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初中英语1-3册学习要点

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初中英语1-3册学习要点J1 Unit 1(初中英语第一册1) 1.能初步掌握从A至N的14个英文字母;能认读其印刷体和手写体字母的大、小写形式。书写时笔划、 笔顺基本合乎规格。 2.能看、听、说本单元的日常问候、介绍等交际用语,重点学会使用招呼语,并做到语音语调正确。 如: 1)初次见面时的招呼语,自我介绍和应答等。 (1) --- Good morning ( Miss Gao )! --- Good morning ( Class)! (2) --- I am Han Mei. What is your name? --- My n...

初中英语1-3册学习要点
J1 Unit 1(初中英语第一册1) 1.能初步掌握从A至N的14个英文字母;能认读其印刷体和手写体字母的大、小写形式。书写时笔划、 笔顺基本合乎规格。 2.能看、听、说本单元的日常问候、介绍等交际用语,重点学会使用招呼语,并做到语音语调正确。 如: 1)初次见面时的招呼语,自我介绍和应答等。 (1) --- Good morning ( Miss Gao )! --- Good morning ( Class)! (2) --- I am Han Mei. What is your name? --- My name isJim Read. (3) --- Nice to meet you! --- Nice to meet you, too! 2)朋友、熟人之间如何打招呼、相互问候及应答。 (1) --- Hello ( Hi )! --- Hello ( Hi )! (2) --- How are you, Mr Wang? --- Fine. Thanks. And you? --- I am fine, too. 3.注意一些字母及日常交际用语的发音。 4.听懂简单的课堂用语并做出恰当的反应或回答。如: 1) Stand up, please. 2) --- Sit down, please. --- Thank you. 3) --- What is this? --- It is “A”. 1.能根据不同的情景与不同的人恰当地使用问候语。 例如:如果你是魏华,Ann是你的新同学。开学的第一天,你们初次见面,你们怎样打招呼? 请从方框中选择正确的句子,将其标号填入图中空白处。 A.What is your name? B.How do you do? C.Nice to meet you, too! D.Good morning! (1) Wei:_________ Ann: Good morning!_______ (2) Wei: I am Wei Hua. Ann: My name is Ann Read. Wei: Nice to meet you,Ann. (3) Ann:_________ [解析] 2.注意一些字母及日常交际用语的正确发音。 (1) 注意字母C,F,H,L,M,N的准确发音,摆脱汉语拼音的影响。 字母CFHLMN 正确/si://ef//eit//el//em//en/ 错误/sei//aif//ait/“爱吃”/ailu//aimu/// “恩” (2) 注意在使用日常交际用语中不要随便添加 // 或/n/音。  如:     正确        错误 Good morning!  //   // Thank you.    //   // 3.能初步辨别所学的14个字母中含有的音素并能进行分类。 A H J K字母中含有的共同音素是 /ei/; F L M N字母中含有的共同音素是 /e/; B C D E G字母中含有的共同音素是 /i:/。 注:字母I自发一个/ai/ 音。 Hello! Nice to meet you J1 Unit 2(初中英语第一册2) 1.能初步掌握从O至Z的12个英文字母;能认读其印刷体和手写体字母的大、小写形式。 书写时笔划、笔顺基本合乎规格。能按字母顺序表背诵26个字母。初步学习按字母顺序查字典的方法。 2.能听、说并认读本单元的日常问候、辞别等交际用语,重点学会用英语介绍朋友、确认人等。 如: 1)用英文询问并确认人。 --- Excuse me. Are you Mr Read? --- No, I’m not. (或:--- Yes, I am.) --- Sorry. ( --- Oh, good! Welcome to China.) --- That’s all right. 2)用英语介绍人们相互认识。 A: This is my mother. Mum, this is my teacher, Miss Gao. B: How do you do? C: How do you do? 3)初步掌握感谢、辞别及其应答等日常交际用语。 (1) --- Thank you. --- You’re welcome. (2) --- Goodbye ( Bye ) ! --- Bye-bye ( Bye ) ! (3) --- See you later! --- See you! 4)注意一些字母及一些日常交际用语的发音。 5)听懂简单的课堂用语并做出恰当的反应或回答。如: (1) --- What’s your name? --- Sue Read. --- Can you spell it, please? --- Yes. S-U-E, Sue. R-E-A-D, Read. (2) Open your books at Page 6. (或:Please turn to Page 6.) (3) Hands up! \ Hands down! (4) --- Where is “B”? --- It’s here. 1. 注意中英文在句子结构上语序不一样。