节能监测技术通则

节能监测技术通则 节能监测技术通则 (GB 15316-1994) 第一节 节能监测的基本概念 节能监测是政府实施节能监督执法的重要组成部分，是节能监督的一个重要环节，也可以说是政府对社会能源利用状况依法进行监督的一项重要手段。它和产品质量检验机构依据《产品质量法》对社会产品进行质量监督，环保监测机构依据《环境保护法》对污染源进行监测具有类似的性质。所以节能监测本身是执法中的一项技术行为，确切地说，是政府依法实施节能监督过程中委托专业监测机构，对社会能源利用状况进行检查、测试和评价以及对浪费能源的行为提出处理意见等执法活动的一部分。节能执法的主体是政府，节能监测机构并不是政府的一个部门，节能监测机构的监测活动是在政府的委托与领导之下进行的。监测是监督的一部分, 两者不能等同,更不能代替。 节能监测同多年来即已存在的节能测试技术服务有着许多相似之处，或者说二者有着千丝万缕的联系。因为就节能检测测试技术和内容而言，二者是基本相同的，且多数节能监测机构及其监测工作人员也是由原来的节能技术服务机构及其测试人员转化而来的。大多数节能监测机构在成立时, 节能技术服务机构的牌子继续保留, 是一个单位两个牌子。但是，节能监测与已往节能测试技术服务就其工作性质而言，二者有着本质的不同。前者是政府实施节能监督执法行为的一部分，是政府对社会合理用能强制管理行为, 监测经费由政府出资, 监测机构不以赢利为目的,后者是技术服务的市场行为。节能测试技术服务虽然也是向社会提供公正数据，但只要不是受政府委托所进行的依法监督，就构不成国家(政府) 行为，本身并无执法性质。节能测试服务还有一种情况，即不是向社会提供公证数据，只是受用户委托，就某项与节能有关的技术问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 , 包括节能规范管理或节能潜力评估以及节能技术改造服务等, 向用户提供咨询与服务, 这种咨询和服务是有偿的, 其行为由市场来规范, 合作方由 合同 劳动合同范本免费下载装修合同范本免费下载租赁合同免费下载房屋买卖合同下载劳务合同范本下载 或委托协议书约束。可以说在市场经济条件下，节能技术服务同社会上的其它类型的服务活动，就其服务性质而言更没有什么不同的了。 从上面的分析,节能监测是指:具有节能检测能力与资质的节能监测机构并经节能行政主管部门授权与委托，依据有关节能法律、法规和技术 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 ，对用能单位的能源利用状况进行检查、测试、评价，对浪费能源的行为提出整改和处理建议的执法性技术活动的总称。 节能监测可分定期检测和不定期监测或称计划性监测和非计划性监测; 从测试技术层面来说可分对用能单位整体的能源利用状况所进行的综合节能监测和指对用能单位能源利用状况中的部分项目所进行的单项节能监测。 第二节 节能监测标准 1. 节能监测工作的特点 节能监测，其工作内容概括起来就是检查、测试、评价三个方面。 一般来说，检查是指勿须借助仪器设备，仅凭检查者的直觉就能判断其是否符合有关法规、标准规定的各种察看活动。如检查有无能源的跑、冒、滴、漏，是否有在用的国家已明令淘汰的高耗能产品等。测试是指借助仪器设备，对用能设备系统的实际能源利用状况所进行的各种试验性测量(包括必要的计算)工作。评价是通过对检查、测试结果的分析，依据有关节能监测法规、标准，对其能源利用状况作出是否符合监测考核要求的结论。 由于节能监测是对能源利用状况的监督性检测，特别是单项检测，其目的只是通过能体现、说明能源利用状况的若干代表性参数的抽查性检测而定性地判定用能单位、设备能源利用的好坏，并不在于要对设备或企业的能源利用状况进行全面地分析与评价，因而这种检测school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification 就可以做得简单些并不影响生产的正常进行。这样，节能监测中的测试，虽然就测试基本技术(测量方法，使用的仪表等)而言，并无异于一般的节能检测，但它的检测内容可比原来的能量平衡测试更为简单。可以说，“简单、易行、不影响生产即可完成检测”，这就是节能监测中的测试特点。“能量平衡法”是实施节能检测的一种方法，但不是唯一的方法。在节能监测实施中，视其情况，有时采用能量平衡法，有时则不采用甚至也无法采用能量平衡的方法。 2. 节能监测标准的特点 节能监测工作的性质与监测测试的特点决定了实施节能监测需要建立自己的专用标准。已有的能源管理技术标准，不但有其具体的针对性，而且都难以适应监测工作的需要。 2.1 由于监测的监督执法性，标准中必须有具体明确的评价考核指标。在确定这些指标时，既要体现推进节能技术进步，有效地遏制能源浪费，又要考虑社会用能单位现实用能水平。