公路边坡常见支护方法毕业论文外文翻译

公路边坡常见支护方法目前，我国山区高速公路建设迅猛发展。在高等级公路的修建中，出现大量的深挖路堑与高填路堤边坡，其防护问题非常突出。为了满足安全可靠和经济合理双重目标，对高边坡病害特征的深入分析和对其治理工程 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 的慎重选择显得十分重要。公路边坡沿公路分布的范围广，对自然环境的破坏范围大，如果在防护的同时，能够注意保护环境和创造环境，采用适当的绿化防护方法来进行，则会使公路具有安全、舒适、美观、与环境相协调等特点，也将会产生可观的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益。边坡设计应遵循“安全绿色、水土保持、恢复自然、环保之路”的设计原则。对公路边坡进行防护，必须考虑以下问题：①边坡稳定：保护路基边坡表面免受雨水冲刷，减缓温差与温度变化的影响，防止和延缓软岩土表面的风化、破碎、剥蚀演变过程，从而保护路基的整体稳定性。②环境保护：使工程对环境的扰乱程度减少到最小，并谋求人工构造物与自然环境相协调。③综合效应：综合防光，防眩，防烟，诱导司机视线，改善景观等目的进行边坡绿化防护，充分发挥防护工程的综合效益。1、工程防护1.1抹面与捶面1.1.1适用条件：①对各种易于风化的软岩层（如泥质砂岩、页岩、千枚岩、泥质板岩等）边坡，当岩层风化不甚严重时；②所防护的边坡，本身必须是稳定的，但其坡面形状、陡度及平顺性不受限制；③所防护的边坡，必须是干燥、无地下水的岩质边坡。1.1.2构造要求：①抹面厚度一般为5～7cm，捶面厚度为10～15cm，一般为等厚截面。②抹面与捶面工程的周边与未防护坡面衔接处，应严格封闭。如在其边坡顶部做截水沟，沟底与沟边也要做抹面或捶面防护。1③大面积抹面或捶面时，每隔5～10m应设伸缩缝。1.2灌浆与勾缝灌浆适用于石质坚硬、不易风化、岩层内部节理发育，但裂缝宽度较小的岩质路堑边坡。勾缝适用于石质较坚硬、不易风化、张开节理不甚发育，且节理缝较大较深的岩石路堑边坡上。1.3水泥土护坡1.3.1适用条件：①适用于粉土、粉砂、粉质粘土、粘土等填方边坡。②易受洪水浸淹的路基填方边坡。③可用于盐渍土地区。1.3.2构造要求：水泥土护坡厚度一般为10～20cm.水泥掺量一般为8％～15％，具体掺量施工时根据现场试验确定。1.4护面墙1.4.1适用条件：①多用于易风化的云母岩、绿泥片岩、千枚岩及其它风化严重的软质岩层和较破碎的岩石地段，以防止继续风化；②所防护的边坡本身必须是稳固的；③护面墙有实体护面墙、孔窗式护面墙、拱式护面墙和肋式护面墙。实体护面墙适用于一般土质及碎石边坡；空窗式护面墙用于边坡缓于1：0.75，孔窗内可采用捶面（坡面干燥时）或干砌片石；拱式护面墙用于边坡下部岩层较完整，而需要防护上部边坡者或通过个别软弱地段时，边坡岩层较完整且坡度较陡时采用肋式护面墙。1.4.2构造要求：实体护面墙①厚度视墙高而定，一般采用0.4～0.6m，底宽一般等于顶宽加H/10～H/20；单级护墙的高度一般不超过15m，多级护墙的总高度一般不超过30m.②沿墙身长度每隔10m设置一道2cm的伸缩缝，缝内用沥青麻筋填塞。在泄水孔后用碎石和砂做成反滤层，以排除墙后排水。③修筑护面墙前，对所有的边坡清除风化层至新鲜岩层，对风化迅速的岩质（如云母岩、绿泥片岩等）边坡，清挖出新鲜岩面后，应立即修筑护面墙。④顶部应用原土夯填，以免水流冲刷。2孔窗式护面墙孔窗式护面墙的窗孔通常为半圆拱形，高2.5～3.5m，宽2～3m，半径1～1.5m.其基础、厚度、伸缩缝等与实体护面墙相同，窗孔内视具体情况，采用干砌片石、植草或捶面。拱式护面墙拱跨较小时（2～3m），拱圈可采用10#水泥砂浆砌片石，拱高视边坡下面完整岩层高度而定，拱跨较大时，可采用砼拱圈。