve something new when one is alive. And even in old age, when one is weaker in body, his spirit never wanes, his heart is as heroic and his will as strong as before. The research and strife ends only with life. Such undying spirit of adverture and exploration in an old man is really admirable. In a way, it expresses the unconquerable urge of mankind to seek knowledge and enrich our life in this world. Features of his poetry 1.resort to the world of romances: classical, medieval and English (The Idylls of the King). 2.skilled in the lyric, the dramatic monologue; 3.perfect control of the sound of English and consummate choice and taste in words. His poetry voices the doubt and the faith, the grief and the joy of English people in an age of fast social changes. In 1850, he was appointed the Poet Laureate. Tennyson’s philosophical and religious thoughts are his doubts about the meaning of life, the existence of the soul and the afterlife, and his faith in the power of love and the soul’s instinct and immortality . Tennyson is a real artist. He has the natural power of linking visual pictures with musical expressions, and these two with the feelings. He has perfect control of the sound of English, and a sensitive ear, an excellent choice and taste of words. His poet is rich in poetic images and melodious language, and noted for its lyrical beauty and metrical charm. His wonderful works manifest all the qualities of England’s great poets: the dreaminess (朦胧) of Spenser, the majesty（庄严） of Milton, the natural simplicity （自然清纯）of Wordsworth, the fantasy（美妙） of Blake and Coleridge, the melody（韵律） of Keats and Shelly , and the narrative vigor（气势宏大）of Scott and Byron. 4. Comment on Tennyson Tennyson is the representative poet of Victorian age. He has perfect control of the sound of English. His works are not only the products of the creative imagination of a poetic genius but also products of a long and rich English heritage. Tennyson was severely criticized by Imagist poets in the early twentieth century for his affectation and wordiness. THE EAGLE The Eagle He class the crag with crooked hands; Close to the Sun in lonely lauds, Ring'd with the azure World he stands. The wrinkled sea beneath brim crawls He watches from his mountain walls, And a like thunderbolt he falls.' How do you feel when reading this poem? This short poem was first published in 1851.It is a mere fragment of a poem , consisting of only six lines .First it appeared in the seventh edition of Poems , then it was also included in Selections of 1885 .In the poem , there is an imaginative , but minute description of an eagle . Ideas: 1. a poem in memory of his friend Hallam; 2.a poem in praise of noble persons; 3.a hymn of independence and freedom; The poem, consisting of only two stanzas, is one of pure imagery. The first description is of an eagle sitting of the side of a mountain, while digging its talons into the rock. The eagle, a bird of prey, of strength, size, gracefulness, keen vision and power of flight, is pictured as lonely. The bird, also known for his power and strength seems rather small against its surroundings: Tennyson portrayed an eagle against the "backdrop" of an azure sky and mountain in his poem. Although the eagle is alone and small against nature, its majestic stereotype is maintained by the placement of the bird at great height or as the poem states, "Close to the sun." The eagle, at its great height, is a representation of a man at the peak of his life, clinging on desperately. The mountain represent the universe. Similar to the eagle's smallness as compared to the mountain, is man's as compared to the universe. The man is lonely in that he must enter and leave the world alone. Just as the eagle is a part or fragment of the mountain, the man is a part of the universe and they both leave when they "fall off." Both are encircled by their "worlds" and must stand or endure. The sea delineates life and the return to it after death because of the theory that states such. The thunderbolt characterizes death in that both are sudden, effective, and momentary. A thunderbolt is loud and it disappears just as quickly as it appears. Man was supposedly born water, and returns to his origins after death. Thus the water below the cliff maintains that idea as the eagle presumably falls in. In addition, the last words of each stanza, "stands" and "falls," are opposite to each other in definition. "Falls" is often used to convey death, while "stands" is used to convey endurance. Thus, falls and the suddenness of the thunderbolt, together convey death. Paraphrase With its twisted claws , the eagle holds the rugged rock firmly .The bird appears to be sitting very close to the sun in a lonely part of some regions , encircled with the blue sky .Below the rock where the eagle is sitting is the furrowed sea which