也就是说，既不能使大多数用能单位或用能设备的实际用能水平达不到监测标准规定的指标，又不能使其轻易就达到监测考核标准。 2.2 由于监测的“简易”特点，就测试内容而言，往往并不需进行完整的能量平衡测试。而是选择其中能反映能源利用状况的主要项目(或参数)进行测试, 选择那些测试项目(或参数)，必须针对不同用能设备的不同用能特点，在充分考虑监督需要的同时，又充分考虑现实实施的可能，在专门监测标准中，予以具体规定。 2.3 节能监测涉及到各行各业，各类用能设备，就用能特点而言，不同行业部门，既有共性又有个性，相互之间还有渗透，如通用耗能设备，各家都是一样的，部分专业设备，有时是几个行业，部门共用的，个别专用设备，只是某个行业、部门专用。对企业整体能源利用状况的监督评价而言，各个行业部门应有自己的评价方法及考核标准, 例如: 在《节能监测标准体系规划 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 》中将《企业节能监测综合评价方法》虽列为与《节能监测技术通则》相配套的标准，但应由各行业、部门自行制定的行业标准。从全国来说，全部节能监测标准应按统一规划方案形成一个完整的节能监测标准体系。 第三节《节能监测技术通则》的特点 1. 节能监测工作的性质，决定了《通则》不同于一般的能源管理技术标准。它是与政府依法实施节能监督相配套(或说为其服务)的一项能源管理技术标准。节能监测是政府依法实施节能监督中的一项技术手段，那么《通则》则是节能监测机构从事执法活动的基本技术依据。所以《通则》本身虽然不是国家的节能法律、法规，但它是国家节能法律、法规的延伸，是直接为贯彻国家节能法律、法规而存在的具有法规效能的能源管理技术标准，所以《通则》被标准化主管部门列为强制性国家标准予以颁布。 2. 《通则》涉及各行各业，各个地区，各个方面，既涉及能源使用单位，也涉及能源供应单位。该项标准还涉及到如何贯彻国家有关节能法规及对现有国家能源管理标准学科的取舍与合理衔接。该项标准包含了从节能监测机构接受政府委托到出具监测报告的节能监测全过程，对涉及到的技术问题，关系协调问题都作了原则性的规定。因此，《通则》是指导节能监测的一项基本技术文件。 3. 《通则》是一项综合技术标准，在节能监测标准体系中是母标准，通俗的说法就是所谓的龙头标准。 3.1 《通则》是制定其它各项节能监测标准的依据。它们都必须与《通则》保持一致。子标准应根据其建标的目地及适用范围，将《通则》的各项内容具体化，但不能超出《通则》所规定的原则。 3.2 《通则》作为一项综合性标准，对监测实施中所涉及的各种问题，只能做出原则性的规定，不可能方方面面都很具体，它的实施必须与配套的各项子标准相互依托。因此, 尽快按照《节能监测标准体系规划方案》完善节能监测标准, 才能真正体现出《通则》的作用, 也school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification 是政府实施节能监督管理不可缺少的重要技术支撑。 第四节 节能监测的范围 1.对重点用能单位应定期进行综合节能监测。 重点用能单位的划分按《节能法》的规定, 年耗标煤在万吨以上的用能单位为国家重点用能单位, 年耗标煤在5000吨以上的用能单位为省级重点用能单位。根据本地工业发展水平和用能情况,有些省市对此作了适当的调整。 2.对一般企、事业和其他用能单位，可进行单项节能监测。 综合节能监测只适用于重点耗能企业。 3. 节能监测计划由地方或行业节能主管部门下达并委托监测机构实施。 第五节 节能监测的内容及要求 1.用能设备的技术性能和运行状况。 1.1 用能设备应采用节能型产品或效率高、能耗低的产品，已被明令禁止生产、使用的能耗高、效率低的设备应限期更新、改造。 1.2 用能设备的实际运行效率或主要运行参数应符合该设备经济运行的要求。 2. 能源转换、输配与利用系统的配置与运行效率。 2.1 供热、发电、制气、炼焦等供能系统，设备、管网和电网设置要合理、节能，能量损失应符合相应技术标准的规定。 2.2 主要用能设备和系统应实现经济运行，符合相应技术标准的规定。 2.3 符合GB1028的余热、余能资源应加以回收利用。 3. 用能工艺和操作技术 3.1 对工艺用能的先进、合理性和实际状况包括工艺能耗或工序能耗进行评价。 3.2.对人员的操作技术应进行培训、考核，并对总体状况做出评价。 4. 企业能源管理技术状况。 4.1 用能单位必须齐备有关的能源法规和标准文本，并应对有关人员进行宣贯、培训。 4.2 应建立完善的能源管理的 规章 94财务与会计管理规章人事管理规章94财务与会计管理规章企业规章制度介绍肿瘤科规章制度 制度(如岗位责任、部门职责分工、人员培训、耗能定额管理、奖罚等制度)。 4.3 必须按要求安装计量仪表，符合《用能单位能源计量器具配备与管理通则》的规定。 4.4 能源记录台帐、统计报表必须真实、完整、规范。 