1.贺惠军阅读满分攻略之阅读技巧与阅读难点分析

1 阅读技巧与阅读难点分析 不同的人有着不同的阅读技巧。有人主张先看题目，后看文章；也有人主张先看文章，后看题目。但 其目的只有一个，那就是快速浏览文章，抓住文中考点，准确快速的答题。在这里，笔者推荐一种阅读方 法，并稍加分析。 第一步：扫描题目。这里的扫描与通常所说的那种试图去浏览每个题干、并记住全部提问的内容，以 便在阅读中直接找出答案的先看题目后读文章的 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 是完全不同的。后者虽然在理论上是有些道理，但在 实际应用中是根本不切实际，只是在浪费宝贵的考试时间。因为一个人想要浏览并记住全部题目的内容， 大约需要 2～3 分钟，当考生把这些记住的内容带入文章的阅读中，大脑又将趋于空白。常人的大脑不可 能在这么短的时间里塞满这么多的东西，这之前所花的 2～3 分钟宝贵的时间也就完全被浪费掉了。本处 所推荐的扫描题目仅限于去发现题干中是否有人名（因为题目中一旦出现人名很有可能是针对人物观点的 提问，记住人名就可以在下一步的阅读中有意识的去关注该人物的观点）以及需要推断词义的单词或词组 的出现（这种扫描大约会花 2～3 秒钟。事实证明，人的大脑在扫描的一瞬间去记住一两个单词是可行的， 即使试题当中没有我们所需要的内容，2～3 秒钟的损失比起 2～3 分钟的损失要小得多）。在下一步的文章 阅读中我们就会有意识的去发现与题干中提到的人物或单词相关的一些信息，为我们在做题时迅速定位打 下基础。与之相反的先看文章、后看题目，一旦题目中出现这种问题，又必须重新回到文章中去找。事实 证明，要在一篇 400～600 个单词的文章中去查找到一个人名或生单词是要花费一些时间的，相对于提前 花 2～3 秒钟扫描中的收获小得多。 如 2005 年试题 Text 2，通过扫描，我们会很快发现文中有就 Bruce Alberts 的观点以及短语 “paralysis by analysis”含义的提问。对于后者，由于是谚语的引用，属必考内容，无须记忆。所以， 在下一步的文章阅读中，我们只需有意识的去发现与 Bruce Alberts 相关的语句就行，不必读到题目时再 回到文章中到处找 Bruce Alberts 的观点。 第二步：开始阅读文章。在这里，我们需要掌握两大技巧。 第一：学会跳跃和扫描式阅读，以提高阅读的速度。 第二：学会应对文中出现的一些难点，加深对文章的理解。下面分别进行分析。 第一：提高阅读的速度 1.跳跃式阅读 跳跃式阅读所要跳跃的内容当然是和文章中心没有太多联系的内容。如对某一专家的头衔说明，这类 文字内容与文章的中心虽不相关，却会经常会在文中出现。 如 1990 年的试题， Passage 2 ...... “but there is a growing awareness that this is not enough,”says a researcher on female labor at the government-funded Institute for the Development of Professional Training for Workers. 分析：这里，我们只需看引号内的内容即可，至于“on female labor...”后面长长的头衔称谓完全 可以不看，跳过去。 如 1998 年的试题， Passage 3 Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics——but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “antiscience” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R.Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University, and the DemonHaunted World, by Car Sagan of Cornell University. 分析：这句话，我们只需读到 notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R.Gross 之后，后面的全部内 2 容就可以跳过。 2.扫描式阅读 扫描式阅读的内容与跳跃式的内容相比，与文章的联系稍稍紧密一些，但一般不是考试的重点，我们 只需对其有大致印象即可。这类内容一般由用来说明中心的论据构成。当中心已经很明确了，我们可以对 说明中心的具体论据实行快速扫描。 如 1988 年试题，Passage 3 … … It might be argued that the house-proud woman would still find plenty to do about the home. That may be so, but it is certainly no longer necessary for a woman to spend her whole life cooking, cleaning, mending and sewing. Washing machines take the drudgery out of laundry, the latest models being entirely automatic and able to wash and dry a large quantity of clothes in a few minutes. Refrigerators have made it possible to store food for long periods and many pre-cooked foods are obtainable in tins. Shopping, instead of being a daily task, can be completed in one day a week. The new man-made fibers are more hardwearing than natural fibers and greatly reduce mending, while good ready-made clothes are cheap and plentiful. … … 分析：对于这一段，由于第一句话“It might be argued that the house-proud woman would still find plenty to do about the home. That may be so, but it is certainly no longer necessary for a woman to spend her whole life cooking, cleaning, mending and sewing.”已把中心交待得很清楚， 后面的“Washing machines...are cheap and plentiful.”大概扫描一下就知道是对本段中心的具体论 据的论述，属次要内容，完全可以一扫而过。 如 1989 年的试题 Passage 2 … … Possessing a car gives a much greater of mobility, enabling the driver to move around freely. The owner of a car is no longer forced to rely on public transport and is, therefore, not compelled to work locally. He can choose from different jobs and probably changes his work more frequently as he is not restricted for a choice within a small radius. Traveling to work by car is also more comfortable than having to use public transport; the driver can adjust the heating in winter and the air conditioning in the summer to suit his