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Chapter 1‐Review
1. 线性方程组 Systems of Linear Equations (Linear System) [P3 ]
关键词:coefficient系数[P2]; constant term 常数(项)[讲义‐P1]; linear equation线性方程 [P2];variable
未知数(或变元)
有 m 个方程 n 个未知数(x1,x2,…xn)的线性方程组可
表
关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf
示为:
1) ai1x1 + ai2x2 + … + ainxn = bi (1 ≤ i≤ m)
2) x1a1 + x2a2 + … + xnan = b (a1,a2,…an, b 为 m 维列向量)
3) Ax=b (A 是 m× n 矩阵;x,b 为 m 维列向量)
4) Augmented matrix(增广矩阵) -
(其中第 j(1 ≤ j ≤n)列是变元 xj 的系数)
2. 线性方程组解的情况(Solution Status) [P4]
1) No solution 无解
2) Has Solution 有解
a) Exactly one solution (unique solution) 唯一解
b) Infinitely many solutions 无穷多解
3. 阶梯形(Echelon Forms) [P14]
关键词:leading entry先导元素 [P14]; pivot position主元位置[P16];
1) 3 conditions of echelon form matrix 阶梯形矩阵的三个条件(缺一不可):
a) A zero row is not above on any nonzero row 所有非零行都在零行上部
b) Each leading entry of a row is on the right of the leading entry of the previous row 每行的先
导元素都在上一行先导元素的右边
c) In each column, an entry below the leading entry is 0 与先导元素同列且在其下部的元素全
为 0
2) 2 additional conditions of Reduced Echelon Forms 简化阶梯形的额外两个性质:
a) The leading entry of each nonzero row is 1 每一非零行的先导元素都是 1
b) Each leading 1 is the ONLY nonzero entry of its column 先导元素是其所在列唯一非零元
素
注:与线性方程组结合:
4. 解的存在性与唯一性定理 (Theorem 2. Existence and Uniqueness Theorem) [P24]
关键词:pivot column主元列[P16]; echelon form 阶梯形[P16];
No [0 0 … 0 | bi] bi ≠ 0 ≡ Has solution
¾ No free variables ~ unique solution
¾ ≥1 free variable ~ infinitely many solutions
5. 齐次线性方程组非零解的条件(Condition of Homogeneous System Having
Non-Trivial Solution)
[P50]
关键词:homogeneous system 齐次线性方程组[P50] ; Ax = 0[P50]; non-trivial solutions 非零解/
非平凡解[P51]; free variable 自由变量[P20] ;
Homogeneous system has non-trivial solutions 齐次线性方程组有非零解 ~ at least one
~ ൜
࢞ െ ࢞ ࢞ ൌ 1
࢞ ൌ െ1
~
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free variable 至少有一个自由变量
注:结合简化阶梯形采用反证法轻松搞定!
Additionally, 此外:if r = #{pivot positions}, p = #{free variables}, n = #{variables} then
r+p = n,
#{} - number of {ζ} (ζ的个数)
注:看简化阶梯形
6. 非 齐 次 线 性 方 程 组 解 的 结 构 定 理 ( Structure of Solution Set of
Nonhomogeneous System)
[P53]
关键词:nonhomogeneous system 非齐次线性方程组[P50];
Let v0 be a solution of a nonhomogeneous system Ax = b.
Let H be the set of general solutions of the corresponding homogeneous system Ax = 0.
Suppose the solution set of Ax = b is S
Then S = H + v0
如果 v0是非齐次线性方程组 Ax = b 的一个解,H 是对应齐次线性方程组 Ax = 0 的通解。(Ax =
0 也称为 Ax = b 的导出组)
则 Ax = b 的通解是 S = H + v0
注:Proof
Apparently, h∈ H, (h+ v0) ∈ S ;
so, Hك S; (1)
Now, v ∈ S, v- v0 ∈ H, since A (v- v0) = Av - Av0 = b-b = 0;
Because v- v0 + v0 ∈ H + v0
Consequently: v ∈ H + v0 and thus Sك H (2)
Given (1) and (2), we now have S = H. ■
E.g.: (Examples 5.1 and 5.2)
Ax = 0:
H =
Ax = b:
V0 =
S = v0 + H =
7. 线性组合(Linear Combination) [P32]
关键词:vectors 向量 v1, v2,…vp[P32]; scalar 标量 c1, c2,…cp [P29];
If y = c1v1 + c2v2+…+cpvp
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Then vector y is called a linear combination of the vectors v1, v2,…vp
注:与线性方程组结合
b = x1a1 + x2a2 + … + xnan (a1,a2,…an, b 为向量; x1, x2,…xp 为标量) 有解 ≡ b 是 a1,a2,…an的线性组合
8. 线性无关/ 相关(Linear Independent / Dependent) [P65]
关键词: trivial solutions 非零解/非平凡解[P51]; m 维空间 [P28];
1) Definition [P65]
Vector set {a1 , a2 ,…an } is linear dependent if x1a1 + x2a2 + … + xnan= 0 has only the trivial solution.