辨别下列句子英语翻译的对错。例1:你是格林先生吗? A. You are Mr Green? B. Are you Mr Green? [解析] 例2:“H”在哪里? A. “H” is where? B. Where is “H”? [解析] 2. 注意正确使用缩写形式。 选择填空。 例:--- Are you Lin Tao? --- __________ A. Yes, I am.   B. Yes, I’m. [解析] 3.注意一些字母及日常交际用语的正确发音。 (1) 注意字母Q,S,U,V,W,Z的准确发音,摆脱汉语拼音的影响。 4. 能初步辨别所学的26个字母中含有的音素并能进行分类。 A H J K字母中含有的共同音素是 / ei /; B C D E G P T V字母中含有的共同音素是 / i: /; F L M N S X Z字母中含有的共同音素是 / e /; I Y字母中含有的共同音素是 / ai /; U Q W字母中含有的共同音素是 / ju: /。 注:字母O, R各自发一个音。 LANGUAGE & CULTURE 1.Most English people have three names: a first name, a middle name and the family name. Their family name comes last. For example, the full name is Jim Allan Green. Green is the family name. The parents gave their baby both of its other names. People don’t use their middle names very much. So “John Henry Brown” is usually called “John Brown”. People never use “Mr.”,“ Mrs.” or “Miss” before their first names. So you can say John Brown, or Mr. Brown; but you should never say Mr. John. They use “Mr.”, “Mrs.” or “Miss” with the family name but never with the first name. 2.英语和汉语人名表示方法的区别在于姓和名的顺序,用下列图示意: 英语姓名译成汉语要保持英语的特点,即名在前,姓在后。名和姓的第一个字母要大写,两词应保持一定的距离,不能连写。 例如:“John Brown(约翰·布朗)”。另外,英语的名和姓之间可以插入 第二个名字,形成全名,如:“John Henry Brown”。这第二个名字是父母给取的,也许是父母或者祖父母的名字。不过,一般情况人们可以省去第二个名字。第一个名字通常都有昵称。亲朋好友之间彼此都用昵称,如称John为Jack。人们要用Mr.(先生), Mrs.(夫人), Miss(小姐)称谓某人时,这些称谓只能用在姓的前面,例如:Mr. Brown(布朗先生),Mrs. Brown(布朗夫人),Miss Brown(布朗小姐)。切记Mr.,Mrs., Miss不能用在其他的名字前面。如:Mr. John或Mr. Henry。中国人的姓名译成英语时,用汉语拼音书写,但不加声调。 它可以保持汉语的特点,即姓在前,名在后。姓和名必须分开写,并且大写 姓和名的第一个字母。如: Lin Tao (林涛), Han Mei (韩梅)。如果名字是两个字组成的,要连在一起拼写,并大写第一个字母。如:Li Xiaowen。 J1 Unit 3(初中英语第一册3) Numbers in English 1. 能初步掌握Unit 1 - Unit 3单词表中的词汇。 2.能初步听、说、读、写本单元中的询问和解答个人情况的调查, (如:姓名、年龄、班级、学号、座次等)。能简单地填写个人通讯地址。如: 1) --- What class (grade) are you in? --- I’m in Class 6, Grade 1. 2) --- Are you in Row 5? --- No, I’m not. I’m in Row 2. I’m number 11. 3) --- How old are you? --- I’m twelve. 3.能认读和拼写1~15的数词;能用英语正确读出、写出我们生活中常见的数词。 如:电话号码、房间门牌、自行车号码、汽车牌号、身份证及学生证等的号码。 能用英语较快地运算15以内的加、减法。如: 1) --- What’s one plus two? --- It’s three. 2) --- What’s five minus three? --- It’s two. 4.学习并理解动词be的用法、完全形式和缩略形式以及一般疑问句形式及其答语。如: 1) I am = I’m;I am eleven. = I’m eleven. 2) You are = You’re ; You are twelve. = You’re twelve. 3) --- Are you ten? --- Yes, I am. ( 或:No, I’m not.) 5.了解元音字母a在重读开音节、闭音节中的读音与相应的拼读规则。 [1]. 注意中英文在表示大、小地点上排列顺序不一样。 辨别下列语句的英文翻译哪个正确。 例如:李雷在 一年级 小学一年级数学20以内加减练习题小学一年级数学20以内练习题小学一年级上册语文教学计划人教版一年级上册语文教学计划新人教版一年级上册语文教学计划 三班。 A. Li Lei is in one grade, three class. B. Li Lei is in Grade One, Class Three. C. Li Lei is in Class Three, Grade One. [解析] [2]. 