chemistry IB

2014届Pre-DP暑假作业DAY11．Statethemissingwordswhichcompletethefollowingparagraph.Themajorsubatomicparticlesare________,___________and__________.The_______and__________arefoundinthe___________,whilethe________moveatgreatspeedaroundthe_________.2．Comparethemassofaprotonwiththatofaneutron.3．Comparethemassandchargeofanelectronandaproton.4．Definethetermisotopesofanelement.Includeanexampleinyouranswer.5．a Statethechemicalnamesforthequantitiesrepresentedbythenumbersin715N.b Explainhowyoucanusetheinformationrepresentedtomakeanelectronshelldiagramofanitrogenatom.6．Determinethenumberofprotons,neutronsandelectronsineachofthefollowing.a 3062Zn b 3681Kr c 1224Mg2d 3581Br−7. Describetwowaysinwhichisotopesofthesameelementmaydifferfromeachother.DAY21. Definethetermrelativeatomicmass.2. Anisotopeofanelementisdeflectedtwiceasmuchasanatomofcarbon-12.Whatcanbededucedaboutthemassofthatisotope?3. Carbonhastwostablenaturalisotopes,carbon-12andcarbon-13.(Theradioactiveisotopecarbon-14iswidelyusedtodeterminetheapproximateageoffossilizedmaterial.)Calculatetherelativeatomicmassofcarbon,giventhattherelativeisotopicmassesandpercentageabundancesare12.00(98.89%)and13.00(1.11%)respectively.4. Theelementthalliumhastwoisotopes,203Tland205Tl.Therelativeisotopicmassesandrelativeabundancesare202.97(11.4)and204.97(26.6)respectively.Determinetheabundancefractionofeachisotopeandtherelativeatomicmassofthallium.5.Calculatetherelativeatomicmassofsiliconfromthefollowingdata.DAY31. Identifytheelectronthatwillhavethegreaterenergy:anelectroninshell1oroneinshell2.Explainyouranswer.2. Drawelectronarrangementforamagnesiumatom,indicatingthenumberofeachsubatomicparticle.3. a Determinetheelectronarrangementforeachofthefollowingelements.i 1531P ii 919F iii 1840Ar iv 1939Kb Determinetheelectronarrangementforeachofthefollowingions.i 1224Mg2ii 919F−iii1632S2−iv1939K4. a Statehowmanyelectronsthereareinthevalence(outermost)shellofeachofthefollowingatoms.i 612Cii 1327Al iii 919Fb Statehowmanyelectronsareinthevalenceshellofeachofthefollowingions.i 1327Al3ii 1531P3−iii 1735Cl−5. Comparedtothevisibleregionoftheelectromagneticspectrum,statewhereyouwouldfind:a  theultravioletregionb  theinfraredregion.DAY41. a Explainonewayinwhichprotonsandelectronsaresimilar.b Explaintwowaysinwhichprotonsandneutronsaresimilar.c Explaintwowaysinwhichneutronsandelectronsaredifferent.2. Explainthepurposeofeachofthefollowingstagesofmassspectrometry:a Vaporization       b Ionizationc Acceleration       d Deflectione Detection3. Geologistsbelievethattheyhavediscoveredanewelement.Whenasmallsampleofthiselement,dubbednewium(symbolNw),isanalysedinamassspectrometeritisfoundthatithasonlyoneisotopewhichisdeflectedonly0.218timesasfarascarbon-12.a Determinewhethernewiumisheavierorlighterthancarbon-12.b Estimatetherelativeisotopicmassofnewium.c Discusswhetheritispossiblethatnewiumisanewelement,orwhetherthegeologistsaremistaken.DAY51.Explainthedifferencebetweenacontinuousspectrumandalinespectrum.2.Copperconsistsoftheisotopes63Cuand65Cuandhasarelativeatomicmassof63.55.Whatisthemostlikelycomposition?63Cu 65CuA 30% 70%B 50% 50%C 55% 45%D 70% 30%3. Whichstatementiscorrectfortheemissionspectrumofthehydrogenatom?A Thelinesconvergeatlowerenergies.B Thelinesareproducedwhenelectronsmovefromlowertohigherenergylevels.C Thelinesinthevisibleregioninvolveelectrontransitionsintotheenergylevelclosesttothenucleus.D Thelinecorrespondingtothegreatestemissionofenergyisintheultravioletregion.4. Whatarevalenceelectrons?A ElectronsintheenergylevelclosesttothenucleusB