(x1 x2 …xn are all 0) 如果方程组 x1a1 + x2a2 + … + xnan= 0 只有零解 (x1 x2 …xn 全是 0),则 a1 ,
a2 ,…an线性无关。
Vector set {a1 , a2 ,…an } is linear independent if x1a1 + x2a2 + … + xnan= 0 if x1 x2 …xn are not all 0.
若方程组 x1a1 + x2a2 + … + xnan有非零解(x1 x2 …xn不全是 0),则向量组 a1 , a2 ,…an线性相关。
2) Theorem 7 Characterization of Linearly Dependent 定理 7 线性相关和线性组合的关系定理
[P68]
Vector set {a1 , a2 ,…an } is linear dependent ~ Exist vector ai (1 ≤ i≤ n), which is a linear combination
of the other vectors
向量组{a1 , a2 ,…an } 线性相关 ~ 存在某向量 ai (1 ≤ i≤ n)是其它向量的线性组合
注:由线性相关定义 x1a1 + x2a2 + … + xnan= 0, x1 x2 …xn 不全是 0 则线性相关。设 xi ≠ 0 (1 ≤
i≤ n), 把 xiai 移到等式另一边 xiai = -(x1a1 + x2a2 + … + xnan),然后两边除以 xi (因为 xi ≠ 0)
即得证向量 ai (1 ≤ i≤ n)是其它向量的线性组合(还不懂?看线性组合定义 100 遍☺) 。
3) Theorem 8 Determine Linearly Dependency by Investigating Vector Dimension and Number
由向量个数与维数判断相关性定理[P68]
Vector set {a1 , a2 ,…an } in is linear dependent if n > m r ai (1 ≤ i≤ n), which is a linear
combination of the other vectors
如果向量组中向量个数 n 大于向量的维数 m,则向量组线性相关。
注:不知如何证明?看本表第 5 项 100 遍☺ 。
4) Theorem 9 Vector set {a1 , a2 ,…an } is linear dependent if there exists ai= 0(1 ≤ i≤ n)
{a1 , a2 ,…an } , � ai= 0(1 ≤ i≤ n) ֜ {a1 , a2 ,…an }线性相关
注:还是不知如何证明?看本格上面的定义 100 遍☺ 。
9. 等价定理(Theorem 4) [P43]
关键词: m 维空间 [P28]; subset of spanned (or generated) by v1, v2,…vp 由 v1, v2,…vp
张成(或生成的)的 的子空间[P35];
1) For each b in , the system Ax = b has a solution.对于 中的每一个向量 b,线性方程组 Ax =
b 都有一个解
2) Each b in is a linear combination of the columns of A. 中的每一个向量 b 都是矩阵 A 的
列向量的线性组合
3) The columns of A span 矩阵 A 的列向量生成
4) The matrix A has a pivot position in every row. 矩阵 A 每一行都有一个主元位置
注:1)- 3)根据定义显然成立;4)可用定理 2 采用反证法
10. 补充齐次方程组基础解系定理(Additional Theorem of basic solutions of a
homogenous linear system)
[P43]
关键词:basic solutions (基础解系) [讲义 P17 定理 5.3]
The basic solutions of any homogeneous linear system are linearly independent.
齐次线性方程组的基础解系中各个向量是线性无关的
注:先看本表第 6 项齐次方程组的例子
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Proof:
Suppose v1 v2 …vp are the basic solutions of a homogeneous linear system Ax = 0. Then, we know that there are
p free variables Ax = 0 (为什么,看本表第 5 项)
Let c1v1 + c2v2 + … +cnvp= v, where c1, c2,… cn are scalars.
We know that in each vector vi (1 ≤ i≤ p), there is a 1 corresponding to the position of the i-th free variable.
In addition, each element in that position in the other vectors is 0.
*
*
…
1
0
…
0
Consequently, the element in this position of the vector v is ci .