加、减法的运算表达法。 填空。 例如:五加三得多少? What ____ five plus three? ( is, are) [解析] [3].电话号码的拼读方式。 在拼读电话号码时,应把数字分开,逐个去读。0(零)读作 , 有时也读作zero遇到连续两个相同的数, 用“double (双倍的,两个)”表示。 例如:566308读作:five-double six-three-zero-eight. [4].单词在什么情况下要大写首字母? 例如: 这两句话中的class都不在句首,为什么首字母有大小写之分? --- What class are you in? --- I’m in Class Two, Grade One. [解析]   LANGUAGE & KNOWLEDGE 在课本的Page 15上有一个电子邮件,E-mail:davidsmith @ yahoo.com。E-mail的地址是由用户名、“At”符(即“@” )和域名三部分组成的。用户名由使用者自己决定,通常由姓名或企业名称拼写构成。@是分隔功能符,其前面部分为用户名。 例如:David Smith,表示此地址为谁拥有;后面为邮件服务器域名。 例如:yahoo(雅虎),表示此服务器在Internet中的位置。 如果你想申请一个E-mail,上网开设自己的电子邮件信箱,别忘了 取用户名的时候应尽量简洁明了,尤其是使他人容易记忆,容易辨认。 可选择你的姓名(或绰号)的拼音或者一个通俗的英文单词。 J1 Unit 4(初中英语第一册4) LANGUAGE & KNOWLEDGE 我们目前学说英语时,多次遇到this和that,那么它们都有哪些用法呢?this和that是英语中两个最基本、最常用的指示代词,它们的区别是: 1. 当涉及辨认近物和远物时用this和that加以区分,如:This is a book.这是一本书。(指近处物品) That is a car.那是一辆小汽车。(指远处物品) --- What is that? 那是什么?(问远处物品) --- It is a jeep. 它是一辆吉普车。 2. 介绍放在一起的两样东西时,先介绍的用this,后介绍的用that。如:This is a pen. That is a pencil. 这是一支钢笔,那是一支铅笔。 3. 把某人介绍给第三者时,常使用“This is …”这一句型,其中This不能换成He或She。 如:Jim, this is my teacher, Mr Black.吉姆,这是我的老师,布莱克先生。 4. 打电话,向对方介绍自己时要用“This is …”。询问或确认对方是哪一位时,可以说“Who’s that? ”(你是谁?)或 “Is that …?”。如: --- This is Kate, who’s that? 我是凯特,你是谁? --- This is Jim. 我是吉姆。 总之,打电话时习惯用this指代自己,用that指代对方。 1. 一般疑问句的结构。 一般疑问句是指用Yes或No回答的疑问句。指示代词this,that和is构成一般疑问句时,is 要放在this或that的前面并大写,句尾加问号。如: 1)Is this a pencil-box? 这是一个铅笔盒吗? 2)Is that a computer? 那是一台电脑吗? 回答时,用it代替上句中的this或that。肯定答语用Yes, it is.;否定答语用No, it isn’t.。如:1)--- Is that a map? “那是一张地图吗?” ---Yes, it is.“是的,那是一张地图。” (注:不能用缩写形式Yes, it’s.) 2)--- Is this a Japanese car? “这是一辆日本小汽车吗?” --- No, It isn’t. “不,这不是一辆日本小汽车。” 2.区分不定冠词a和an的用法。 a和an是不定冠词,它们放在可数名词前面,表示“一个(只,张,辆,……)”的意思。 例如:根据句意,选用a或an填空。 1) This is _____ eraser. It’s my eraser. 2) Is that ______ pear? Yes, it is. 3) What’s this ? It’s _______ orange. 4) Is that _____ Chinese bus? No, it’s _____ English bus. [解析] 3.English在句子中怎么译? 例如:What’s this in English? [解析] (1) 网站名称:儿童英语乐园 网站地址:http://www.kids-space.org/story/original.html 内容简介:Original stories英语故事集。 (2) 网站名称:中国青少年新世纪读书网网站地址:http://read.cnread.net/yyxx/czyy/cz1/004.htm内容简介:本单元内容解释。 (3) 网站名称:英语广播网网站地址:http://www.broadcastenglish.com/special.htm内容简介:Special English.   J1 Unit 5(初中英语第一册5) 英语里的大便、小便、放屁,真正应该怎么说 一名中国留学生初到美国,在机场找厕所,问老外:「Where is W.C.?」老外听不懂。一名中国太太到医院生产,洋护士问她:「Did you have a bowel movement?」她却听不懂。还有人学了几十年的英语,还不晓得英语里的「大便」、「小便」、「放屁」真正应该怎么说…… 至于性毛病,更是老中难于启齿、欲语还羞的尴尬。见到洋医生,窘迫万分,不知如何开口才是,真有「犹抱琵琶半遮面」的感受。 以下为一些「禁忌」(taboo)的美语之整理。毕竟这些都是咱们日常生活的一部分,说不定有一天这些「禁忌」之语还能「派上用场」呢! 