高级英语(电子版)1

Lesson1:RockSuperstars:WhatDoTheyTellUsAboutOurselvesandOurSociety?Rockisthemusicofteenagerebellion.---JohnRockwell,rockmusiccriticByaman’sheroesyeshallknowhim.---RobertPennWarren,novelistItwasmid-June,1972,theChicagoAmphitheaterwaspacked,sweltering,rocking.Onstage,MickJaggeroftheRollingStoneswassinging“MidnightRambler.”CriticDonHeckmanwastherewhenthesongended.“Jagger,”hesaid,“grabsahalf-gallonjugofwaterandrunsalongthefrontplatform,sprinklingitscontentsoverthefirstfewrowsofswelteringlisteners.Theysurgetofollowhim,eagertobetouchedbyafewbaptismaldrops”.ItwaslateDecember,1973,Some14,000screamingfanswerecrunchinguptothefrontofthestageatCapitalCenter,outsideWashington,D.C.AliceCooper,America’ssingingghoul,wasendinghisact.Heendsitbypretendingtoendhislife–withaguillotine.His“head”dropsintoastrawbasket.“Ooh,”gaspedagirldressedinblack.“Oh,isn’tthatmarvelous?”Fourteen-year-oldMickPerliewastheretoo,buthisparentsweren’t.“Theythinkhe’ssick,sick,sick,”Mikesaid.“Theysaytome,‘Howcanyoustandthatstuff?’”ItwaslateJanuary,1974.InsidetheNassauColiseuminUniondale,NewYork,BobDylanandTheBandweretuningforaconcert.Outside,inthepouringrain,fanChrisSingerwaswaitingtogetin.“Thisispilgrimage,”Chrissaid,“Ioughttobecrawlingonmyknees.”Howdoyoufeelaboutallthisadulationandheroworship?WhenMickJagger’sfanslookathimasahighpriestoragod,areyouwiththemoragainstthem?DoyoushareChrisSinger’salmostreligiousreverenceforBobDylan?Doyouthinkhe–orDylan–ismisguided?DoyourejectAliceCooperassick?Orareyoudrawnsomehowtothisstrangeclown,perhapsbecauseheactsoutyourwildestfantasies?Thesearen’tidlequestions.Somesociologistssaythatyouranswerstothemcouldexplainalotaboutwhatyouarethinkingandaboutwhatyoursocietyisthinking–inotherwords,aboutwhereyouandyoursocietyare.“Musicexpresseditstimes,”sayssociologistIrvingHorowitz.Horowitzseestherockmusicarenaasasortofdebatingforum,aplacewhereideasclashandcrash.HeseesitasaplacewhereAmericansocietystrugglestodefineandredefineitsfeelingsandbeliefs.“Theredefinition,”Horowitzsays,“isataskuniquelyperformedbytheyoung.Itistheyalonewhocombineinventionandexaggeration,reasonandmotion,wordandsound,musicandpolitics.”ToddRundgren,thecomposerandsinger,agrees.“Rockmusic,”hesays,“isreallyasociologicalexpressionratherthanamusicalforce.EvenElvisPresleywasn’treallyagreatmusicalforce.It’sjustthatElvismanagedtoembodythefrustratedteenagespiritofthe1950s.”OfcoursePresleyhorrifiedadultAmerica.Newspaperseditorializedagainsthim,andTVnetworksbannedhim.ButElvismayhaveprovedwhatHorowitzandRundgrenbelieve.WhenheappearedontheEd.SullivanSundaynightvarietyshowinfrontofmillions,akindof“debate”tookplace.Mostoftheolderviewersfrowned,whilemostoftheyoungerviewersapplauded.BetweenElvisandAlice,rockcriticssay,anumberofrockstarshavehelpedoursocietydefineitsbeliefsandattitudes.BobDylantouchedanerveofdisaffection.Hespokeofcivilrights,nuclearfallout,andloneliness.Hespokeofchangeandofthebewildermentofandoldergeneration.“Something’shappeninghere,”hesang.