《中外比较会计ch》

Chapter7PlantAssetsorProperty,PlantandEquipment(PPE)(P188/310-210/332)Keywordsrevenueexpenditure收益性支出capitalexpenditure资本性支出Bookvalue账面价值Residual(salvage)value残值Impairment减值(Property,)PlantandEquipment国际会计准则IAS16经过修订由原来的“固定资产会计”更名为“不动产、厂房和设备(Property,plant,andequipment)”，是近年来国外会计界在探讨取消固定效益（Fixedassets）这一概念的一种反映。Example:Coco-colaannualreportPage31GEfinancialstatementPage32Characteristicsofplantassets1.plantassetsarephysicalobjects.(tangible)2.plantassetsareacquiredtobeusedinoperations.(notforsale)3.plantassetsprovidebenefitsoverseveralaccountingperiods.(longterm)CostofaplantassetApplicationofhistorycostprincipleTheinitialcostofaplantassetincludesallexpendituresnecessarytogetitinplaceandreadyforuse,suchasrelatedtax,interest,freightcharges,insuranceetc.1.Land(P190/312):purchaseprice,brokeragecommission,surveyfees,legalfees,propertytaxes,expendituresforgradingandclearingthelandandfordemolishingandremovingtheunwantedbuildings.购买价格、经纪人佣金、测量费、法律费、财产税，平整和清理支出以及摧毁和移动所不需要的建筑物的支出。2.BuildingsP191-192/313-3143.MachineryandEquipment(p192/314)a.netpurchaseprice净购价b.freight/transportationcharges运输费c.insuranceintransit在途保险费d.salesandothertaxes销售税及其他税e.installationcost安装成本f.testingcost试运行成本4.LandandLeaseholdImprovements(p192/314)土地及租赁物改良工程Improvementstorealestatesuchasdriveways,fences,parkinglots,sprinklersystemshavealimitedlifeandthereforearerecordedinanotheraccount.(butsewerinstallationshouldbeincludedinthelandaccount)5.ConstructioninProgress(p192/314)在建工程aplantassetthatisbeingconstructedAcquisitionofAssets1.purchasesLand100,000Cash(accountspayable)100,0002.acquiringadonatedassetsBuilding200,000DonatedCapital200,0003.byissuingstockDr.LandCr.Commonstock（普通股）Contributedcapitalinexcessofpar（资本公积）4.Lump-sum(basket)purchases(p193/315)一揽子购买Toallocatetheacquisitioncostamongtheassetsonthebasisoftherelativefairmarketvalue（公允市价）ofeach.Assumethatafirmacquiredlandandabuildinginalump-sumpurchasefor$90,000cash.Thelandhasanestimatefairmarketvalueof$25,000andthebuilding$75,000.Land22,500(90,000*25,000/100,000)Building67,500Cash90,0005.purchaseswithinstallmentpayment（分期付款）ArthurpurchasedmachineryfromGeneralCo.oninstallmentplan.Arthurissueda10-year$1,000,000note.themachinery’smarketvalueis$600,000.Dr.Machinery600,000Discountoninstallmentpayable400,000Cr.Installmentpayable1,000,000Dr.InterestexpenseCr.DiscountoninstallmentpayableEXPENDITUREIncreasesoperatingefficiencyoraddstocapacity?CapitalExpenditure(Debitplantassetaccount)YesCapitalandRevenueExpendituresIncreasesusefullife(extraordinaryrepairs)?NoCapitalExpenditure(Debitaccumulateddepreciationaccount)YesRevenueExpenditure(Debitexpenseaccountforordinarymaintenanceandrepairs)NoDepreciation（折旧）1.straight-linemethod(SL)(Cost–Residualvalue)/YearsofUsefulLife2.units-ofproductionmethod(UOP)(Cost–Residualvalue)/EstimatedUnitsofProduction3.declining-balancemethod(double-declining-balance,DDB150%declining-balance)—usedinincometaxreturns,ratherthanfinancialstatementAnnualdepreciationexpense=Remainingbookvalue×DBrateNoticethattheresidualvalueofaplantassetdoesnotenterintothecomputationofdepreciationexpensebythedeclining-balancemethod.4.Sum-of–the-years-digitsmethodDepreciationExpenseAccumulateddepreciationDepreciationandincometaxesP325/203TranslationMostcompaniesusethestraight-linedepreciationmethodforreportingtotheirstockholdersandcreditorsontheirfinancialstatements.Theyalsokeepaseparatesetofdepreciationrecordsforcomputingtheirincometaxes.Forincometaxpurposes,mostcompaniesuseanaccelerateddepreciationmethod.Supposeyouareabusinessmanager.TheIRSallowsanaccelerateddepreciationmethod,whichmostmanagersprefertostraight-linedepreciation.Why?Becauseitprovidesthemostdepreciationexpenseasquicklyaspossible,thusdecreasingyourimmediatetaxpayments.Youcanthenapplythecashyousavetofityourbusinessneeds.MACRSdepreciationfortaxpurposes(P326/204)MACRS:ModifiedAcceleratedCostRecoverySystem修订的加速成本回收制TheTaxReformActof1986DepreciationforpartialyearsP327/205Purchasedonorbeforethe15thofamonth,recordafullmonth’sdepreciationPurchasedafterthe15thofamonth,recordnodepreciationHalf-yearconvention半年期惯例ChangingtheusefullifeofadepreciableasstP327/205Thiscorrectionaffectsonlytheamountofdepreciationexpensethatwillberecordedinthecurrentandfutureperiods.Thefinancialstatementsofpastperiodsarenotrevisedtoreflectchangesintheestimatedusefullivesofdepreciableassets.未来适用法不用追溯调整Thechangeanditseffectshouldbereportedinnotestothefinancialstatement.ExampleP328/206AccountingforPlantAssetDisposalsWhenPlantassetslosetheirusefulnesstheymaybedisposedofinoneofthefollowingways:1.discarded,2.sold,or3.traded(exchanged)forsimilarassets.GainorlosswillbereportedintheincomestatementasOtherIncomeorOtherLoss.Whenplantassetsaresold,theownermaybreakeven,sustainaloss,orrealizeagain.SaleofplantassetsDr.CashAccumulatedDepr.—EquipmentLossonDisposalofplantassetsCr.EquipmentGainonDisposalofplantassetsExercise:companysoldabuildingwithahistoricalcostof$200,000andaccumulateddepreciationof$140,000atthedateofdisposalfor$80,000cash.Cash80,000Accu.Depn.140,000Buildings200,000Gainonsaleofbuilding20,000ExchangingforsimilarassetsP331/209TransferthebookvalueoftheoldassetplusanycashpaymentintothenewassetaccountTheimpairment（减值）ofplantassetsIfthecostofanassetcannotberecoveredthroughfutureuseorsale,theassetshouldbewrittendown（减记）toitsnetrealizablevalue.Theoffsettingdebitistoalossaccount.Thesewrite-offs（转销数）generallydonotenterintothedeterminationoftaxableincome.Dr.Non-operatingexpenseCr.provisionforimpairmentonPPENaturalResourcesandDepletion自然资源和折耗NaturalResourcesandDepletionAbusinesspaid$400,000fortheminingrightstoamineraldepositestimatedat1,000,000tonsofore.Thedepletionrateis$0.40perton($400,000÷1,000,000tons).NaturalResourcesandDepletionAdjustingEntryAccumulatedDepletion3600000Duringthecurrentyear,90,000tonsaremined.Theperiodicdepletionis$36,000(90,000tonsx$0.40).Dec.31DepletionExpense3600000depreciationofplantandequipment（折旧）depletionofnaturalresources（折耗）amortizationofintangibleassets(摊销）