厕所 在美国一般都叫rest room或bath room(男女厕均可)或分别叫做men‘s room或ladies’ room(=powder room),不过在飞机上,则叫lavatory,在军中又叫latrine。至于W.C.(water closet)仍是过去英国人用的,在美国,几乎没有人使用。 解小便 最普通的说法是to urinate(名词是urination),如果去看病,护士为了化验小便,就会给你一个杯子说:「Will (could) you urinate in this cup?」医生或许也会问:「Do you have trouble urinating?」=Do you have difficulty voiding?(小便有困难吗?) 此外,还有其他的说法:to piss = to take a piss = to take a leak = to void = to empty。 例如: I need to piss = I have to take a leak. How often do you get up at night to void?(晚上起床小便几次?) 此外,john(j小写时,不是男人名字)是bath room或toilet的意思(也叫 outhouse),这通常是指在户外工作场地所使用的临时或流动性厕所(有时前面也加portable 一字)。不过也有老外把家里的厕所叫做john。 例如: There are several (portable) johns in the construction site.(在建筑场地有几个临时厕所。) He went to the john a few minutes ago.(他在几分钟前上了厕所。) The manual labours have to use (portable) johns during their working hours.(劳动者在工作时间内需要使用流动性厕所。) 不过,小孩多半用to pee 。例如: The boy needs to pee. 然而,「小便检查」又叫做urine test,因为这里的urine是化验的样品(specimen)。 例如: Do I need a urine test? 注意:to piss off是片语,又是指对人生气或对事物的不满。不过这是不礼貌的片语,少用为妙。 例如: He pissed me off. = He made me angry. He always pisses off (at) the society.(对社会不满) 如果「小便」有毛病,也可以告诉医生说: My urine is cloudy and it smells strong.(有浊尿,味道很重) I have pus (或air)in urine.(尿有泡沫) (pus = cloudy; air = bubble) I dribble a little urine after I have finished urinating.(小便后还会滴滴答答。)(即失禁毛病) I am passing less urine than usual.(小便的量比平时少) 解大便 一般是用to make(或have)a bowel movement或to take a shit。如果看病,医生常问:「Do you have regular bowel movement?」(大便正常吗?)(说得斯文些,就是「大肠在转动」) 此外,还有其他的说法: to defecate =to discharge excrement(或feces)=to take feces (或faeces)。 例如: The patient needs to take a shit. (=to make a bowel movement) 不过,小孩多半是用to make a poo poo或to make a BM. 。 例如: The boy had a stinky BM.(大便奇臭。) 但是「大便检查」倒叫做stool exam,因为stool也是一种化验的样品。 例如: The doctor has to exam his stool.(医生要检查他的大便。) 放屁 在美语里最常用的是to expel gas或to fart或to make (或pass)gas。 例如: 医生有时问:「How often do you expel(或make或pass)gas?」(你放屁的次数很多吗?) Is the gas expelled by belching?(是否打嗝后就会放屁呢?)(动词是belch) He said the more he ate, the more he farted.(吃的愈多,放屁也愈多。) He has passed more gas than usual within the last two days.(过去两天中,他放屁比平常多。) Be careful not to fart in the public.(注意在公共场所不可放屁。) 至于消化不良,大便不通或拉肚子,也有不同的说法。 例如: I have an upset stomach.(消化不良) = I have heartburn. = I have indigestion. 注意:Heartburn是指胃不舒服,不是「心痛」(heartache) Something has upset my stomach for two weeks.(胃不舒服有两星期了。) He has(persistent)constipation.(或irregularity)(他经常便秘。) 或 He has been unusually constipated.(便秘很反常。) 或 He is having problem with irregularity.(或constipation); 或He has no bowel movement for the past few days. He has bouts of diarrhea.