托福写作参考精华五讲

Lesson ONE 作文中常用句套： 下文中出现的 A,B, “...”(某事物), "sb"( somebody), 要在写作中要根据上下文进行适当替换. · 开头： When it comes to ..., some think ... There is a public debate today that ... A is a commen way of ..., but is it a wise one? Recentaly the problem has been brought into focus. · 提出观点： Now there is a growing awareness that... It is time we explore the truth of ... Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible. · 进一步提出观点： ... but that is only part of the history. Another equally important aspect is ... A is but one of the many effects. Another is ... Besides, other reasons are... · 提出假想例子的方式： Suppose that... Just imagine what would be like if... It is reasonable to expect... It is not surprising that... · 举普通例子： For example(instance),... ... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth) A good case in point is... A particular example for this is... · 引用： One of the greatest early writers said ... "Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ... "......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...). "......". How often we hear such words like there. · 讲故事 （先说故事主体），this story is not rare. ..., such delimma we often meet in daily life. ..., the story still has a realistic significance. · 提出原因： There are many reasons for ... Why .... , for one thing,... The answer to this problem involves many factors. Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ... The first reason can be obiviously seen. Most people would agree that... Some people may neglect that in fact ... Others suggest that... Part of the explanation is ... · 进行对比： The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages of... Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ... Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned. A maybe ... , but it suffers from the disadvantage that... · 承上启下： To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see... A study of ... will make this point clear · 让步： Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as... I do not deny that A has its own merits. · 结尾： >From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that ... In summary, it is wiser ... In short... Lesson TWO With the introduction of computers to the modern world, books, the traditional medium, are more and more challenged. Libraries often face the dilemma of investing on computers or books. With all aspects carefully considered,an investment on computers would be a better choice. When equipped with computers, a library may run more efficiently than ever. Students or faculties may get useful information as fast as the computer can. A student may find it easier to type in only a key word and get the desired results,which, if done with books, may well need a long time scanning among many related books; A researcher may feel it more convenient to find an article on those Engineering CD series than in a paper book. With the development of computer technology, such as the increasement of CPU rate, memory, or cache on the mainbord, the efficiency of getting information can only be accelerated, whereas a man's reading speed is normally limited to some extent. The efficiency of getting information is the users' major concern. While for the librarians, what they care most is how to store as much as possible information within limited space. A computer has a large storage capacity. When a book with 750,000Chinese characters is stored as electronic text, it only take about 1M bytes on the hard disk. When stored on a normal CD with 640MB capacity, when these CDs are packed in locks, much precious space will be spared for other uses. Unlike a book, a mortal physical medium, a computer may keep all data on its disk safe and sound for a long time. It is very easy for us to copy, backup, or transfer those data to rewritable CDs or other recording materials. The last but not the least. Internet may provide these computers with more capabilities of future information exchanges. Books, certainly, have their own merits. As a traditional medium, people have reasons for cherishing them. They are easy to carry, conveniently read without consumption of any other type of energy. However, for a modern library, computers, presenting so many merits and possibilities, can be more reasonably treated as a wiser choice. Lesson THREE Having enough reason to support your choice is essential in TOEFL writing. Here I listed some good reasons for a point as a sample. ( more will be added here) 50. Library: Computer V.S. Books Computer: For: 1) Efficiency 2) Large storage capacity 3) Multimedia attraction 4) Management 5) Sharing information 6) Network or Internet 7) Rapid updating Against: 1) Harmful Radiation 2) Need basic knowledge to operate 3) Not easy to carry 4) Need consumption of energy. Books: For: 1) Traditional medium 2) Easy to carry 3) Conveniently read 4) Price per copy is more affordable 5) index of academic environment Against: 1) Not durable 2) Low rate of updating 3) Can't be shared by any people 49 University: library V.S. Physical training facilities Library: For: 1) Major goal to impart knowledge to students 2) Index of academic environment 3) Attract more excellent professors Physical Training: 1) Help to improve one's health which is basis of study 2) Students learn to be cooperative 3) Provide relaxation 4) May produce good athletes Lesson FOUR 在作文中引用合适的名言警句，会给你的文章增色许多。