7 独立主格结构

null独立主格结构独立主格结构null 独立主格结构，又叫独立结构（absolute construction）。它在句法上游离于句子主体之外，跟主句没有任何句法联系；但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语义环境。独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，只有逻辑上的主语，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构。 null它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与其主句之间既不能通过并列连词连接也不能有从句引导词引导，常用逗号与其主句隔开。 独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。 一、独立主格结构的构成形式 一、独立主格结构的构成形式 1、逻辑主语+V-ing 这种构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作不是整句主语发出的动作，而是其逻辑主语发出的动作。如： It being Sunday, the library doesn’t open. 两个不同主语，两个不同动词 = As it is Sunday, the library doesn’t open. null 2、逻辑主语+V-ed 该构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者。如： New words explained，the text became easier for us to learn. = When new words were explained ，the text became easier for us to learn. 例题： 1._________, the train started. A.The signal given B.Giving the signal C.The signal being given D.The signal giving 2.__________, the train started. A.After having given the signal B.After the signal given C.Giving the signal D.After the signal was given null3、逻辑主语+形容词（副词） 该结构相当于一个未带动词的“主—系—表”结构。如： Conditions better, the patient can leave the hospital soon. = If the conditions are better, the patient can leave the hospital soon. null4. 逻辑主语+介词短语 该结构相当于不带动词的“主—系—介词短语”结构。如： She left the office, tears in eyes . She left the office with tears in her eyes. 例题 1.The boy followed the nobleman here, ___________. A.a sword in hand B.a sword in his hand C.Being a sword in hand D.sword in hand 2.The boy followed the nobleman here ___________. A.with a sword in his hand B.with a sword in hand C.with a sword being in hand D.a sword being in hand 独立主格结构在整句中可作以下成分 独立主格结构在整句中可作以下成分 1、原因状语 该结构在句中作原因状语时相当于一个原因状语从句。如： There being no bus, we had to walk home. = As there was no bus, we had to walk home. null 2、时间状语 独立主格结构作时间状语时相当于一个由when, as soon as, after等引导的时间状语从句。如： The job finished, he went home. = When/As soon as /After the job was finished, he went home. null3、条件状语 独立主格结构作条件状语时可以改为由if引导的条件状语从句。如： Weather permitting, we’ll go to the Great Wall tomorrow. = If weather permits, we’ll go to the Great Wall tomorrow. null 4、伴随状语 独立主格结构作伴随状语时相当于一个介词短语或并列谓语。如： We have lessons every day, Sunday included. = We have lessons every day, and Sunday is included. with独立主格结构 with独立主格结构 一、句法结构       【结构一】 with ＋名词（代词）＋介词短语       例１ He sat there thinking, with his chin on his hand．       他手托下巴，坐在那儿沉思。 【结构二】 with ＋名词（代词）＋形容词       例２ He stared at his friend with his mouth wide open．       他张大嘴巴凝视着他的朋友。 null【结构三】with ＋名词（代词）＋副词       例３ With production up by 60％, the company has had another excellent year．       产量上升了60％, 公司又是一个好年景。     【结构四】 with ＋名词（代词）＋名词        例４ She used to sit reading in the evening with her pet dog her only companion．        她从前总爱在晚上坐着看书，她的宠物狗便是她唯一的伙伴。null 【结构五】with ＋名词（代词）＋现在分词       例５ She stood there chatting with her friend, with her child playing beside her．       她站在那儿跟朋友闲聊，孩子在旁边玩。 【结构六】with ＋名词（代词）＋过去分词        例６“I think we can leave with our heads held high,” Eriksson said．       “我认为我们可以高昂着头离开，”艾里克松说。null 【结构七】with ＋名词（代词）＋不定式       例７ With 10 minutes to go, you’d better hurry．       还有十分钟，你最好快一点。 二、句法功能 二、句法功能       【作状语】 with独立主格结构主要用作状语，可以表示伴随、方式、原因、时间等。        例８ With Mary to help him, he is sure to succeed.       有玛丽的帮助，他一定能成功。 With a lot of work_____, she doesn’t have time to rest. A.to do B.to be done C.doing D.done With our problem ________, we all felt happy. A.to settle B.to be settled C.settled D.being settled null【作定语】 主要是用作后置定语。   例９ The girl reached a river bank with so many flowers on both banks. 这个女孩来到了两岸开满鲜花的河边。 Please offer your seat to the woman _____ a baby in her arms. A.carrying B.having C.with D.all the above 三、句法关系 三、句法关系       【主表关系】 主表关系这种关系主要是由with独立主格结构中的名词和其后的形容词、副词以及介词短语构成。       例１０ Mother looked at me with tears in her eyes.       妈妈眼含泪水看着我。null【主谓关系】这种关系主要是由with独立主格结构中的名词和其后的现在分词构成。       例１１ With night coming on, we started for home.        夜幕降临，我们动身回家。       例１２ The boy lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky.       小男孩躺在草地上，两眼望着天空。null【动宾关系】这种关系主要是由with独立主格结构中的名词和其后的过去分词及动词不定式构成的，前者表示“被动、完成”，后者表示“未做、待做”。 例１３ With so much work to do, we had to sit up through the night. 有这么多工作要做，我们不得不彻夜不眠。 四、句法省略 四、句法省略       【省略特征】 with独立主格结构中的省略主要是指在“with + n + 介词短语”结构中的省略，其特点是省去with及介词短语中的名词修饰词，也就是：“n + 介词 + n”。       例１４ She ran to the hero, flowers in hand.       她手里拿着鲜花跑向这位英雄。