=He is having trouble with diarrhea.(他拉了一阵肚子。) He can see trace of blood and pus or mucus in his stool(或bowel movement)(大便时可看到血丝和粘膜。) 补充:He got pissed on head他很生气。(想想别人在你头上撒尿是啥感觉?哈哈) Pee or poo ? 拉屎还是尿尿?这个也是个习惯用语啊:)     Junior Two(初中英语第二册) 英语课堂教学用语(Classroom English) (“浩然考试网”版权所有,未经许可,严禁转载) 1. Beginning class开始上课 Stand up, please. 起立! Sit down, please. 请坐下! Let’s start now. / Let’s begin our class / lesson. 让我们开始上课。 Let’s start a new lesson / Lesson 1. 我们开始上新课 / 第一课 旧约精览一百步肺炎基本知识第八章运动和力知识点六上学与问第一课时开学第一课收心教育 。 Let’s get ready for class. 准备上课。 Have you got everything ready for class? 你(们)做好上课的准备了吗? 2. Greetings问候 Hello, boys and girls / children. 同学们好! Good morning / afternoon, class / everyone / boys and girls. 早上好 / 下午好,同学们。 How are you today? 你(们)今天好吗? 3. Checking attendance考勤 Is everyone / everybody here / present? 所有人都到齐了吗? Is anyone / anybody away / absent? 有人缺席吗? Who’s absent / away? 谁缺席了? Why is he / she absent today? 他 / 她为什么缺席? Try to be on time. / Don’t be late next time. 下次别迟到。 4. Asking the student on duty向值日生提问l Who’s on duty today? Who’s helping this morning / today? 今天(早上)谁值日? Could you clean the blackboard, please? 请你擦一下黑板,好吗? What’s the date today? 今天是几号? What day is it today? 今天星期几? 5. Reviewing the lesson复习功课 Let’s review our lessons. 让我们开始复习。 What did we learn last lesson? 上一课我们学了什么? What did we talk about last time? 上一次我们讨论了什么问题? Who can tell me what we learnt today? 谁能告诉我,今天我们都学了些什么? What did you learn today? 今天你们学了些什么? Welcome back! 课堂教学用语(中华人民共和国教育部) 1.上课(Beginning a class) (1)Let’s start now./Let’s begin our class/lesson. (2)Stand up,please. (3)Sit down,Pease. 2.问候(Greeting) (4)Hello,boys and girls/children. (5)Good morning,class/everyone/everybody/children/boys and girls. (6)Good afternoon,class/everyone/everybody/children/boys and girls. (7)How are you today? 3.考勤(Checking attendance) (8)Who’s on duty today?/Who’s helping this morning/today? (9)Is everyone/everybody here/present? (10)Is anyone away?/Is anybody away? (11)Is anyone absent?/Is anybody absent? (12)Who’s absent?/Who’s away? (13)Where is he/she? (14)Try to be on time./Don’t be late next time. (15)Go back to your seat,please. (16)What day is it today? (17)What’s the date today? (18)What’s the weather like today? (19)What’s it like outside? 4.宣布(Announcing) (20)Let’s start working./Let’s begin/start a new lesson./Let’s begin/start our lesson. (21)First,let’s review/do some review. (22)What did we learn In the last lesson? (23)Who can tell/remember what we did In the last lesson/ yesterday? (24)Now we’re going to do something new/different./Now let’s learn something new. (25)We have some now words/sentences. 