own needs and preference. There is no irritation caused by waiting for trains, buses or underground trains, standing in long patient queues, or sitting on windy platforms, for as long as half an hour sometimes. With the building of good, fast motorways, long distances can be covered rapidly and pleasantly. For the first time in this century also, many people are now able to enjoy their leisure time to the full by making trips to the country or seaside at the weekends, instead of being confined to their immediate neighborhood. This feeling of independence, and the freedom to go where you please, is perhaps the greatest advantage of the car. … … 分析：对于这一段，我们只需读完前几句“Possessing a car gives a much greater of mobility, enabling the driver to move around freely. The owner of a car is no longer forced to rely on public transport and is, therefore, not compelled to work locally.”就可以大致估计出后面是对 私家车所带来好处的进一步的说明，此时我们就应该有意识的对后面的文字进行快速扫描，直接扫到后面 3 的中心句“This feeling of independence, and the freedom to go where you please, is perhaps the greatest advantage of the car.”由此，整段意思就十分明了。 3.提高阅读速度的另一途径是：熟记词汇的各种形式及其词义。 由英语语法所决定，英语文章中的词汇除了少量虚词是以原形出现外，其他绝大多数单词都是以一定 的变化形式出现。而我们平时所记忆的词汇均是以原形给出，在阅读时，原形和变形之间就有一个思维的 转换过程，再加上有些变形的词义在原形的基础上有较大幅度的改变，也就增加了思维转换的难度，极大 地妨碍了阅读速度的提高。熟记词汇的各种形式及其词义则直接节省了思维转换过程，进一步提高阅读速 度。 第二、应对阅读中的难点 有些考生把生词也作为阅读中的一个难点，但在真实的阅读中，由考纲范围所限，生词在掌握本书所 推荐的词汇用书后，这一难点完全可以忽略不计。一般来说，考生在阅读时通常会遇到以下几大难点，下 面将对此进行逐一分析。 1、长句的理解 由于考研本身所具有的局限性，以及西方的语言习惯（简单、直接、重心突出），这就决定了文章中 出现那种结构非常复杂长句的机率很小。即使有，也只占极小部分，用于区分那种英语非常优秀的考生。 对于普通考生来说，如在考试中由于这种难度而有一两道题目做不出来的话是很正常的，因为它本身考查 的对象不是你。考生要做的，就是拿下那些绝大部分属于常规性试题的分数，拿下自己该得到的分数。对 于绝大多数普通考生来说，考研英语阅读文章中有些语句较长，但结构并不复杂，考生对这类句子的理解， 关键在于没有掌握一定的技巧，形成连贯的语义理解。其基本应对策略是先抓句子的主干，把握句子的重 心，再对插入成分或并列结构进行理解。 这类句子可分为两类：一类是由一些固定的词组搭配所构成的长句，如 so（such）...that（如此… 以致…），not only...but also（不仅…而且…）， not...but（不是…而是…），so as...to（如此…以 致…），transform...from...into...（把…从…改变为…），not so much...as...（不是…而是…） as...as...（像…一样）等；另一类是由插入成分或并列结构过多构成的。对于前者我们只需抓住固定搭 配所连接的主干，分步理解；后者则直接抓住句子的主干，分步理解。 下面就近 20 年来阅读真题文章中所出现的“长难句”逐一进行分析[“/” 表示断句标示（适当的断 句可以很好的理解句意）]。 Aristotle, for example, whose natural science /dominated the Western thought for two thousand years, believed that / man could arrive at an understanding of reality/ by reasoning from self-evident principle / that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can deduce that / objects fall to the ground because that’s where it belongs.（1987.P3） 分析：首先抓住句子主干，对于插入部分我们可以暂时忽略掉。本句主干为：Aristotle believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principle.然 后再逐步理解其他成分。“whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years” 是对 Aristotle 的补充说明。“everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that’s where it belongs”是对 self-evident principle 的同步解释。该句可理解为以下简单句的句意组合： Aristotle believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principle. Aristotle’s natural science dominated the Western thought for two thousand years. Self-evident principle is that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one 4 can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that’s where it belongs. 翻译：举个例子吧，亚利斯多德，他的自然科学理论统治了整个西方思想长达两千年的历史。他认 为，人们可以通过一些显而易见的法则推断来达到对现实的理解。这种显而易见的法则就是，任何事件在 宇宙中总有其合适的位置。因而人们可以推断出，物体掉到地上是因为物体本身就属于大地的。 Both you and she know that / if you are not sure what you want, you are not likely to find it.（1988.P1） 分析：that if 属于常考结构，对于这种结构的理解关键在于学会对 that if 从句的断句。在理解的 时候，that if 之间语义应稍作停顿，把 if 和后面引导的状语从句语义连贯起来。 翻译：你和她都知道，如果你不能确定你所想要的东西，那么你就没有可能能找到它。 I suggest / transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism /in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into / a humanist industrialism / in which / man and full development of his potentialities——those of love and of reason——are the aims of all social arrangements.