这里收集了我本人喜爱的一些名言，可能会对你有用。我们使用引用的位置可以在开头结尾或正文段落中， 常见的使用形式如下： One of the greatest early writers said ... "Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ... "......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...). "......". How often we hear such words like there. Useful quotations · 逆境 by Robert Collier In every adversity there lies the seed of an equivalent advantage. In every defeat there is a lesson showing you how to win the victory next time. · 努力与成功 by Ann Landers Opportunities are usually disguised as hard work, so most people don't recognize them. · 坚持 by Ralph Waldo Emerson No one can cheat you out of ultimate success but yourselves. Confucius 孔子 Our greatest glory is not in never falling... but in rising every time we fall. · 坚持 Mother Teresa To keep a lamp burning we have to keep putting oil in it. Henry Ford Nothing is particularly hard if you divide it inuo small jobs. Winston Churchill Never, never, never, never give up. Albert Einstein In uhe middle of difficulty lies opportunity. · 努力与成功 by Crassus Those who aim at great deeds must suffer greatly. Thomas Edison There is no substitute for hard work. Leo Tolstoi The strongest of all warriors are these two- Time and Patience. Thomas Jefferson I'm a great believer in luck, and I find the harder I work... the more I have of it. Robert Collier Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out. Ray A. Croc Luck is a dividend of sweat. The more you sweat, the luckier you get. · 实际经验与间接经验 You'll learn more about a road by traveling it... than by consulting all the maps in the world. · 动机与结果 Vince Lombardi Winning isn't everything... but wanting to win is. John F. Kennedy We choose to go!to the moon and other things , oot because they are easy, but because they are hard. Thucydides The strong do what they will. The weak do what they must. · 为人态度： John Wooden Talent is God given--Be Humble. Fame is man given-- Be Thankful. Conceit is self given --Be Careful. · 行动： Theodore Roosevelt Do what you can , with what you have , with where you are. Publilius Syrus Maxim No one knows what he can do till he tries. Terence There is nothing so easy but that it becomes difficult when you do it reluctantly. Thomas Fuller A wise man turns chance into good fortune. William Hazlitt Prosperity is a great teacher; adversity is a greater. William Penn No pains, no palm; no thorns, no throne; no gall , no glory; no cross, no crown. Will Rogers Even if you're on the right track, you'll get run over... if you just sit there. Opportunity rarely knocks on your door. Knock rather on opportunity's door if you ardently wish to enter. · 成功与失败 Vince Lombardi It's not whether you get knocked down. ...It's whether you get up again. Winston Churchill An optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity; a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity. · 热情（年轻/年老） Ralph Waldo Emerson Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm. · 信心 James Allen The will to do springs from the knowledge that we can do. Samuel Johnson Few things are impossible to diligence and skill. Aughey Lost time is never found again. Voltaire No problem can stand the assault of sustained thinking. Napoleon Victory belongs to the most persevering. · 细心 Euipides Leave no stone unturned. · 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 与工作 Norman Vincent Peale Plan your work for today and every day; then work your plan. Henry Ford Failure is only the opportunity to more intelligently begin again. Thomas Edison I start where the last man left off. · 理想与现实 What the mind of man can conceive and believe, the mind of a man can achieve. · 勤奋 Benjamin Franklin Plough deep while sluggards sleep. · 目标 Henry David Thoreau In the lone run men hit only what they aim at. · 幸运 Emily Dickinson Luck is not chance... It's toil... Fortune's expensive smile is earned. · 勤奋 Thomas Edison Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration. Useful Quotations · 想象力 Albert Einstein Imagination is more important than knowledge. · 挑战： Walter Begehot The great pleasure in life is doing what people say you cannot do. · 机会与准备 Abraham Lincoln I will prepare and some day my chance will come. · 信心与事实 Henry Ford Whether you think you can or think you can't -- you are right. English Proverb Where there's a will there's a way. There is no failure excepting no longer trying. Luck is what happens when preparation meets opportunity. Lesson Five 如何在30分钟内快速、整洁写完文章。 快速： 熟悉考场写作三个步骤的时间分配： 第一步：审题、确定立场、列出理由（只需要在草稿纸上用英文单词或汉语列出各个理由，防止遗忘）最少3分钟最多5分钟： 要避免两个极端： 用时太少，理由没有想清楚就开始写作，不仅造成文章逻辑结构不清，还会引起行文中频繁的修正，欲速则不达； 用时太多，不要追求一次思考就能把每一条理由及相关例证都想出来。其实想出两条之后就可以动笔，各个理由的例证可以写到该段时边思考边写。这一点你不必怀疑，只要你的思维还是正常的，一定能做到。 第二步：正文写作 最少22分钟最多26分钟： a.各段写作时注意对段落的不同部分给予不同的重视： 主题句给予最大重视，注意炼句，别说你不想写主题句，主题句可以使读者和笔者本人更清晰该段落写什么。各段中支持性细节写作不必遵循相同的模式： 有n种选择可供参考：1. 举具体事例 2. 说对方相对缺点3. 使用数据 4. 使用假想例子 5. 使用类比、比喻、引用等修辞手段来论述。 哪一种你最容易想出来，就用哪一种。 b.考前将文章开头、结尾、例证、让步等各种句套背熟练,并且练习和模考时把他们用熟，要象做完型填空一样对待考场作文。别试图在考场上再现去决定比如哪种开头好，怎样结尾好。使用自己选种的套话。 c.当被告知还有5分钟结束时，一般你已经该写到最后一条理由，或者已经在做结尾。要确保文章有结尾段。（不排除将他和最后一条理由的末段结合在一起的可能性） 第三步：检查 需要1-3分钟 有侧重点地检查： 1、句法：确保每句话是完整的，有谓语，且简单句只有一个谓语。 2、时态：文章绝大部分使用的是一般现在时；一般现在时第三人称要使用单数；使用过去发生的事例时用的是过去时； 3、主谓一致 按此三步，持续练习5篇以上，可以确保时间问题。 整洁： A、TWE要求必须用铅笔写作文，你要自己准备好铅笔和橡皮。橡皮要有韧性，太硬会擦破纸，有错误要擦干净再改； B、第一遍写作时要求字迹不要太大也不要太小，通常一行写10-12个左右单词为宜。如果书法不好，可以在考前练习写一下斜体的26个字母的写法。（别笑，此法被人屡试屡爽）