Therefore, for vector v to be a 0 vector, c1, c2, …cn must all be 0. ■
Chapter 2
matrix algebra [P105] 矩阵代数
matrix operations [P107] 矩阵的运算
main diagonal of matrix [P107] 矩阵的主对角线
diagonal matrix [P107] 对角矩阵
identity matrix In [P45+
P107]
n × n单位矩阵
matrix addition [P107] 矩阵加法
scalar multiplication [P109] 数乘(矩阵)
matrix multiplication [P109] 矩阵乘法
If A is an m × n matrix, and B is an n × p matrix
with columns b {b1….bp}, then the product of AB is
the m × p matrix whose columns are Ab1…Abp
[P110] A: m × n矩阵
B: n × p 矩阵, 矩阵的各列向量为
{b1….bp},
AB = [Ab1 Ab2…Abp]
The vector in column j of AB is a linear
combination of all the column vectors {a1 … an} of
A (weights are the entries of the corresponding
bjcolumn of B)
[P110] 矩阵 AB 的第 j 列 Vj都是 A 的所有列
向量(a1 … an)的线性组合。(其中各个
权是 B中对应列 bj的元素)
Theorem . Rules for Matrix Operation
A: m × n matrix
B,C:matrices whose sizes in each row of the
following allow the addition and multiplication in
that row
k, t: scalar
[P108+
P113]
矩阵运算规则
A: m × n矩阵
B, C: 在每行中,尺寸都符合那行加
法和乘法定义的矩阵
k, t: 标量
← Position of the i‐th free variable
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1) Addition and scalar multiplication
A + B = B + A
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
A + 0 = A
k(A + B) = kA + kB
(k+t) A = kA + tA
k(tA) = (kt) A
2) Multiplication
A(BC) = (AB)C
A (B+C) = AB + AC
(B+C)A = BA +CA
k(AB) = (kA) B = A (kB)
ImA = A = A Im
1) 矩阵加法和数乘
2) 矩阵乘法
commute [P113] 可交换(矩阵乘法)
Warnings:
In general AB ≠ BA
AB = AC B = C
AB = 0 A = 0 or B = 0
[P114]
transpose of a matrix [P115] 矩阵的转置
Theorem 3 Transposition
A: m × n matrix
AT: transpose of matrix A
B: matrix whose size in each row of the following
allow the addition and multiplication in that row
k: scalar
(AT) T = A
(A + B) T = AT + BT
(kA) T = k AT
(AB) T = BTAT
invertible [P119] (矩阵)可逆的
matrix inverse [P119] 矩阵的逆
singular matrix [P119] 奇异矩阵
nonsingular matrix [P119] 非奇异矩阵
Theorem 4 necessary and sufficient condition for
a 2 x 2 matrix is invertible
Let A = ቂࢇ ࢈
ࢉ ࢊ
ቃ, If ad‐bc ≠ 0, then A is invertible
and A‐1 =
ࢇࢊି࢈ࢉ
ቂ ࢊ െ࢈
െࢉ ࢇ
ቃ
Theorem 4, A is invertible Iff det A ≠ 0
(where det A = ad‐bc)
[P119] 二阶方阵 A = ቂࢇ ࢈
ࢉ ࢊ
ቃ
可逆的充要条件
ad‐bc ≠ 0
或记作|A| ≠ 0
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Theorem 5
If A is an invertible n × n matrix, then for each b
in Թ , the equation Ax = b has the unique
solution x = A‐1b
[P120] 定理 5 系数为 n阶可逆方阵 A的线
性方程组 Ax=b 的解的情况定理
若 A是一个 n阶可逆矩阵,那么对于
n 维空间Թ中的每一个列向量 b 方
程组 Ax = b都有唯一解 x = A‐1b
Theorem 6 Rules of
A, B: n × n invertible matrices
(A‐1)‐1 = A
(AB) ‐1 = B‐1A‐1
(AT)‐1 = (A‐1)T
[P121] 定理 6 矩阵的逆运算规则
elementary matrix [P122] 初等矩阵
If an elementary row operation is performed on
matrix A, the resulting matrix can be written as
EA, where the m x m matrix E is created by
performing the same row operation on Im
Proof idea:
Prove that each of the 3 kinds of row operations, if
performed on a matrix A , is the
same as left multiply the three corresponding
elementary matrix.
Ex. : A ji rr ↔ = Eij A, where Eij = I ji rr ↔
[P123] 左乘初等矩阵等价于
进行一次与初等矩阵一样的行初等
变换
Theorem 7.