appears to be heaving .The eagle looks upon the sea from the rocky mountain , and as soon as it finds some object of prey , it swoops downward like the flash of lightning . Critical Appreciation The Eagle is a small poem , but rich in pictorial Quality .The poet describes an eagle sitting on a high rocky-peak holding with its twisted claws firmly .It appears very near to the sun in the blue sky .Below there is furrowed sea .The eagle pounces upon its object of prey from the high rock like a flash of lightning . The poem reveals the poet's power of minute observation and precise delineation . For example , there are such matches expressions as " The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls " , " And like a thunderbolt he falls " , etc . So the texture of the poem is highly imaginative. The eagle in this poem symbol of outstanding personality of humanity: uniqueness, superiority, courage, strength, heroism, nobility Summary: Tennyson expresses admiration for the bird’s beauty. Similes: like a thunderbolt he falls Personification: He clasps the crag with crooked hands He watches He stands Wrinkled sea crawls Rhyme scheme: AAA, BBB Form and devices: 1.single rhyme in each stanza—singleness and aloneness of the eagle; 2.alliteration in the first line—the hard consonant /k/ in the three words suggests hardness of the rock and firmness of the bird; Form and devices: 3.imagery or symbolism— the eagle is symbolic of a noble person and free spririt; the wrinkled sea: the masses or ordinary people; the sun: truth Form and devices: 4.contrast between the two stanzas: motionlessness and thunderbolt-like action Crossing the Bar Crossing the Bar Sunset and evening star,     And one clear call for me! And may there be no moaning of the bar,     When I put out to sea, But such a tide as moving seems asleep,     Too full for sound and foam, When That which drew form out the boundless deep     Turns again home. Twilight and evening bell,     And after that the dark! And may there be no sadness of farewell,     When I embark; For though from out our bourne of Time and Place     The flood may bear me far, I hope to see my Pilot face to face     When I have crossed the bar. His son gives the following interesting facts concerning its writing: "My father heard the moaning of the bar as he crossed from Aldworth to Farringford. Before he reached Farringford, he had the moaning of the bar in mind, and after dinner he showed me the poem written out. I said, `That is the crown of your life work.' He answered, `It came in a moment.' A few days before his death he said to me, `Mind you, put Crossing the Bar at the end of all the editions of my poems.' " Crossing the Bar May be taken as his farewell word four quatrains rhyming ABAB The 1st and 3rd lines of each stanza are always a couple of beats longer than the 2nd and 4th lines, although the line lengths vary among the stanzas. sand, between the land and the sea life death The theme is that Tennyson expresses his optimistic attitude towards death when he is old. bar A sandbar sometimes obstructs the passage of a ship from the harbor into the open water. Tennyson uses the metaphor of a sand bar to describe the barrier between life and death. "crossing," suggesting Christian connotations: "crossing" refers both to "crossing over" into the next world, and to the act of "crossing" oneself in the classic Catholic gesture of religious faith and devotion. The cross was also where Jesus died; now as Tennyson himself dies, he evokes the image again. The poem describes his placid and accepting attitude toward death. Sunset and evening star, 太阳沉没，晚星闪烁， And one clear call for me! 一个清晰的呼声在召唤我！ Dark night is not far away. getting old Death is calling me to go away. And may there be no moaning of the bar, 愿海滩不要哀泣呜咽， When I put out to sea. 当我出海的时刻。 I wish there would no mournful sound of the ocean beating on sand bar at the mouth of a harbor. mournful 出海 But such a tide as moving seems asleep, 浑然流动的潮水似已睡去， Too full for sound and foam, 潮太满了．反而无声无息， 退潮：人离开这个世界 too deep to see any foam When that which drew from out the boundless deep , 从无边的海洋里汲取的， Turns again home. 如今又复归去。 When tide came from the boundless deep sea, 涨潮：人来到这个世界 Twilight and evening bell, 暮色茫茫，晚钟轻轻． And after that the dark! 接着是黑暗降临！ ? ? And may there be no sadness of farewell, 但愿不要有诀别的悲痛 When I embark; 当我启航的时辰； On the ship, I hope there may be no sadness. For though from out our bourne of Time and place The flood may bear me far, 虽然潮水会把我带到无限遥远， 越出我们的时间、空间， boundary Although the seawater may carry me to far place from our world of time and place I hope to see my Pilot face to face 我希望见到领航人，面对着面， When I have crossed the bar. 当我越过了海滩。 I hope to see my guidance (God) who guide me (my soul) sailing in another world. 飞白 译 What are the images of the end of life in the poem? What are the symbols of life? *