(1993.P2) 分析：本句是由 transform...from...into...（把…从…改变为…）固定词组搭配所构成的长句。 transform...from...into...连接的短语作“suggest”后面所接的宾语从句的主语，主语较长妨碍了对 句意的理解。句子主干为：I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism into a humanist industrialism are the aims of all social arrangements.句中“in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves”是对 a bureaucratically managed industrialism 的描述。“in which man and full development of his potentialities——those of love and of reason”是对 a humanist industrialism 的描述。 翻译：我建议，把我们的社会体系从一种以追求最大产值和消费的官僚工业化体系转变成为一种人性 化的工业体系。在这种人性化工业体系当中，人性及人的潜能（情感和理性）能得以充分发展才是我们 社会组织的目标。 If its message were confined merely to information——and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive — — advertising would be so boring that / no one would pay any attention.(1995.P1) 分析：对于由较长的插入成分所构成的长句，我们可以首先跳过破折号内的插入内容，直接抓住破折 号以外的主体内容理解句子主干部分。本句主干为：If its message were confined merely to information, advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.再把插入部分“and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive”代入主句中，并结合前后句意理解。 翻译：如果广告所传递的信息仅限于告知，那么广告将变得让人厌烦以至于不会有人去注意它。当 然，广告本身要做到这一点（广告仅仅传递一种告知信息）也是有困难的，即使有可能做到的话。因为， 即使是一个小小的细节，如对衬衣颜色的选择也是一种隐性的劝说。 The change met the technical requirements of the new age / by engaging a large professional element and / prevented the decline in efficiency that / so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation / after the energetic founders. (1996.P3) 分析：本句是由两个并列成分构成的长句。句子主干为：The change met the technical requirements of the new age and（这里省略掉了共同的主语 the change）prevented the decline .“by engaging a 5 large professional element”介词短语做状语修饰整个主句。“in efficiency”介词短语作状语修饰 “the decline”（这里要学会如何区分介词短语作状语是修饰整个句子还是修饰其中的一部分，这个需要结合 句意进行辨识）。 “so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders”是定语从句修饰“the decline in efficiency”，并对其 具体内容的说明。 翻译：通过雇佣大量的职业人士，这种革新满足了新时代 工艺 钢结构制作工艺流程车尿素生产工艺流程自动玻璃钢生产工艺2工艺纪律检查制度q345焊接工艺规程 的需要，同时也阻止了效率的下降。这 种效率的下降，通常在富有活力的创始人之后的第二代或第三代领导时期对家族企业产生不利的影响。 The paid manager / acting for the company / was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen / which the employer had often had / under the more patriarchal system of the old family business / now passing away. (1996.P3) 分析：首先理解句子的主干：The paid manager was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen. “acting for the company”现在分词短语作定语修饰“the paid manager”。 “which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business”是修饰 familiar personal knowledge of the workmen 的定语从句。now passing away 是现在分词作状语，也是修饰 familiar personal knowledge of the workmen。这里要学会...business 与 now passing away 之间的断句。前句到 business 已经结束， now passing away 则是又一个独立的状语成分。 翻译：作为代表公司一方的职业经理人，他们和工人以及对工人的需求方面（比起企业的所有者）有 着更加直接的联系。但他们很少有着他们雇主在传统家族体制下曾经对工人有过的熟悉程度，这种熟悉情 况现在也不再存在了。 What is harder to establish /is whether the productivity revolution / that businessmen assume they are presiding over / is for real. (1998.P2) 分析：本句不长，但结构却较复杂。句子主干为：What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution is for real.句子主干的主语由一表语从句“what is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution”构成，而表语从句中的主语又由一“what”引导的从句“what is harder to establish”构成，整个句子仍然是一系表结构。“that businessmen assume they are presiding over”是修饰 the productivity revolution 的定语从句。 翻译：难以确定的是，商界人士认为他们所主导的生产力革命是否真的产生效果了。 There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote / that points to a leap in productivity / and the picture reflected by the statistics. (1998.P2) 分析：句子主干部分是由 between...and...（在…之间）固定搭配连接而成。句子主干为：There is a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote and the picture.