5.提起注意(Directing attention) (26)Ready?/Are you ready? (27)Did you get there?/Do you understand? (28)Is that clear? (29)Any volunteers? (30)Do you know what to do? (31)Be quiet,please./Quiet,please. (32)Listen,please. (33)Listen carefully,please. (34)Listen to the tape recorder/the recording. (35)Look carefully,please. (36)Look over here. (37)Watch carefully. (38)Are your watching? (39)Please look at the black-board/picture/map… (40)Pay attention to your spelling/pronunciation. 6.课堂活动(Classroom activities) (41)Start!/Start now. (42)Everybody together./All together. (43)Practise in a group./Practise In groups/In groups,please. (44)Get into groups of three/four… (45)Every body find a partner/friend. (46)In pairs,please. (47)One at a time./Let’s do It one by one. (48)Now you,please./Your turn(Students name). (49)Next,please.Now you do the same,please. (50)Let’s act./Let’s act out/do the dialogue. (51)Who wants to be A? (52)Practise the dialogue,please. (53)Now Tom will be A,and the other half will be B. (54)Please take(play)the part of… (55)Whose turn is It? (56)It’s your turn. (57)Wait your turn,please. (58)Stand inline./Line up. (59)One by one./One at a time,please. (60)In twos./In pairs. (61)Don’t speak out. (62)Turn around. 7.请求(Request) (63)Could you please try It again? (64)Could you please try the next one? (65)Will you please help me? 8.鼓励(Encouraging) (66)Can you try? (67)Try,please. (68)Try your best./Do your best. (69)Think it over and try again. (70)Don’t be afraid/shy. 9.指令(Issuing a command) (7)Say/Read after me,please. (72)Follow me,please. (73)Do what do. (74)Repeat,please./Repeat after me. (75)Once more,please./One more time,please. (76)Come here,please. (77)Please come to the front./Come up and write on the blackboard/chalkboard. (78)Come and write It on the blackboard. (79)Please go back to your seat. (80)In English,please. (81)Put your hand up,please.Raise your hand,please. (82)Put your hands down,please./Hands down,please. (83)Say it/Write it in Chinese/English. (84)Please take out your books. (85)Please open your books at page…/Find page…/Turn to Page… (86)Please answer the question/questions./Please answer my qllllst1On(s). (87)Please read this letter/word/sentence out loud./Please readout this letter/word/sentence. (88)Please stop now./Stop now,please./Stop here,please. (89)Clean up your desk/the classroom,please. (90)It’s clean-up time./Tidy up your desk/the classroom. (91)Put your things away./Clean off your desk./Pick up the scraps· (92)Clean the blackboard. (93)Plug in the tape-recorder,please. (94)Put the tape-recorder away. (95)Put the tap,In it’s box/cassette. (96)Listen and repeat. (97)Look and listen. (98)Repeat after me. (99)Follow the words. (100)Fast./Quickly!