4.5 应建立完善的能源技术档案。 5. 能源利用的效果 5.1 用能单位的产品单位产量能源消耗定额必须按GB12723 进行制定并贯彻实施。 5.2 产品单位产量综合能耗及单耗，应在定额以内。具体的定额考核指标应由行业或地方根据相关法规和工业发展水平具体规定。 6. 供能质量与用能品种。 6.1 供能应符合国家政策规定并与提供给用户的报告单一致。 6.2 用能单位使用的能源品种应符合国家政策规定和分类合理使用的原则。 7. 对生产、销售标明“节能型”的产品的能耗指标应进行抽查和检验。 第六节 节能监测的技术条件 1.生产、设备运行正常 1.1 监测应在生产正常，测试工作要与生产过程相适应。 所谓生产正常是指:?是正式生产而不是新建项目或技术改造后项目的试生产;?生产用能源、原料供应正常;?系统、设备生产负荷与平时的负荷基本相当，特别是不能因为要应付测试而人为调整生产负荷;?设备无故障。 测试工作要与生产过程相适应。这就对现场的测试项目及其测试方法提出了限定条件——school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification 不能影响生产的正常进行。这一点在制定单项监测标准时，必须予以充分考虑。 1.2 测试要在设备运行工况稳定条件下进行。 所谓工况稳定，是指在检测过程中，被检测的系统、设备运行工况没有大的波动。这里的工况，主要指系统、设备的负荷及主要运行参数，如工业锅炉的出力以及蒸汽温度，压力等诸多参数; 电机拖动设备的电机输出功率等，特别是用能量平衡法检测设备运行效率或电能利用率时，工况波动大了测试结果往往不大可信。 2.监测必须按照与监测相关的国家标准进行。尚未制定出国家标准的监测项目，可按行业或地方标准进行监测。 3.监测过程所用的时间，应根据监测项目的技术要求确定，时间不宜过长。 4.定期监测周期为,-,年,不定期监测时间间隔根据被监测对象的用能特点确定。 5.监测用的仪表、量具，其准确度和量程必须保证所测结果具有可靠性，测量误差应在被监测项目的相关标准所规定的允许范围以内。 第七节 节能监测的方法 1.由监测机构进行现场监测。 2.由用能单位在监测机构的监督、指导下进行自检，经监测机构检验符合监测要求者，监测机构予以确认，并在此基础上进行评价和作出结论。 为什么认可采取监测自检方式。一方面由于节能监测机构，无论是地方的还是行业的，其自身力量有限，但监测管辖面都比较宽，面对众多的用能单位及其大量的耗能设备，光靠专业节能监测机构直接监测，监测覆盖面小，确实难以真正起到节能监督的作用; 另一方面，由于许多用能单位，特别是一些大型企业，自身技术力量比较强，设备条件比较好，对本单位的生产工艺设备也比较熟悉，只要按监测技术要求加以培训，便能胜任监测自检工作。这样，实行监测自检，把需要与可能结合起来，既调动企业自身的积极性，又能更有效地发挥节能监督的作用。 第八节 节能监测项目评价指标的确定 1.监测项目评价指标应按相关的国家标准确定。 2.监测项目评价指标没有国家标准者，应按行业或地方规定确定。 3.无现成依据的监测项目评价指标的确定应以专门的技术调查或统计资料分析为基础。 第九节 监测机构的技术要求 节能监测机构应符合有关节能监测机构认证审定办法和节能监测机构计量认证评审考核要求的规定。 节能监测机构在管理和技术能力方面必须经计量认证或实验室认可和计量认证二合一认证认可评审合格,并经节能监测资格审定后方能在认证认可的监测领域内和资格审定的范围内开展节能监测工作。 1.节能监测机构的实验室的工作环境应能满足节能监测的要求。 2.节能监测用的仪器、仪表、量具和设备应与所从事的监测项目相适应。 3.节能监测人员应具备节能监测所必要的专业知识和实践经验，需经技术、业务考核合格。 节能监测人员应具备一定的专业知识和专业经历,必须经专业培训,并经考核合格方能在相关的专业(热能监测、电能监测、理化分析)内从事节能监测工作,做到持证上岗。 4.监测机构应具有确保监测数据公正、可靠的管理制度。 第十节 节能监测报告的编写要求 1.监测工作完成后，监测机构应在,周内作出监测结果评价结论，写出监测报告交有关节能主管部门和被监测单位。 2.监测报告分为两类:单项节能监测报告和综合节能监测报告。 3.节能监测报告内容 school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification 3.1 单项节能监测报告应包括:监测依据(进行监测的文件编号)、被监测单位的名称、被监测系统(设备)名称、被监测项目及内容( 包括测试数据、分析判断依据等)、评价结论和处理意见的建议。 对于单项设备的节能监测评价来说，在所监测考核的项目中，只要有一项不合格，监测评价结论就为不合格。 对于监测结论为不合格者，应根据监测结果，以监测标准考核指标为基础，定量地给出能源浪费参考数额，以说明其能源浪费程度与节能潜力所在。 