高中语法非谓语动词

一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词），又没有连词的情况下，还有别的动词出现时，就是非谓语动词。 She got off the bus,leaving her handbag on her seat. She got off the bus,but left her handbag on her seat. 名称 语法功能 主语 宾语 宾语补足语 表语 定语 状语 不定式 v v v v v v 动名词 v v   v v   现在分词     v v v v 过去分词     v v v v               一、不定式 不定式在感官动词和使役动词后面作宾补时省略to : see,hear, feel,watch, find,notice,listen to, observe, taste,smell,let, have, make 1. 不定式做主语 (1) To lose heart means failure. (2) It took me only five minutes to finish the job. (3) To do two things at a time is to do neither. 2. 不定式作宾语 (1) You needn’t bother to come yourself. (2) They are considering what to do next. (3) Some who were famous in their own times would find it difficult to achieve success today.类似的：afford,promise,refuse,expect,hope,learn,offer,wish,want,fail,plan,agree,forget,like,prefer,decide,manage,try,arrange, determine,desire 3. 不定式作表语 (1) What she wants to do most is to travel abroad. (2) The most important thing is to take measures to prevent the pollution. (3) He is to marry rose. 4. 不定式作定语 (1)I need a pen to write with. (2)Charles Linderbergh is the first man to fly the Atlantic alone. (3)The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important. 5. 不定式作宾语补足语 相当于so as to,in order to (1) We often hear her sing the song at home. (2) My teacher asked me to go there on time. (3) She was considered to have stolen the money. 6. 不定式作目的状语 (1) Tom sat near the fire to get warm. (2) The athletes practised hard to win the match. 7. 不定式作结果状语 常用enough to,sufficient to(足够的),only to,never to,so+形容词/副词+as to,such+名词…as to do引导 (1) Would you be so kind as to step this way,please? (2) I tried the door,only to find it locked inside. (3) He is brave enough to go out alone at night. (4) I am not such a fool as to believe that. 8. 不定式作原因状语 常放在表示心里感觉的形容词后。 (1)I am happy to see you. (2)She was sad to hear the bad news. 9. 不定式的完成式 表示不定式中动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词的动作发出。 类似的动词：seem, appear,be said, be supposed, be reported,be thought, be known,be believed (1) The novel was said to have been published. (2) I regret to have been with you for so many years. (3) I’m sorry to have kept you waiting so long.(说话时已经等很久了) (4) I’m sorry to keep you waiting for a minute.(说话时还没等) 不定式运用口诀：本领最多不定式；主、表、宾、补、定和状；样样成分都能干；只有谓语它不敢；大家千万要当心；有时它把句型改；作主宾时用it;自己在后把深藏；七个感官三使役；宾补要把to甩开；疑问词后接上它；宾语从句可充当；逻辑主语不定式；不定式前for sb;to 前not是否定；各种用法区别开。 二、动名词 1.  动名词作主语 (1)Seeing is believing. (2)Playing chess is fun. (3)It is no use waiting here. 2.  动名词作表语 (1)The nurse’s job is looking after the patients. (2)The nurse is looking after the patients. 3.  动名词作宾语  类似的词：suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind,enjoy, require, practice,miss, escape, pardon,advise,consider,imagine,keep, appreciate,escape,permit,leave off(停止，中断)，put off,give up,look forward to,feel like,have trouble/difficulty in doing sth, devote to,get used to, pay attention to,be fond of, be worth (1)Do you mind my opening the windows? (2)I am used to watching TV in the evening. 4.  动名词作定语    动名词作定语时，动名词和它所修饰的词没有逻辑上的主谓关系。例如：a sleeping bag; a walking stick; reading text; running water; developing country 5.  动名词的时态和语态 (1)I get used to watching TV in the evening. (2)She regretted not having studied the computer hard. (3)His being looked down upon made him sick. (4)I can’t really stand being treated like that. 三、现在分词 1.现在分词在句中可作时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果等状语。Ving作伴随状语可以表示行为方式、伴随状况或补充说明等，相当于一个状语从句所表达的意思。 (1)Walking in the street,I came across an old friend.= When I was walking in the street,I came across an old friend. (2)Being ill, he didn’t go to school.=As he was ill, he didn’t go to school. (3)Laughing and talking,they went into the classroom. (4)If you use your head,you will find a way.= Using your head,you will find a way. (5)Though weighing almost one hundred jin,the box was lifted by him with one hand.=Though it weighs almost one hundred jin,the box was lifted by him with one hand. (6)We were sitting by the window,talking about what happened yesterday. 当Ving作状语时，它所表示的动作发生在谓语之前，需用having done;其逻辑主语必须和主语保持一致，否则必须带有自己的逻辑主语。现在分词作状语的特性：时间性：与谓语同时发生用一般时；发生在谓语之前用完成时； 语态性：与句子主语之间的关系是主谓关系或动宾关系，遵循的规则是 主动进行；被动完成； 人称一致性：分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。 2.现在分词作定语 (1)The picture hanging on the wall is painted by my nephew. (2)Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV, there are pictures forming in your mind instead of before your eyes. (3)The flowers smelling sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. 四、过去分词 1.过去分词作状语相当于一个状语从句，可以表示时间、条件、原因、让步、伴随等。 (1)Seen from the space, the earth looks blue.=When it is seen from the space, the earth looks blue.(时间)