/Be quick,please. (101)Hurry!/Hurry up,please. (102)Slow down,please. (103)Slowly. (104)Bring me some chalk,please. 10.禁止和警告(Prohibition and warning) (105)Stop talking./Stop talking now,please. (106)Don’t talk./Everybody quiet,please. (107)Don’t be silly. (108)Settle down. 11.评价 (109)Good,thank you. (110)Good/Very good./God job./Good work./Good example. (111)A good answer./Nice work. (112)Excellent./Great!/Well done./Very good./I like the way you (113)That’s Interesting! (114)Don’t worry about It./No problem. (115)OK!/That’s OK. (116)I don’t think so. (117)That’s not quite right,any other answers?/That’s close/That’s almost right. (118)Not quite,can anyone help him/her?/try again. (119)A good try. 12.布置作业(Setting homework) (120)For today’s homework… (121)Practise after class./Practise at home. (122)Say it out loud,before you write It down. (123)Copy/Print/Write each word twice. (124)Remember(Memorize)these words/sentences. (125)Learn these words/these sentences/this text by heart. (126)Do your homework./Do the next lesson./Do the new work. 13.下课(Dismissing the class) (127)Hand in your workbooks,please. (128)Time is up. (129)The bell is ringing. (130)There’s the bell. (131)There goes the bell. (132)Let’s stop here. (133)That’s all for today. (134)Class is over. (135)Good bye./Bye./See you next time. Junior Three(初中英语第三册) 十二生肖在英语中的喻义 “生肖”是代替十二地支、用来表示人们出生的12种动物,即鼠、牛、虎、兔、龙、蛇、马、羊、猴、鸡、狗、猪。如寅年出生的人属虎,卯年出生的人属兔。“生肖”也就是俗话说的“属相”,是中国人特有的一种表示出生时间的方式,相当于西方的黄道十二星座(双鱼座、白羊座、金牛座、双子座、巨蟹座、狮子座、室女座、天秤座、天蝎座、人马座、摩羯麻、宝瓶座)。 英语中,当谈个人出生的属相时,表达为“What animal sign were you born under ?你属什么?I was born in the year of the Cock / Mine is the Coak.我属鸡。”十二生肖的12种动物在汉语中只有一个:鼠:Rat,牛:Ox,虎:Tiger,兔:Hare,龙:Dragon,蛇:Snake,马:Horse,羊:Sheep,猴:Monkey,鸡:Cock,狗:Dog,猪:Boar。 汉语中,人们往往以十二生肖中的动物来比喻人,即把不同(性格、特征、习性等)的人比作动物,如常以“毒如蛇蝎”,“笨猪”、“胆小如鼠”来比喻心毒手辣的人、笨人、胆小怯懦的人等。英语中同样可用十二生肖中的动物喻人,其所表达的意思更加广泛而有趣。现简述如下: 一. 鼠—Rat 英语中用以比喻讨厌鬼,可耻的人,告密者,密探,破坏罢工的人;美国俚语指新学生、下流女人。 当看到smell a rat这一词组时,是指人们怀疑在做错某事。a rat race则表示激烈的竞争。rats desert a sinking ship(船沉鼠先逃,这一谚语意指那些一遇到危险就争先寻求安全或一看见困难便躲得老远的人。) 二. 牛—Ox 涉及“牛”的汉语成语很多,如“对牛弹琴”、“牛蹄之涔”等。英语中涉及“Ox”的表达方式则不多。用Ox - eyed形容眼睛大的人;用短语The black Ox has trod on sb’s foot表示灾祸已降临到某人头上。 三. 虎—Tiger 指凶恶的人,虎狼之徒;英国人指穿制服的马夫;口语中常指比赛的劲敌。中国和东南亚国家常以Paper tiger比喻貌似强大而实质虚弱的敌人。词组ride the tiger表示以非常不确定或危险的方式生活。 四. 兔—Hare 在英国俚语中,hare指坐车不买票的人。与hare组成的词组有:make a hare of sb.