An nxn matrix A is invertible iff A is row equivalent
to In, and in this case, any sequence of elementary
row operations that reduces A to In also transform
into A‐1
[P123] 定理 7 可逆矩阵判断定理
一个 nxn 矩阵 A 是可逆的当且仅当
A 行等价于 In (就是说 A 可以行化
简成 In)。并且,在这种情况下,任
何一系列把 A 行化简成 In 的操作,
都可以把 In 转化成 A‐1
Algorithm for finding A‐1:
Row reduce the augmented matrix [A | I] , if A is
row equivalent to I, then [A | I] is row equivalent
to [I | A‐1]. Otherwise, A is not ivertible.
[P124] 用初等行变换求逆矩阵:
把增广矩阵[A | I]化简,如果 A 行等
价于单位阵 I, 则[A | I]能化简成[I |
A‐1],否则 A不可逆。
Theorem 8. Invertible matrix theorem
The following statements are equivalent.
a. A is an invertible matrix.
b. A is row equivalent to the n x n identity
matrix.
c. A has n pivot positions.
d. The equation Ax = 0 has only the trivial
[P129] 可逆矩阵性质定理
下列断言等价
a. A 是可逆的
b. A 行等价于一个 n 阶单位阵。
c. A 有 n 个主元位置。
d. 矩阵方程 Ax = 0 仅有平凡解(零
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solution.
e. The columns of A form a linearly
independent set.
f. The linear transformation ܠ հ ۯܠ is
one‐to‐one.
g. The equation Ax= b has only one solution for
each b in Թ.
h. The columns of A span Թ.
i. The linear transformation ܠ հ ۯܠ maps
Թ to Թ.
j. There is an n x n matrix C such that CA = I.
k. There is an n x n matrix D such that AD = I.
l. AT is an invertible matrix.
解)。
e. A 的列形成一个线性无关集。
f. 线性变换x հ Ax 是一对一的。
g. 对于Թ中任意的一个向量 b,矩阵方
程 Ax= b 有唯一解。
h. A 的列张成Թ.
i. 线性变换x հ Ax 把Թ映射到Թ。
j. 存在一个 n x n 矩阵 C使 CA = I.
k. 存在一个 n x n 矩阵 D 使 AD = I.
l. AT 是可逆的。
partitioned matrix (block matrix) [P134] 分块矩阵
multiplication of partitioned matrices [P135] 分块矩阵的乘法
Partitions of A and B should be conformable for
block multiplication
The column partition of A matches the row
partition of B
[P136] A 和 B 的分块矩阵要相乘的话, A
和 B的分法应遵从矩阵乘法定义
A的列分法应与 B的行分法一致
(左边大小列 = 右边大小行)
Theorem 10 column‐row expansion of AB
If A is an m x n matrix and B is an n x p matrix then
AB = [col1(A) col2(A) … coln(A) ] ൦
ݎݓଵሺܤሻ
ݎݓଶሺܤሻ
…
ݎݓሺܤሻ
൪ =
col1(A) row1(B) +…+ coln(A) rown(B)
[P137] 定理 10 AB乘法的列行展开
subspace [P168] 子空间
column space of A
ColA = all linear combinations of the columns of A
= k1a1 + … + knan (ki(1≤i≤n)∈R)
[P169] A的列空间
ColA = A的所有列的线性组合形成的
向量的集合
null space of A
Nul A = all solutions to the homogeneous equation
Ax = 0
[P169] A的零空间
Nul A = 齐次线性方程组 Ax = 0 的
通解
Theorem 12. Theorem for null space of A
The null space of an m x n matrix A is a subspace
of Թ.
Equivalently, the set of all solutions to a system
Ax= 0 of m homogeneous linear equations in n
unknowns is a subspace of Թ.
