文学复习资料

文学复习 名词解释： Fiction is any form of narrative which deals, in part or in whole, with events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary and invented by its author(s). Although fiction often describes a major branch of literary work, it is also applied to theatrical, cinematic, documental, and musical work. Nonfiction is an account , narrative , or representation of a subject which an author  presents as fact . This presentation may be accurate or not; that is, it can give either a true or a false account of the subject in question.  Essays, journals, documentaries, histories, scientific papers, photographs, biographies, textbooks, travel books, blueprints, technical documentation, user manuals, diagrams and some journalism are all common examples of non-fiction works. Objective description is primarily factual, omitting any attention to the writer, especially with regards to the writer's feelings. Subjective description includes attention to both the subject described and the writer's reactions (internal, personal) to that subject. 以上四个来自维基百科，大家参考。 Language has different uses. Perhaps the commonest use of language is to communicate information. this is called the practical use of language. But it is not primarily to communicate information that poems are written. It exists to bring us a sense and a perception of life, to widen and sharpen our contact with existence, i.e. Literature can be used as a gear for stepping up the intensity and increasing the range of our experience and as a glass for clarifying it. This is the literary use of language, for literature is not only an aid to living but also a means of life. The denotation is the dictionary meaning or meaning of the word. Beyond its denotations, a word may also have connotations. The connotations are what it suggests beyond what it expresses: its overtones of meaning. The Cask of Amontillado Plot is the sequence of incidents or events of which a story is composed. The plot is the easiest element in fiction to comprehend and put into words, beginning readers tend to equate it with the content of the work. A complete or traditional plot comprises phases like exposition, conflict, climax, and denouement. How to make exposition in The Cask of Amontillado: In the cask of Amontillado, the beginning of the story sets the protagonist and the antagonist in contrast, showing the conflict between the two. The opening sentence Pride and Prejudice (It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife) sets two types of people in contrast. The beginning of The Scarlet Letter contrasts the black prison door with the rose bush beside it, summarizing symbolically the conflict between a severe society and natural human desire. (结合上面the cask of Amontillado看)Characterization means the creation of imaginary persons so that they seem life like. Three fundamental methods of characterization: 1.​ the explicit presentation by the author of the character through direct exposition, either in an introductory block or more often piece meal throughout the work, illustrated by action; 2.​ the Presentation of the character in action, with little or no explicit comment by the author, in the expectation that the reader can deduce the attributes of the actor form the actions. 3. The presentation from within a character, without comment by the author, of the ‘impact of actions and emotions on the character’s inner self. The complete plot includes four factors to consider: the doer and the doing, the time, the space and the value. In The Cask of Amontillado, “it was about dusk, one evening during the supreme madness of the carnival season” is the temporal factor, “the vaults” the spatial factor, value: both doers, Montresor and Fortunato have defects in their character (personality). Fortunato’s are obvious, while Montresor’s are concealed. Doings: Fortunato is proud and looks down upon montresor. He didn’t realize how stupid himself is until his death. Montresor from beginning to the end knows well what will happen. What he expects is to see the death of Fortunado. But he holds back his own attempt with false modesty and courtesy. Value judgment: the focus of the story is to reveal Montresor’s defects in the deeper layer of his nature from his foresight of every procedure of his plan. He is more evil and terrible than fortunate. His uncontrollable desire for revenge completely damages his soul. 诗歌 analyze， topic idea， theme, parts 等几部分 Winter Q: 1) What are the meaning s of ‘nail’ and ‘saw’? (fingernails and preaching) 2) Is the owl’s cry really a merry note? How are this adjective and the verb ‘sings’ employed?(irony) 3) In what way does the owl’s cry contrast with the other details of the poem? Man is active in life while the owl is passive (productive) Literature exists to communicate significant experience---significant because concentrated and organized. Its function is not to tell us about experience but allow us imaginatively to participate in. it can do this in two ways: by broadening our experience—by making us acquainted with a range of experience with which, in the ordinary course of events, we might have contact – or by deepening our experience. In winter Shakespeare communicates the quality of winter life around 16th-17th English country house. But he does not do so by telling us flatly winter is cold and in many respects unpleasant, though with some pleasant features too. Instead, he provides a series of concrete homely details that suggest these qualities and enable us, imaginatively, to experience this winter life ourselves. The shepherd blows on his fingernails to warm his hands; the milk freezes in the pail between the cowshed and the kitchen~~~~ the roads are muddy; the folk listening to the parson have colds; the birds “sit brooding in the snow”; and the servant girl’s nose is raw from cold. But pleasant things are in prospect. Logs are being brought in for a fire, hot cider or ale is being prepared, and the kitchen maid is making a hot soup or stew. In contrast to al these homely, familiar details of country life is the mournful, haunting and eerie note of the owl. From “winter”, we can say two approaches about poetry are false. 1)​ Poetry tells a lesson or a bit of moral instruction. This poem has appealed to readers now for nearly four centuries, is not inspirational and contains no moral preachment. 2)​ Poetry is beautiful. Though the poem appeals in its way and contains elements of beauty, there is little that is really beautiful in red raw noses, coughing in chapel, nipped blood, foul roads, and greasy kitchen maids. Yet some readers think that poetry deals exclusively with beauty—with sunsets, flowers, butterflies, love, etc. for such readers poetry is a precious affair, the enjoyment only of delicate souls, removed from the heat and sweat of ordinary life. 诗歌三种押韵形式： 1．​ End rhyme 2. head rhyme 3. Internal rime: if one or both rhyming words are within the line, it is called internal rhyme. 仅供参考。。。祝大家考试顺利！