愚弄某人。 start a hare。在讨论中提出枝节问题。 例如:You start a hare ever time at the meeting.每次讨论你都提出与题无关的问题。 英语中有许多关于兔的谚语,如: 1. First catch your hare.勿谋之过早(意指:不要过于乐观)。 2. You cannot run with the hare and hunt with hounde.不能两面讨好(意指:不要耍两面派)。 五. 龙—Dragon 龙在中国人民的心目中占有崇高的位置,有关龙的成语非常多,且含有褒义。如“龙跃凤鸣”、“龙骧虎步”等。在外国语言中,赞扬龙的词语非常之少,且含有贬义。如“dragon”指凶暴的人,严厉的人,凶恶严格的监护人,凶恶的老妇人(尤指很少给在其看管下姑娘自由的老妇人)等。以dragon组成的词组也多含贬义。如dragon’s teeth :相互争斗的根源;排列或多层的楔形反坦克混克混凝土障碍物。the old Dragon:魔鬼。 六. 蛇—Snake 指冷酷阴险的人,虚伪的人,卑鄙的人;美国俚语指追求和欺骗少女的男子或男阿飞。由此看到,在英语中,“snake”往往含有贬义。如: John’s behavior should him to be a snake.约翰的行为表明他是一个冷酷阴险的人。 与snake组成的成语习语、谚语有许多,简举几例: a snake in the grass.潜伏的敌人或危险。 to warm a snake in one’s bosom.养虎贻患,姑息坏人。Takd heed of the snake in the grass.草里防蛇。 七. 马—Horse 英美国家的人很喜欢马,因此,用“horse”这个词组成的词组、成语、谚语非常之多,此举几例: 1. get on the high horse.摆架子,目空一切。 2. work like a horse.辛苦的干活。 3. horse doctor.兽医、庸医。 4. dark horse.竞争中出人意料的获胜者。 如:The voters were surprised when the dark horse won the nomination.那个无名小卒在竞争中获胜时,投票者无不大吃一惊。 八. 羊—Sheep 英语中指害羞而忸怩的人,胆小鬼,驯服的人。有关sheep的谚语不少。 1. As well be hanged for a sheep as a lamb.偷羊偷羔都是绞(死);偷大偷小统是贼(意指:一不做,二不休)。 2. There’s a black sheep in every flock.每一羊群里都会有一只黑羊,丑儿子家家有(意指:每个家里都会有个败家子。) 3. He that makes himself a sheep shall be eaten by the wolf.甘心做绵羊,早晚喂豹狼(人弱受人欺)。 4. The sheep who tallks peace with a wolf will soon be mutton.羊向狼乞求和平,很快就会变成羊肉(意指,切勿向敌人乞求和平)。 九. 猴—Monkey monkey作名词时指顽童、淘气鬼,猴子似的人,易受欺的人。如:What are you doing, you young monkey !你在干什么呀,小捣蛋鬼! monkey作动词时指胡闹、瞎弄、捣蛋。如:Stop monkeying about with the TV set !不要瞎弄电视机! 与monkey一词搭配的词组、习语和俚语很多非常有趣。如:put sb’s monkey up.使某人生气,激怒某人;Your last word has really put his monkey up.你最后一句话实在使他大为生气;又如:make a monkey of愚弄;a monkey with a long tail.抵押;get the monkey off.戒除吸毒恶习;have a monkey on one’s back.毒瘾很深。 十. 鸡—Cock 指首领,头目,神气十足的人,与cock组成的词组多姿多彩,如:Cock of the walk / school.支配别人的人;a cock of the loft / dunghill.在小天地中称王称霸的人;Live like fighting cocke.生活很好,尤指吃得好; Cock - and - bull story.荒诞的故事,无稽之谈。 用cock表达的谚语:It is a sad house where the hen crows louder than the cock.牝鸡司晨,家之不祥(意指:丈夫软弱而一切由妻子作主的家庭是不会幸福的,当然这是一种夫权思想)。 十一. 狗—Dog 汉语中常用“狗”比喻人,如“忠实走狗”、“看家狗”,成语“狗苟蝇营”、“狗彘不若”等。在英语中除了喻人外,还有丰富多彩的词组、谚语等。 dog作名词时指无赖汉,坏蛋、废物,不受喜爱(或欢迎)的人。有时加形容词修饰可指各种人,如:You dirty dog !你这个坏小子! a lucky dog.幸运儿; a dumb dog.沉默不语的人, a sly dog.暗中寻欢的人和暗地里偷鸡摸狗的人; a dog in the manger.占着茅坑不拉屎的人。 用dog表达的谚语: 1. Barking dogs seldom bite.吠犬不咬人(意指:对于高声发出恐吓,或惯于大声吼叫的人,勿须当真)。 2. Every dog has his day.凡人皆有得意日(意指:大家都有走运的一天)。 3. Dog does not eat dog.同类不相残;同室不操戈。 十二. 猪—Boar 在英语中boar一词指未阉割的公猪和公野猪,涉及猪的词语有pig(猪、小猪、野猪),
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