“Youdon’tknowwhatitis,doyou,Mr.Jones?”Othersenteredthedebate.TheBeatles,Horowitzsaid,urgedpeaceandpiety,withhumorandmaybealittlehelpfromdrugs.TheRollingStones,arrogantstreet-fightingmen,demandedrevolution.TheJeffersonAirplane’s“WeCanBeTogether”andVolunteers(GotaRevolution)”weretwofurtherstatementsofradicalyouth.Butpoliticswasn’ttheonlysubjectdebatedinthehardrockofthesixties.Feelings,alwaysapartofanymusicalstatement,wereamajorsubject.JanisJophinsangofhersadness.TheBeatlesshowedtherewerearangeofemotionsbetweenloveandhate.ThencameTheBand,mixingthemoretraditionalideasofcountryandwesternmusicintothemoreradical”city”ideasofthehardrock.Thiscountryelement,Horowitzfeels,helpeditsaudienceexpressanurgeto“getawayfromitall,”to“gobacktotheoldday.”OneofthebestcurrentexamplesofwhatHorotwitzistalkingaboutisJohnDenver.Hismostnotablesongs–“SunshineonMyShoulders”,“RockyMountainHigh”,and“CountryRoad”–combinethemusicaldriveandpoweroffolkrock,whilethelyricscelebratethesimplejoysof“thegoodolddays.”Thelistcouldgoonandon.Likeallartists,theserockmusiciansmirrorfeelingsandbeliefsthathelpusseeandformourown.Whatdowegivetheminreturn?Applauseandpraise,ofcourse.Inone1972,nationalopinionpoll,morethan10percentofthehighschoolboysand20percentofthegirlssaidtheirherowasarocksuperstar.Wealsogivethemmoney.“Thefastestwaytobecomeamillionairethesedays,”saysForbes,abusinessmagazine,“istobecomearock‘n’rollstar.”Today’sheroes–someofthem,anyway–tellustheyenjoytheirrewards.“AndIlaughedtomyselfatthemenandtheladies.Whoneverconceivedofusbillion-dollarbabies.”Theparticular“culturehere”whosingsthatisAlicecooper.Thebigquestionremains:Whyisheaculturehero?Whatdoeshe–oranyothercurrentrocksuccess–tellusabouthisfans?Aboutourselvesandoursociety?Whereitis,whereitwas,whereit’sheading?Lesson2:FourChoicesforYoungPeopleShortlybeforehisgraduation,JimBinns,presidentoftheseniorclassatStanfordUniversity,wrotemeaboutsomeofhismisgivings.“Morethananyothergeneration,”hesaid,“ourgenerationviewstheadultworldwithgreatskepticism…thereisalsoanincreasedtendencytorejectcompletelythatworld.”Apparentlyhespeaksforalotofhiscontemporaries.Duringthelastfewyears,Ihavelistenedtoscoresofyoungpeople,incollegeandout,whowerejustasnervousaboutthegrown-pworld.Roughly,theirattitudemightbesummedupaboutlikethis:“Theworldisinprettymuchofamess,fullofinjustice,poverty,andwar.Thepeopleresponsibleare,presumably,theadultswhohavebeenrunningthing.Iftheycan’tdobetterthanthat,whathavetheygottoteachourgeneration?Thatkindoflessonwecandowithout.”Thereconclusionsstrikemeasreasonable,atleastfromtheirpointofview.Therelevantquestionforthearrivinggenerationisnotwhetheroursocietyisimperfect(wecantakethatforgranted),buthowtodealwithit.Forallitsharshnessandirrationality,itistheonlyworldwe’vegot.Choosingastrategytocopewithit,then,isthefirstdecisionyoungadultshavetomake,andusuallythemostimportantdecisionoftheirlifetime.SofarasIhavebeenabletodiscover,thereareonlyfourbasicalternatives:DropOutThisisoneoftheoldestexpedients,anditcanbepracticedanywhere,atanyage,andwithorwithouttheuseofhallucinogens.Italwayshasbeenthestrategyofchoiceforpeoplewhofindtheworldtoobrutalortoocomplextobeendured.Bydefinition,thiswayoflifeisparasitic.Inonwayoranother,itspractitionersbattenonthesocietywhichtheyscornandinwhichtheyrefusetotakeanyresponsibility.Someofusfindthisdistasteful–anundignifiedkindoflife.Butforthepoorinspirit,withlowlevelsofbothenergyandpride,itmaybetheleastintolerablechoiceavailable.FleeThisstrategyalsohasancientantecedents.Eversincecivilizationbegan,certainindividualshavetriedtorunawayfromitinhopesoffindingasimpler,morepastoral,andmorepeacefullife.Unlikethedropouts,theyarenotparasites.Theyarewillingtosupportthemselvesandtocontributesomethingtothegeneralcommunity,buttheysimplydon’tliketheenvironmentofcivilization;thatis,thecity,withallitsuglinessandtension.Thetroublewiththissolutionisthatitnolongerispracticalonalargescale.Ourplanet,unfortunately,isrunningoutofnoblesavagesandunsulliedlandscaped;exceptforthepolarregions,thefrontiersaregone.Afewgentlemanfarmerswithplentyofmoneycanstillescapetothebucoliclife–butingeneralthestreamofmigrationisflowingtheotherway.PlotaRevolutionThisstrategyisalwayspopularamongthosewhohavenopatiencewiththetediousworkingofthedemocraticprocessorwhobelievethatbasicinstitutionscanonlybechangedbyforce.Itattractssomeofthemoreactiveandidealisticyoungpeopleofeverygeneration.Tothemitoffersaromanticappeal,usuallysymbolizedbysomedashingandcharismaticfigure.Ithastheevengreaterappealofsimplicity:“Sincethissocietyishopelesslybad,let’ssmashitandbuildsomethingbetterontheruins.”Someofmybestfriendshavebeenrevolutionists,andafewofthemhaveledreasonablysatisfyinglives.Thesearetheoneswhoserevolutionsdidnotcomeoff;theyhavebeenabletokeeponcheerfullyplottingtheirholocaustsrightintotheirsenescence.Othersdiedyoung,inprisonoronthebarricades.Butthemostunfortunatearethosewhoserevolutionshavesucceeded.Theylived,inbitterdisillusionment,toseetheestablishmenttheyhadoverthrownreplacedbyanewone,justashard-facedandstuffy.Iamnot,ofcourse,suggestingthatrevolutionsaccomplishnothing.Some(TheAmericanRevolution,theFrenchRevolution)clearlydochangethingsforthebetter.Mypointismerelythattheidealistswhomaketherevolutionareboundtobedisappointedineithercase.Foratbesttheirvictoryneverdawnsontheshiningnewworldtheyhaddreamedof,cleansedofallhumanmeanness.Insteaditdawnsonafamiliar,workadayplace,stillinneedofgroceriesandsewagedisposal.Therevolutionarystate,underwhateverpoliticallabel,hastoberun-notbyviolentromantics-butbyexpertsinmarketing,sanitaryengineering,andthemanagementofbureaucracies.Fortheidealistswhoaredeterminedtoremakesociety,butwhoseekamorepracticalmethodthatarmedrevolution,thereremainsonemorealternative.TrytoChangetheWorldGradually,OneClodataTimeAtfirstglance,thiscourseisfarfrominviting.Itlacksglamour.Itpromisesnoquickresults.Itdependsontheexasperatinganduncertaininstrumentsofpersuasionanddemocraticdecisionmaking.Itdemandspatience,alwaysinshortsupply.Aboutallthatcanbesaidforitisthatitsometimesworks–thatinthisparticulartimeandplaceitoffersabetterchanceforremedyingsomeoftheworld’soutragesthatanyotheravailablestrategy.Soatleastthehistoricalevidenceseemstosuggest.WhenIwasgraduatingfromcollege,mygenerationalsofoundtheworldinamess.Theeconomicmachineryhadbrokendownalmosteverywhere:Inthiscountrynearlyaquarterofthepopulationwasoutofwork.Amajorwasseemedalltoolikely.Asacollegenewspapereditoratthattime,Iprotestedagainstthisjustasvehementlyasstudentactivistsareprotestingtoday.Atthesametime,mygenerationwasdiscoveringthatreformingtheworldisalittlelikefightingamilitarycampaignintheApennines,assoonasyoucaptureonemountainrange,anotheroneloomsjustahead.Asthebigproblemsofthethirtieswerebroughtundersomekindofroughcontrol,newproblemstooktheirplace–theunprecedentedproblemsofan,affluentsociety,ofracialjustice,ofkeepingourcitiesfrombecominguninhabitable,ofcopingwithwarinunfamiliarguises.Mostdisturbingofallwasourdiscoveryofthepopulationexplosion.Itdawnedonusrathersuddenlythatthenumberofpassengersonthesmallspaceshipweinhabitisdoublingabouteveryfortyyears.Solongastheearth’spopulationkeepsgrowingatthiscancerousrate,alloftheotherproblemsappearvirtuallyinsoluble.Ourcitieswillcontinuetobecomemorecrowdedandnoisome.Thelandscapewillgetmorecluttered,theairandwaterevendirtier.Thequalityoflifeislikelytobecomesteadilyworseforeverybody.Andwarfareonarisingscaleseemsinevitableiftoomanybodieshavetostruggleforever-dwindlingsharesoffoodandlivingspace.SoJimBinns’generationhasaformidablejobonitshands.Butnot,Ithink,aninsuperableone.Ontheevidenceofthepast,itcanbehandledinthesamewaythathardproblemshavebeencopedwithbefore-piecemeal,pragmatically,bythedoggedeffortsofmanypeople.Lesson3:TheUseofForceTheywerenewpatientstome,allIhadwasthename,Olson.“Pleasecomedownassoonasyoucan,mydaughterisverysick.”WhenIarrivedIwasmetbythemother,abigstartledlookingwoman,verycleanandapologeticwhomerelysaid,Isthisthedoctor?Andletmein.Intheback,sheadded.Youmustexcuseus,doctor,wehaveherinthekitchenwhereitiswarm.Itisverydampheresometimes.Thechildwasfullydressedandsittingonherefather’slapnearthekitchentable.Hetriedtogetup,butImotionedforhimnottobother,tookoffmyovercoatandstartedtolookthingsover.Icouldseethattheywereallverynervous,eyeingmeupanddowndistrustfully.Asoften,insuchcases,theyweren’ttellingmemorethantheyhadto,itwasuptometotellthem;that’swhytheywerespendingthreedollarsonme.Thechildwasfairlyeatingmeupwithhercold,steadyeyes,andnoexpressiononherfacewhatever.Shedidnotmoveandseemed,inwardly,quiet;anunusuallyattractivelittlething,andasstrongasaheiferinappearance.Butherfacewasflushed,shewasbreathingrapidly,andIrealizedthatshehadahighfever.Shehadmagnificentblondehair,inprofusion.OneofthosepicturechildrenoftenreproducedinadvertisingleafletsandthephotogravuresectionsoftheSundaypapers.She’shadafeverforthreedays,beganthefatherandwedon’tknowwhatitcomesfrom.Mywifehasgivenherthings,youknow,likepeopledo,butitdon’tdonogood.Andthere’sbeenalotofsicknessaround.Sowetho’tyou’dbetterlookheroverandtelluswhatisthematter.AsdoctorsoftendoItookatrialshotatitasapointofdeparture.Hasshehadasorethroat?Bothparentsansweredmetogether,No…No,shesaysherthroatdon’thurther.Doesyourthroathurtyou?Addedthemothertothechild.Butthelittlegirl’sexpressiondidn’tchangenordidshemovehereyesfrommyface.Haveyoulooked?Itriedto,saidthemotherbutIIcouldn’tsee.Asithappenswehadbeenhavinganumberofcasesofdiphtheriaintheschooltowhichthischildwentduringthatmonthandwewereall,quiteapparently,thinkingofthat,thoughnoonehadasyetspokenofthething.Well,Isaid,supposewetakealookatthethroatfirst.Ismiledinmybestprofessionalmannerandaskingforthechild’sfirstnameIsaid,comeon,Mathilda,openyourmouthandlet’stakealookatyourthroat.Nothingdoing.Aw,comeon,Icoaxed,justopenyourmouthwideandletmetakealook.Look,Isaidopeningbothhandswide,Ihaven’tanythinginmyhands.Justopenupandletmesee.Suchaniceman,putinthemother.Lookhowkindheistoyou.Comeon,dowhathetellsyouto.Hewon’thurtyou.AsthatIgroundmyteethindisgust.Ifonlytheywouldn’tusetheword“hurt”Imightbeabletogetsomewhere.ButIdidnotallowmyselftobehurriedordisturbedbutspeakingquietlyandslowlyIapproachedthechildagain.AsImovedmychairalittlenearersuddenlywithonecatlikemovementbothherhandsclawedinstinctivelyformyeyesandshealmostreachedthemtoo.Infactsheknockedmyglassesflyingandtheyfell,thoughunbroken,severalfeetawayfrommeonthekitchenfloor.Boththemotherandfatheralmostturnedthemselvesinsideoutinembarrassmentandapology.Youbadgirl,saidthemother,takingherandshakingherebyonearm.Lookwhatyou’vedone.Theniceman…Forheaven’ssake,Ibrokein.Don’tcallmeanicemantoher.I’mheretolookatherthroatonthechancethatshemighthavediphtheriaandpossiblydieofit.Butthat’snothingtoher.Lookhere,Isaidtothechild,we’regoingtolookatyourthroat.You’reoldenoughtounderstandwhatI’msaying.Willyouopenitnowbyyourselforshallwehavetoopenitforyou?Notamove.Evenherexpressionhadn’tchanged.Herbreaths,however,werecomingfasterandfaster.Thenthebattlebegan.Ihadtodoit.Ihadtohaveathroatcultureforherownprotection.ButfirstItoldtheparentsthatitwasentirelyuptothem.IexplainedthedangerbutsaidthatIwouldnotinsistonathroatexaminationsolongastheywouldtaketheresponsibility.Ifyoudon’tdowhatthedoctorsaysyou’llhavetogotothehospital,themotheradmonishedherseverely.Ohyeah?Ihadtosmiletomyself.Afterall,Ihadalreadyfalleninlovewiththesavagebrat,theparentswerecontemptibletome.Intheensuingstruggletheygrewmoreandmoreabject,crushed,exhaustedwhileshesurelyrosetomagnificentheightsofinsanefuryofeffortbredofherterrorofme.Thefathertriedhisbest,andhewasabigmanbutthefactthatshewashisdaughter,hisshameatherbehaviorandhisdreadofhurtinghermadehimreleaseherjustatthecriticaltimeswhenIhadalmostachievedsuccess,tillIwantedtokillhim.Buthisdreadalsothatshemighthavediphtheriamadehimtellmetogoon,goonthoughhehimselfwasalmostfainting,whilethemothermovedbackandforthbehindusraisingandloweringherhandsinanagonyofapprehension.Putherinfrontofyouonyourlap,Iordered,andholdbothherwrists.Butassoonashedidthechildletoutascream.Don’t,you’rehurtingme.Letgoofmyhands.LetthemgoItellyou.Thensheshriekedterrifyingly,hysterically.Stopit!Stopit!You’rekillingme!Doyouthinkshecanstandit,doctor!Saidthemother.Yougetout,saidthehusbandtohiswife.Doyouwanthertodieofdiphtheria?Comeonnow,holdher,Isaid.ThenIgraspedthechild’sheadwithmylefthandandtriedtogetthewoodentonguedepressorbetweenherteeth.Shefought,withclenchedteeth,desperately!ButnowIalsohadgrownfurious-atachild.ItriedtoholdmyselfdownbutIcouldn’t.Iknowhowtoexposeathroatforinspection.AndIdidmybest.WhenfinallyIgotthewoodenspatulabehindthelastteethandjustthepointofitintothemouthcavity,sheopenedupforaninstantbutbeforeIcouldseeanythingshecamedownagainandgrippedthewoodenbladebetweenhermolars.ShereducesittosplintersbeforeIcouldgetitoutagain.Aren’tyouashamed,themotheryelledather.Aren’tyouashamedtoactlikethatinfrontofthedoctor?Getmeasmooth-handledspoonofsomesort,Itoldthemother.We’regoingthroughwiththis.Thechild’smouthwasalreadybleeding.Hertonguewascutandshewasscreaminginwildhystericalshrieks.PerhapsIshouldhavedesistedandcomebackinanhourormore.Nodoubtitwouldhavebeenbetter.ButIhaveseenatleasttwochildrenlyingdeadinbedofneglectinsuchcases,andfeelingthatImustgetadiagnosisnoworneverIwentatitagain.ButtheworstofitwasthatItoohadgotbeyondreason.Icouldhavetornthechildapartinmyownfuryandenjoyedit.Itwasapleasuretoattackher,myfacewasburningwithit.Thedamnedlittlebratmustbeprotectedagainstherownidiocy,onesaystoone’sselfatsuchtimes.Othersmustbeprotectedagainsther.Itisasocialnecessity.Andallthesethingsaretrue.Butablindfury,afeelingofadultshame,bredofalongingformuscularreleasearetheoperatives.Onegoesontotheend.InthefinalunreasoningassaultIoverpoweredthechild’sneckanyjaws.Iforcedtheheavysilverspoonbackofherteethanddownherthroattillshegagged.Andthereitwas–bothtonsilscoveredwithmembrane.Shehadfoughtvaliantlytokeepmefromknowinghersecret.Shehadbeenhidingthatsorethroatforthreedaysatleastandlyingtoherparentsinordertoescapejustsuchanoutcomeasthis.Nowtrulyshewasfurious.Shehadbeenonthedefensivebeforebutnowsheattacked,Triedtogetoffherfather’slapandflyatmewhiletearsofdefeatblindedhereye.Lesson4:DieasYouChooseTheneedforlawsoneuthanasiacannotbedodgedformuchlonger.Inoneoftheworld’ssmallercountries,mercy-killingisacceptedbythemedicalestablishmentandopenlypracticedafewthousandtimeseachyear.Inoneoftheworld’sbiggestcountries,euthanasiaiscondemnedbythemedicalestablishment,secretlypracticedmanytimesmoreoften,andalmostnevercomestolight.Whichofthesecountrieshasamercy-killingdoctornowlanguishinginitsjails?Itisthesmallone,Holland,whichhasrulesforeuthanasiaandsocanpoliceiteffectively.TheDutchdoctorbrokehiscountry’srules.Thereisamoralhereforallthecountries,andnotjustforthebigdeath-forbiddingcountry,America.Rightnowitisgoingovertheargumentsabouteuthanasiaonceagain.InJanuarytheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationpublishedabizarreletter,inwhichananonymousdoctorclaimedtohavekilleda20-year-oldcancerpatientatherownrequest.Thisstartedadebatethatwillrumbleonintotheautumn,whenCaliforniansmayvoteonaproposedlawlegalizingeuthanasia.Theletterwasprobablywrittenforpolemicalimpact.Itisscarcelycredible.It’sauthorclaimsthathemetthecancerpatientforthefirsttime,heardfivewordsfromher–“Let’sgetthisoverwith”–thenkillerher.Eventhemostextremeproponentsofeuthanasiadonotsupportsuchanactioninthosecircumstances.Yetmedicalmonstrositiesthatarehardlyanybetterundoubtedlycontinue,almostasamatterofmacabreroutine,inAmerica,Britainandmanyothercountries.Itisdisturbinglyeasytofinddoctorswhowillsay,inprivate,thattheysometimeskillpatientsonpurpose.Mostsaythatknowsomebodyelsewhodoes.Butbecausetheycanrarelydiscusseuthanasiaopenlywithpatients–evenwhenthosepatientsbegthemforit–doctorstendtokillonlywhenthedyingaretoofargonetoconsent.Thus,becausevoluntaryeuthanasiaistaboo,adoctormakesthedecisionhimself–andthepatientiskilledinvoluntarilyinthenightwithasyringe.Thatisonepriceofkeepingeuthanasiasecret.Ifallformsofmercy-killingarewrong,theyshouldremaintaboo.Butarethey?Becausemanypeopleacceptthatitissad,undignifiedandgruesometoprolongthethroesofdeathwillallthemightofmedicaltechnology,passiveeuthanasia–lettingpatientsdie–iswidelyaccepted.MostAmericanstateshave“living–will”legislationthatprotectsdoctorsfromprosecutioniftheydonottrytosavesomeonewhohassaidhedoesnotwantlifeprolonged.Activeeuthanasia–killing–remainscontroversial.Howlongcanthedistinctionbetweenkillingandlettingdieholdout?Justastherecanbeculpableomissions,sotoocantherebeblamelessacts.Suppose–totakeanexamplefromthemoralphilosophybooks–thatamanstandstogainfromthedeathofacertainchild.Thechildstrikeshisheadinthebathandfallsunconscious.Themansitsdownandwatcheshimdrown.Thefactthatthemanhasperformednoactiondoesnotexcusehim.Similarly,supposethatadoctordoesnowrongbywithholdingsometreatmentinorderthatdeathshouldcomesoonerratherthanlater.Ishethennecessarilywrongifheadministersenoughpainkillerstokill?Doesthefactthatthedoctorperformedanaction,ratherthananomission,condemnhim?Manydoctorsworkingonthebattlefieldofterminalsufferingthinkthatonlysqueamishnessdemandsafirmdifferencebetweenpassiveandactiveeuthanasiaonrequest.Theirargumentforkillinggoeslikethis:oneofadoctor’sdutiesistopreventsuffering;sometimesthatisallthereisleftforhimtodo,andkillingisth