3.2 综合节能监测报告应包括:监测依据(进行监测的文件编号)、被监测单位名称、综合节能监测项目及内容、评价结论和处理意见的建议。 3.3节能监测结果的分析与评价应考虑供能质量变化的影响。 4. 节能监测报告格式 4.1综合节能监测报告格式由行业和地方节能主管部门根据能源科学管理实际需要统一印制。 4.2 单项节能监测报告的格式由专项节能监测标准规定。 school)], 4 4 house building as well as more than 1000 copies of books, more than 10 kinds of collection of newspapers and magazines, fires burnt down. In 1938, the Japanese learned that the national Government established in XI Tang Tomb rotten "clip" taxes, tax officers live in 8 of Yan Dong village farmers home, troops at night, Yao was burned several houses. 1938 new morning of September 18, the Japanese team went to the countryside "sweep" from the kaiyang village line to Tung Yang Jia Qiao yan Temple wall and met Yang Jia溇 Zhou Dana (male) weeks because of long-term illness and can't work in the fields, the Japanese see his face from scratch without calluses, regard him as "Shina", thrust a knife at the scene of his death. The body was stabbed 7 times, wound 13. The same day, Trang bang village heard the Japanese come to "mop-up" are hiding, mother of 9 Zhou Guanbao Zhang Aying to drill a "dry mound", was discovered by the Japanese, a shot in the end. The same day, is 7 zhouhaijiangzhi grandfather Zhou Yingbao to escape the Japanese army, was found on the road, a shot in the end. In March 1939, the Japanese army in Yan Tomb raiding, has arrested 16 people, in fengqiao cigarettes this morning bang, killing 11 people on the River, East meeting point in wood qiaotu in the afternoon killing 4 people on the Riverside. Gu Tong is a Japanese go speak the Shanghai dialect, later to be called Gu Tong as "kill left." On January 18, 1943, the elves, five thousand or six thousand, water and land go hand in hand "mop-up" jiaxing area west of the railway, Yan Tomb area fall. March 6, Niu Shan (County Government II section chief) carrying its child Niu Jun (strict Tomb seventh district Chang) and the District Assistant Yu Xuchu, and players Jin Fuqin, and Shen Baosheng, six people received Wujiang underground County Government notification