“that points to a leap in productivity”是定语从句修饰 the mass of business anecdote 的。“reflected by the statistics” 过去分词作定语修饰“the picture”。 翻译：正如财长 Robert Rubin 所说，在商界传言的生产力进步与政府统计数据所反映的情况存在着 脱节。 An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom / on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons 6 of radical educational reform.（1999.P3） 分析：句子主干是由 divides...and...（使…对立）搭配连接而成。两个 those 后面的分词短语作定 语修饰 those。句子主干为：An invisible border divides those and those. 翻译：一种看不到的鸿沟，把那些主张为了学生有更好的职业前景而把电脑引入课堂的人和那些主张 为了获得彻底教育革新更广泛理由而把电脑引入课堂的人的观点对立起来。 Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction——indeed, contradiction ——Which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign / to put computers in the classroom.(1999.P3) 分析：句子主干为：Very few writers have explored this distinction. “on the subject”介 词短语作状语修饰“very few writers”,“which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom”是定语从句修饰 this distinction 的。 翻译：很少有作者在这个问题上去探究这种差异，实际上，他们是互相矛盾的。而这种差异则正是探 究把计算机引入课堂运动问题的关键。 The fact / that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree / answered the question / he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets. (1999.P5) 分析：句子主干：The fact answered the question.“that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree”，“he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets”分别是 the fact 和 the question 的同位语，对其进行说明。 翻译：事实是，苹果掉到地上而不是向上落在树上回答了这样一个问题。而受这个问题的启发，他一 直以来不断的问自己有关巨大天体，如月球和其他星体为什么是在天上而没有掉下来。 It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists / who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there /should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. (1999.P5) 分析：句子主干为：It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.“who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there”是 定语从句修饰 scientists 的。 翻译：听众完全有理由相信，那些确切地知道他们要到什么地方以及怎样到达的科学家不应该由于需 要一边盯着经济利益，一边作着科学试验而分心。 Again, differences between people and the opportunity / for natural selection to take advantage of it / have diminished. (2000.P2) 分析：两个并列名词 “differences”、“the opportunity”做主语。“between people”，“for natural selection to take advantage of it”分别修饰“differences”和“the opportunity”。“it”指代的 是“the opportunity”。句子主干:Differences and the opportunity have diminished. 翻译：人与人之间的差别以及利用差别进行自然选择的机会逐渐缩小。 The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the same in survival and number of off-spring —means / that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India / compared to the tribes. (2000.P2) 7 分析:句子主干为：The grand mediocrity of today / means that / natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India. “everyone being the same in survival and number of off-spring”是插入部分，是对 the grand mediocrity of today 的一个补充说明。“compared to the tribes”分词短语作状语，修饰整个“that”后面引导的宾语从句，表示“that 引导从句所说明的情况在 the tribes 同样的发生了”。 翻译：今天的普通大众，每个人有着同样数量的后代，这意味着，自然选择在印度上流社会已经失去 了 80%以上的影响，在一些部落里情况也是一样。 However amazed our descendants may be at / how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us. (2000.P2) 分析：该句理解难点在于分清 however 和 how 引导的是疑问句还是感叹句。这里两者引导的是两个感 叹句充当状语从句（however 和 how 表示感叹语气“无论…”，只不过前者表达的语气更加强烈些）。 翻译：不论我们的后代对我们距理想状态之遥远感到多么惊讶，他们的长相将和我们一样。 In the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture.（2001.P1） 分析：对于 if 引导的状语从句的理解方法，我们可以采用两遍法。首先从主句到从句顺读一遍，然 后先从 if 从句开始，再到主句理解一遍，含义自然就明了（increasingly 越来越...）。 翻译：在 20 世纪，区域地质学研究只有在包含并反映范围更宽广的问题(地质石貌)时，才越来越被专 业人员所接受。 For the women of my generation / who were urged to keep juggling through the 80s, downshifting in the mid-90s / is not so much a search / for the mythical good life——growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one /——as a personal recognition of your limitations. （2001.P5） 分析：本句主干由 not so much...as...（其准确的翻译应为“与其…不如…”，而这种翻译成中文 之后通常让人产生理解上的障碍。