ElectronsinthehighestmainenergylevelC ThenumberofelectronsrequiredtocompletethehighestmainenergylevelD Thetotalnumberofelectronsintheatom5.Whatisthedifferencebetweentwoneutralatomsrepresentedbythesymbols2759Coand2859Ni?A ThenumberofneutronsonlyB ThenumberofprotonsandelectronsonlyC ThenumberofprotonsandneutronsonlyD Thenumberofprotons,neutronsandelectrons6. a Definethetermsatomicnumberandmassnumber.b Foreachofthespeciesshowninthetable,statethenumberofeachsubatomicparticlepresent.DAY61. Identifythebondingtypeineachofthefollowingcasesasionic,covalentormetallic.a Silver b Hydrogenandoxygenc Magnesiumandchlorine d Copperandsulfure Carbonandoxygen f Tinandcopperg Aluminiumandsulfur2. Statebalancedchemicalformulasforeachofthefollowingcompounds.a Potassiumnitrate b Calciumchloridec Sodiumhydroxide d Copper(II)sulfatee Ammoniumsulfide f Aluminiumnitrate3. Statethenamesofthefollowingcompounds.a KCl b BaSO4 c HNO3d Al2O3 e SnI2 f Cu3(PO4)24. Determinethechargeonthepositiveion(cation)foreachofthefollowingcompounds.a Mn(SO4)2 b Co(OH)3 c NiCO3d Pt(NO3)2 e AuBr3 f Ga2(OH)25. Describethestructureofsodiumchloride,withthehelpofalabeleddiagram.DAY71. Describewhateachofthefollowingpropertiessuggestsaboutthenatureofthebondinginmetals.a Metalsconductelectricity.b Mostmetalshavehighmeltingpoints.c Metalsaremalleable.2. Describehowthestructureofametalchangeswhenaforceisappliedtothemetal.3. a Whenreferringtothe‘electronsea’modelformetallicbonding,describewhatismeantbythefollowingterms:i delocalizedelectronsFreeelectronsii latticeofcations.b Explainwhythepositiveionsinametaldonotrepeleachother.4. Inorderforasubstancetoconductelectricityitmusthavechargedparticlesthatarefreetomove.Statethenameoftheparticlesthatareresponsiblefortheconductionofelectricityinametal.Freeelectrons.5. Intermsofthe‘electronsea’model,explainwhytheelectricalconductivityofmetalsdecreasesasthemetaliswarmed.DAY81.Statetherelationshipbetweenthegroupintheperiodictableinwhichanelementisfoundanditsnumberofvalenceelectrons.2.Allchemicalbondsinvolveelectrostaticattraction.Statethenamesoftheparticlesbetweenwhichtheelectrostaticattractionoccursinacovalentbond.3.Ofthesubstancesinthefollowinglist,identifythosethatcanaccuratelybedescribedasbeingcomposedofmolecules.I  Carbondioxide II  IceIII Bronze IV PotassiumbromideV  Hydrogenchloride4. Statethetotalnumberofvalenceelectrons,andthenumberofnon-bondingvalenceelectronsineachofthefollowingmolecules.a H2 b Cl2 c O2 d HBr e N25. DrawLewisstructures(electrondotdiagrams)forthefollowinglinearmolecules.a HI b F2 c O2 d CO2 e N26. ConsiderthebondsC−C,C=CandC≡C.a Statewhichofthesebondsisthestrongestandexplainyouranswer.b Statewhichofthesebondsisthelongest.DAY91. Drawstructuralformulasforthefollowingsubstances,andstatetheirshapesandbondangles.a Phosphine(PH3) b Hydrogencyanide(HCN)c Propane(C3H8) d Ammoniumion(NH4)e Borontrichloride(BCl3)2. Determinewhichofthefollowingpairsofatomswillhavethegreatestelectronegativitydifference.I  Carbonandhydrogen II  HydrogenandoxygenIII Sulfurandoxygen IV Carbonandchlorine3. Identifywhichatomineachofthefollowingbondpairswillcarryaslightnegativecharge(δ−)andwhichaslightpositivecharge(δ).aC−H     bB−O     cP−Cl     dS−H    eSi−O4. Foreachofthefollowingmolecules,identifythestrongesttypeofintermolecularforces(vanderWaals’forces,dipole–dipoleattractions,hydrogenbonding)theyexhibitintheliquidstate.a HClb O2c NH3d CHCl3e OCl2f SiH4g N2h HFi NBr35. Listthefollowingbondsinorderfromweakesttostrongest.I  Permanentdipole–dipolebondsbetweenSO2moleculesII  