[P170] A的零空间定理
m x n 矩阵 A的零空间是Թ的子空间
(这是因为 Ax = 0 的解向量是 n 维
的,所以它是 n 维空间的子空间)
也就是说,有着 m 个方程 n 个未知数
的方程组Ax=0的通解是Թ的子空间.
basis [P170] 基
8 / 12
Theorem 13. Theorem for column space of A
The pivot columns of a matrix A form a basis for
the column space of A
[P172] A的列空间定理
A 的主元列形成了 A 的列空间的一
个基。
coordinate vector of x (relative to B) [P176] X 相对于 B的坐标向量
(对照解析几何中,相对于 x 轴,y 轴,z
轴的坐标)
dimension of a subspace
The dimension of a nonzero subspace H, denoted
by dim H, is the number of vectors in any basis for
H. The dimension of the zero subspace is 0.
[P177] 子空间的维数
非零子空间的维数,用 dimH表示,
它是 H 的任意一个基中,向量的个
数。零子空间的维数定义成 0
(注意: 与向量的维数区别!)
rank [P178] 秩
Theorem 14. The Rank Theorem
If a matrix A has n columns then rank A + dim Nul
A = n
定理 14 矩阵的秩定理
如果矩阵 A 有 n 列,则
A的秩+ A的零空间的维数 = n
(回忆第一章 r+ p = n, 不知道? 罚
你看第一章秘籍 100 遍)
r是 主元列的个数
p 是自由变量的个数,Ax=0 有多少自
由变量,就有多少线性无关的基础解
向量,也就是说 A的零空间的维数是
p.
Theorem the invertible matrix theorem
m. The columns of A form a basis of Թ.
n. Col A = Թ.
o. dim Col A = n.
p. rank A = n.
q. Nul A = {0}
r. dim Nul A = 0
[P179] 可逆矩阵性质定理 续
m. A 的列向量形成了Թ的一个基
n. Col A = Թ.
o. dim Col A = n.
p. rank A = n.
q. Nul A = {0}
r. dim Nul A = 0
注:这是因为 A可逆,A可以初等变
换为单位阵,单位阵地列向量都线性
无关。因为初等变换不改变线性相关
性,则说明 A的 n 个列向量也都线性
无关。 Ax=0只有零解。
为什么初等变换不改变线性相关
性? 因为初等变换不改变方程组
Ax=0 的解。
9 / 12
Chapter 3
determinant [P187] 行列式
(i,j)‐cofactor
(‐1)i+j det Aij
[P165] 代数余子式
cofactor expansion [P165] 余因子展开式
Theorem 2 det of a triangular matrix
If A is a triangular matrix, then det A is the product
of the entries on the main diagonal of A
[P189] 定理 2 三角矩阵的行列式定理
三角矩阵的行列式是该矩阵的主对
角线上元素的乘积。
Theorem 3 row operations on determinant
a. If a multiple of one row of A is added to
another row to produce a matrix B, then det B
= det A
b. If two rows of A are interchanged to produce
B,then detB = ‐ detA
c. If one row of A is multiplied by k to produced
B, then detB = k detA
[P192] 定理 3 矩阵行变换与对应行列式的
值
a. 把 A 的某一行的倍数加到另一行
得到矩阵 B,则 detB = detA
b. 若 A 的两行互换得到矩阵 B,则
detB = ‐ detA
c. 若 A 的某一行乘以 k 得到矩阵 B,
detB = k detA
Theorem 4 use determinant to investigate
whether matrix is invertible
A square matrix A is invertible iff det A ≠0
[P194] 定理 4 用行列式判可逆
一个方阵 A可逆当且仅当 det A ≠0
Theorem 5 determinant of transpose of A
If A is an n x n matrix, then det AT = det A
[P196]
定理 5 转置矩阵的行列式
一个方阵 A, 它的转置矩阵的行列式和
它本身的行列式值相等。
Theorem 6 Multiplicative Property
If A and B are an n x n matrices, then
det AB = (det A) (det B)
[P196] 定理 6 矩阵乘法的行列式
方阵 A 和 B 乘积的行列式等于 A 的行
列式乘以 B的行列式
det AB = (det A) (det B)
Theorem 7 Cramer’s Rule
Let A be an invertible n x n matrix. For any b in
Թ, the unique solution x of Ax = b has entries
given by
࢞ ൌ
ࢊࢋ࢚ ሺbሻ
ࢊࢋ࢚
[P201] 定理 7 克莱姆法则
设 A 是一个可逆 n 阶方阵,对于Թ中任
意向量 b, 方程组 Ax=b 的唯一解可用下
面的方法计算:
࢞ ൌ
ࢊࢋ࢚ ሺ܊ሻ
ࢊࢋ࢚
adjugate [P203] 伴随矩阵
Theorem 8 An Inverse Formula
Let A be an invertible n x n matrix. Then
ି ൌ
ࢊࢋ࢚
ࢇࢊ
定理 8 逆矩阵计算公式
ܣିଵ ൌ
1
ࢊࢋ࢚
݆ܽ݀ܣ
10 / 12
Chapter 4