这种搭配出现在客观试题的阅读文章中，通常可以直接把它理解成“不 是…而是…”，让句意更加清晰）固定搭配连接构成的一个长句。定语从句“who were urged to keep juggling through the 80s, downshifting in the mid-90s”修饰“the women of my generation”。插入部分“growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one”，是对“the mythical good life”的 具体说明。句子主干为：For the women of my generation is not so much a search for the mythical good life as a personal recognition of your limitations. 翻译：对于我们这一代女性来说，整个 80 年代，我们曾被迫忙碌地应付生活，90 年代中期过着放 慢生活节奏的生活，与其说是追求神话般的美好生活——自已种有机蔬菜以及冒险进入这样一个仙境—— 倒不如说我们都认识到自己的局限。 Downshifting——also known in America as “voluntary simplicity”—— has, ironically, even bred a new area of / what might be termed / anti-consumerism.（2001.P5） 分析：本句由于多了插入部分，所以句子稍显长。对于有插入部分构成的长句，首先要忽略插入成分， 直接理解主句，然后再理解插入成分。插入成分通常是对紧邻的前一句内容的进一步说明，在理解插入成 分时，应该结合所说明的内容一起理解。句子主干为：Downshifting has bred a new area of / what might be termed / anti-consumerism. 翻译：颇具讽刺意义的是，“放慢生活节奏”，在美国被称为“甘愿简朴”的生活方式居然产生出一个 可称为“反消费主义”的新领域。 8 I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will / after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She / after a build up of stress, /that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, /and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and / social status. (2001.P5) 分析：本句状语较多，再加上多个并列动名词短语充当宾语从句的主语，导致句式过长，句意理解不 能形成连贯的语义。理解方法是学会断句和抓主干。本句主干是由 discovered 后面带一个宾语从句构成。 主干为：I have discovered that / abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, /and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and / social status.“as perhaps Kelsey will”是伴随状语从句的主干，“after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She / after a build up of stress”是两个 并列介词短语作状语修饰“as perhaps Kelsey will”， “abandoning the doctrine of ‘juggling your life’, /and making the alternative move into ‘downshifting’”是两个并列动名词短语充当宾 语从句的主语。 翻译：我发现，放弃那种“忙碌地应付生活”的信念而选择“放慢生活节奏”会带来比金钱和社会地 位更大的回报。凯尔西长期经受巨大压力，从《女性》杂志编辑部退下来之后，恐怕她也将与我有同样的 发现。 I have been transformed from /a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all”, preached by Linda Kelsey / for the past seven years / in the page of She magazine, into a woman / who is happy to settle for a bit of everything. (2001.P5) 分析：本句是由 transformed from...into...（从…转变为…）固定搭配连接构成的长句。句子主干 为：I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all” into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.“preached by Linda Kelsey”，分 词作定语修饰“the philosophy of ‘having it all’”。“who is happy to settle for a bit of everything” 定语从句修饰“woman”。 翻译：我已经从过去七年里琳达·凯尔西在《女性》杂志再三宣扬的“拥有一切”哲学的积极倡导者， 转化成一个对一切浅尝辄止就心满意足的妇女。 It identifies the under-treatment of pain / and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures / that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” / as the twin problems of end-of-life care. (2002.P4) 分析：本句主干部分是由 identify...as...（把…识别为…）固定搭配连接构成的。同时 identifies 后面所接的两个并列宾语成分（the under-treatment of pain，the aggressive use of ineffectual and forced medical procedures）增加了句子的理解难度。句子主干为：It identifies the undertreatment of pain / and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures / as the twin problems of end-of-life care.“that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying”，定语 从句修饰“the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures”（而不是“the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures”， 这里要学会对定语从句所修饰词语范围的限定，通常通过结合文中的句意来确定）。 翻译：该 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 把对减轻病人痛苦做得不够和坚持使用无效及强制性医疗手段从而有可能延长病人死亡 时间，致使病人临终时痛苦不堪，确定为临终护理方面存在的两大问题。 The American spymaster / who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II / 9 and later / laid the roots for the CIA/was fascinated with information. (2003.P1) 分析：句子主干为：The American spymas