CovalentbondsbetweencarbonandhydrogeninCH4III vanderWaals’forcesbetweenatomsofheliumIV PermanenthydrogenbondsbetweenHFmoleculesV  CovalentbondsbetweennitrogenatomsinN2moleculesVI vanderWaals’forcesbetweenmoleculesofcarbondioxideDAY101. Onthebasisoftheintermolecularforcespresent,determinewhichmoleculeineachofthefollowingpairshasthehigherboilingpoint.Explainyouranswerineachcase.a Methanol(CH3OH)orethanol(CH3CH2OH)b Chloromethane(CH3Cl)ordichloromethane(CH2Cl2)c Hydrogensulfide(H2S)orwater(H2O)d Hydrogenfluoride(HF)orhydrogenbromide(HBr)e Ammonia(NH3)orarsenine(AsH3)2. Identifythechargedspeciesthatconductelectricityineachofthefollowingsubstances.a Al(s)b NaCl(aq)c Fe(l)d AgI(l)3. Themeltingtemperaturesofpotassium(K)andcalcium(Ca)are63ºCand850ºCrespectively.Theradiiofpotassiumandcalciumionsare133pmand99pmrespectively.Explaintworeasonswhythemeltingpointofpotassiumismuchlowerthanthatofcalcium.4.Considerthedatashowninthetablebelow,whichliststhegroup1chlorides.Suggestapossibleexplanationforthechangesinmeltingpoint.DAY111. Statethebalancedchemicalformulasforeachofthefollowingcompounds.a Nickelchlorideb Calciumcarbonatec Copper(II)sulfated Copper(I)nitratee Lead(IV)iodidef Potassiumhydroxideg Aluminiumsulfideh Zinchydrogensulfatei Iron(III)oxidej Magnesiumfluoride2. Statethenamesofthefollowingcompounds.a Mg(OH)2 b KMnO4c Ag2O d PbO2e K2Cr2O7 f Sn(NO3)2g H2S h Fe(NO3)2i Zn3N2 j CaSO43. Thestructureofethanoicacidisshownbelow.Therearetwocarbon–oxygenbonds(blue)inthismolecule.Statewhichofthesetwobondsis:a strongerb longer.4. Ammonia(NH3)ishighlysolubleinwater,butoctane(C8H18),themajorcomponentofpetrol,iseffectivelyinsoluble.Explainthedifferenceinsolubilityinwaterofthesetwosubstances.DAY121. Statethenameofanelement:a inthesamegroupasneonb inthesameperiodassodiumc withsimilarpropertiestonitrogend thatisatransitionmetal.2. Identifyeachofthefollowingelements.a ElementXisinperiod4andgroup3.b ElementYisinperiod3andgroup2.c ElementZisinperiod5andgroup6.3. TheelectronicstructuresofelementsAtoEaregivenbelow.A 2,8,3    B 2,8,2    C 2,8,8,2   D 2,8,8    E 2,6FromelementsAtoEselectanelementthat:a isfoundingroup3b isfoundinperiod2c isfoundingroup2,period4.4. Anelementisingroup2andperiod3.Howmanyelectronsarepresentinitsoutershell?5. Stateandexplainhow:a thefirstionizationenergyofstrontiumcompareswiththatofmagnesiumb theelectronegativityofseleniumcompareswiththatofoxygen.6. a Comparetheatomicradiiofmagnesiumandchlorine.b Explainthedifferenceyouhavedescribed.7. a StatethetrendintheionicradiifromNatoAl3.b StatethetrendintheionicradiifromSi4−toCl−.c Explainthetrendinpartb.DAY131. Stateandexplainthetrendinreactivityofthealkalimetalsdownthegroup.2. Stateandexplainthetrendinreactivityofthehalogensdownthegroup.3. a Statethebalancedchemicalequationforthereactionoflithiumwithoxygen,includingstates.b Statethebalancedchemicalequationforthereactionbetweentheproductproducedinpartaandwater.c Statethesortofsolutionthatisproducedinthereactioninpartb.4. a Listthepossiblehalideionswithwhichchlorineisabletoreact.b Listthepossiblehalideionswithwhichiodineisabletoreact.5. Writebalancedchemicalequationsforthereactionsofchlorinewiththehalideions,Br−andI−.6. a Writethebalancedchemicalequationforthereactionofphosphorus(V)oxide,P4O10,withwater.b Statethesortofsolutionthatisproduced.7. Comparethereactionsof:a lithiumandsodiumwithwaterb chlorineandbrominegaswithsodiumc fluorineandchlorinegaswithbromideionsd sodiumandpotassiumwithbrominegas.DAY141. Writeequationsforthereactionwithwaterof:a perchloricacid(HClO4)b thebasemethylamine(CH3NH2).2. a IdentifytheconjugateacidsofBr−,SO42−,NH3,ClO4−andHCO3−.b IdentifytheconjugatebasesofHI,HPO42−,NH4,HSO4−andH3O.3. Writetwoequationsshowingtheamphiproticnatureofthehydrogencarbonateion(HCO3−).4. Foreachofthefollowingreactionsindicatewhetherthefirstreactantisactingasanacid,abaseorneither.a CH3COO−(aq)H3O(aq)→CH3COOH(aq)H2O(l)b NH3(aq)H2O(l)→NH4(aq)OH−(aq)c 2H2O(l)2Na(s)→2NaOH(aq)H2(g)d HPO42−(aq)H2O(l)→H2PO4−(aq)OH−(aq)e HSO4−(aq)NH3(aq)→SO42−(aq)NH4(aq)5. Explain,withtheaidofanequation,whysolutionsofsulfuricacidcanconductelectricity.6.Comparethetermsbaseandalkali.7. Statethebalancedchemicalequationsforthereactionsthatoccurwhenthefollowingchemicalsaremixed.a Aluminiumandhydrofluoricacid(HF(aq))b Solidpotassiumhydrogencarbonateandsulfuricacidc Iron(III)oxideandnitricacidd Calciumhydroxidesolutionandhydrochloricacide AmmoniaandnitricacidDAY151. Describetwodifferenttestsyoucouldperformonadilutesolutiontodeterminewhetheritisacidicorbasic.2. Withreferencetotwoacidsolutions,distinguishbetweenthetermsstrongandweak.3. Foreachofthefollowingpairsofsolutions(ofequalconcentration),predictwhichsolution:i  hasthehigherconcentrationofHii  isthebetterelectricalconductor.a HClandCH3COOHb H2SO4andHNO34. Statewhethereachofthedilutesolutionslistedbelowisagoodorpoorelectricalconductor.Explainyouranswer(includinganequationwhererelevant)foreachsolution.a KOH b HClc NH3 d H2CO35. Definethetermamphiprotic.6.Describeanexperimentyouwouldperformtodeterminewhichthestrongerbaseis:anammoniasolutionorasolutionofsodiumhydroxide.7.Explainwhyacidrainoccursmainlyinareasofhighpopulationdensityandhighindustrializedareas.DAY161. BymakingreferencetothepHscale,distinguishbetweenaneutralsolutionandanacidicsolution.2. Foreachofthefollowingpairsofsolutions,statewhichoneisthemoreacidic.a RainwaterofpH=6.0andtomatojuiceofpH=4.2b MilkofpH=6.6andseawaterofpH=8.5c VinegarofpH=2.8andorangejuiceofpH=3.53. SolutionAis1000timesmoreacidicthansolutionB.IfsolutionAhaspH=2,statethepHofsolutionB.4. BloodhaspH=7.4.AurinesamplehaspH=5.4.Howmanytimesmoreacidicisurinethanblood?5. Ifthe[H(aq)]ofanacidicsolutionwithpH=3is10−3moldm−3,statethe[H(aq)]ofasecondsolutionwithpH=2.6. Ifthe[H(aq)]ofanacidicsolutionis10−5moldm−3,statethepHofthesolution.7. Explainwhya1.0moldm−3solutionofammoniahaspH=12whereasa1.0moldm−3solutionofsodiumhydroxidehaspH=14.Writeanequationforthedissociationofammoniainwaterandasecondequationforthedissociationofsodiumhydroxideinwatertohelpexplainyouranswer.8. Diluteacidsreactwithmostmetalstoproducehydrogengasandasalt.a StatethebalancedformulaequationforthereactionofHClwithzinc(Zn).b Explainwhythisreactionisnotaacid–basereaction.DAY171. Determinetheoxidationnumberofeachelementineachofthefollowingspecies.aMgO  bH2O  cHPO4–  dC2H4  eN2O4  fKMnO42. Completethefollowingtableforoxidesofnitrogen.3. Useexamplestoshowthattheoxidationnumbersofcarbonatomsincarboncompoundsrangefrom−4to4.4. Foreachofthequestionsgivenbelow,useoxidationnumberstodeterminewhethertheboldedchemicalisbeingoxidized(O),reduced(R),neitheroxidizednorreduced(N),orbothoxidizedandreduced(B).a Cl2(g)2e−→2Cl−(aq) b Ni(s)→Ni2(aq)2e−c Ba2(aq)SO42−(aq)→BaSO4(s) d 2Fe2(aq)→Fe(s)Fe3(aq)5. Useoxidationnumberstoidentifywhichreactanthasbeenoxidizedineachofthefollowingredoxreactions.a CuO(s)H2(g)→Cu(s)H2O(l)b Cr2O72−(aq)14H(aq)6I−(aq)→2Cr3(aq)3I2(l)7H2O(l)c MnO2(s)SO2(aq)→Mn2(aq)SO42−(aq)6. Distinguishbetweenthefollowingterms.a Oxidationandreductionb OxidizingagentandreducingagentDAY181. Foreachofthefollowingredoxreactions,identifytheoxidizingagentandthereducingagent.