Vector space [P215] 向量空间
Subspace [P220] 子空间
Zero Subspace [P220] 零子空间
Subspace spanned by {v1…vp} [P221] 由向量{v1…vp}生成(张成)的子空间
Null space of an m x n matrix A (written as Nul
A)
Nul A is a subspace of Rn
[P226‐
227]
m x n 矩阵 A的零空间(注意与零子空间
区别开来)。
Column space of an m x n matrix A (written as
Col A)
Col A is a subspace of Rm
[P229] 矩阵 A的列空间 记作 Col A
Col A是 Rm的子空间
Basis
Pivot columns of A form a basis for Col A
[P238]
[P241]
基
矩阵 A的主元列形成了 Col A的基
Coordinates of x relative to the basis B [P246] 向量 x 相对于基 B的坐标
Coordinate vector of x [P247] 向量 x 相对于基 B的坐标向量
Coordinate mapping [P247] 坐标映射
Dimension [P256‐
257]
维数
Rank
rank A + dim Nul A = n
[P265] 秩
Invertible matrix theorem [P267] 可逆矩阵的秩、维数定理
Change of basis
B ={b1, … , bn}, C = {c1,…,cn}, given [x]B
(coordinates of vector x relative to the basis B),
and [b1]C, … , [bn]C (coordinates of vectors b1, … ,
bn relative to the basis C);
Then: [x]C = ۱
۾
՚ ۰[x]B
۱
۾
՚ ۰ = [[b1]C, … , [bn]C]
[P273] 基的变换
设 B ={b1, … , bn}, C = {c1,…,cn}, [x]B是 x相
对于 B上的坐标,并且[b1]C, … , [bn]C是
基 B相对于 C 的坐标。
[x]C = ۱
۾
՚ ۰[x]B
其中۱ ۾՚ ۰ = [[b1]C, … , [bn]C]
11 / 12
Chapter 5
Eigenvector; Eigenvalue
Eigenvectors correspond to distinct eigenvalues
are linearly independent
[P303]
[P307]
特征向量; 特征值
对应于不同特征值的特征向量线性无关
n x n matrix A is invertible iff:
0 is not an eigenvalue or
det A ≠ 0
[P312] n x n 矩阵 A是可逆的,当且仅当:
0 不是特征值
det A ≠ 0
Characteristic equation:
det (A - λI) = 0, or written as |A - λI| = 0
[P313] 特征方程
Similar matrix have the same characteristic
polynomial and eigenvalues
[P317] 相似矩阵具有相同的特征值
Diagonalization
A is diagonalizable iff A has n independent
eigenvectors
An n x n matrix with n distinct eigenvalues is
diagonalizable.
[P320]
[P323]
对角化
A 是可对角化的当且仅当 A 有 n 个线性
无关的特征向量。
Chapter 6
Inner product / dot product [P375] 内积 点积
Length of vector [P376] 向量长度
Unit vector [P377] 单位向量
Normalizing [P377] 单位化
Distance between two vectors [P378] 向量之间的距离
Orthogonal
u•v = 0
[P379] 正交的
u•v = 0
Orthogonal complement [P380] 正交补
Orthogonal basis [P385] 正交基
Orthogonal projection
Orthogonal projection of y onto u
[P387] 正交投影
Y在 u 上的正交投影
Orthonormal
Orthonormal set
Orthonormal basis
[P389]
标准
excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载
正交
标准正交集合
标准正交基
Orthogonal decomposition [P395] 正交分解
Gram‐Schmidt process [P402] 格莱姆‐施密特方法
QR factorization [P405] QR分解
Least‐Squares Problem [P410] 最小二乘法
Inner product space [P428] 内积空间
Cauchy‐Schwarz Inequality [P432] 柯西‐施瓦茨不等式
Triangle Inequality [P433] 三角不等式
12 / 12
Chapter 7
Symmetric matrix [P450] 对称矩阵
Orthogonally diagonalizable [P450] 可正交对角化
Spectral decomposition [P453] 谱分解
Quadratic form [P456] 二次型
Matrix of quadratic form [P456] 二次型的矩阵
Change of variable [P457] 变量变换
Principal axes theorem [P458] 主轴定理
Positive definite
Negative definite
Indefinite
[P461] 正定
负定
不定
Positive semidefinite
Negative semidefinite
[P461] 半正定
半负定
Constrained optimization [P463] 条件优化 (注意优化方法)