1.5喷浆或喷射混凝土防护1.5.1适用条件：①适用于岩性较差、强度较底、易风化或坚硬岩层风化破碎、节理发育、其表层风化剥落的岩质边坡；②当岩质边坡因风化剥落和节理切割而导致大面积碎落，以及局部小型坍塌、落石时，可采用局部加固处理后，进行大面积喷浆（喷射混凝土）。③对于上部岩层风化破碎下部岩层坚硬完整的高大路堑边坡；④不能承受山体压力，边坡须是稳定的。1.5.2构造要求：①喷浆厚度不宜小于1.5～2cm，喷射混凝土的厚度以3～5cm为宜。②为防止坡面水的冲刷，沿喷浆（喷射混凝土）坡面顶缘外侧设置一条小型截水沟。③浆体两侧凿槽嵌入岩层内。1.6喷锚防护1.6.1适用条件：凡易于喷浆（喷射混凝土）防护的岩质边坡，当岩层风化破碎严重、节理发育，在破碎岩层较厚的情况下，如果继续风化，将导致坠石或小型崩塌，从而影响整个边坡的稳定性。它具有较高的强度，较好的抗裂性能，能使坡面内一定深度内的破碎岩层得以加强，并能承受少量的破碎体所产生的侧压力。1.6.2构造要求：①为防止坡面水的冲刷，沿喷浆（喷射混凝土）坡面顶缘外侧设置一条小型截水沟。②锚固深度视边坡岩层的破碎程度及破碎层的厚度而定，用1：3的水泥沙浆固结。③喷浆厚度不小于3cm，喷射混凝土的厚度不小于5cm.④锚杆的类型有树脂锚杆、全长砂浆锚杆、塑料锚杆、水泥锚杆和缝管锚杆。3⑤提高锚杆承载力的措施主要有延长锚固段长度、二次压浆、采用端头扩大或多段扩大头锚杆、重复高压灌浆和改变锚杆传力特征的剪力或压力型锚杆。其中二次压浆和重复高压灌浆比较实用有效。1.7土钉墙土钉墙是一种较新式的结构物，它主要由“钉”（即锚杆）、混凝土面板（挂网喷射混凝土）、锚板组成。1.7.1作用机理通过规则排列的锚杆（“钉”）、面板、锚板将边坡一定范围内的土体进行原位加固，形成一种复合结构式的墙——土钉墙，墙后土压力由土钉墙承担。1.7.2适用条件主要适用于风化破碎较严重的岩石边坡，也可用于粉土、砾石和砂土边坡。承受土压力一般，其最大优点是从上往下逐层开挖土石方并及时对边坡进行封闭加固，能有效减少边坡因开挖临空而带来的英里释放，使边坡保持原来的稳定结构，避免坍塌。1.7.3构造要求：①施工程序为：成孔－清孔－置筋－注浆－喷射第一层细石混凝土－装挂钢丝网－喷射第二层细石混凝土；②第一层细石混凝土厚7～10cm，第二层细石混凝土厚8cm.1.8预应力锚索梁预应力锚索梁是最近几年发展起来的一种新型加固措施。结构分为锚索和锚梁两部分。1.8.1作用机理把破碎松散岩层组合连接成整体，并锚固在地层深部稳固的岩体上，通过施加预应力，使锚索长度范围内的软弱岩体（层）挤压密实，提高岩层层面间的正压力和摩阻力，阻止开裂松散岩体位移，从而达到加固边坡的目的。这种方法的最大特点是：可保持既有坡面状态下深入坡体内部进行大范围加固；预先主动对边坡松散岩层施加正压力，起到挤密锁固作用；同时，锚索孔高压注浆，浆液充填裂隙和孔隙，又可提高破碎岩体的强度和整体性；结构简单、工期短、造价低廉。1.8.2适用条件裂隙和断层发育、防缓边坡工作量巨大的高陡边坡。1.8.3构造要求：①锚梁：锚梁为钢筋混凝土梁，采用C30混凝土浇注，它不仅为预应力锚索4提供反力装置，而且也对边坡岩土有着框箍和压紧作用。②锚梁的施工顺序为：防线挖槽—绑扎钢筋—支模—浇注混凝土。③锚梁与锚索交叉部位预留塑料套管，便于锚索从中间穿过；在锚头部位预埋承压钢板，并与锚梁浇注成整体。④预应力锚索施工程序为：放点钻孔—编制钢绞线—注浆—张拉锁定。⑤可与喷射混凝土或框格护坡相结合。52、植物防护2.1种草2.1.1适用条件边坡稳定、坡面冲刷轻微的路堤或路堑边坡，一般要求边坡坡度不陡于1：1，边坡坡面水径流速度不超过0.6m/s，长期浸水边坡不适用。2.1.2种植方式根据施工方法不同，有以下几种方式：①种子撒播法：适用于边坡土质较软，厚度在25mm以下的沙性土，23mm以下的粘性土，以及边坡缓于1：1的情况。②喷播法：适用于砾间有砂的砾质土，或厚度在25mm以下的砂质土，厚度在23mm以下的粘性土、亚粘土土坡，或当厚度在25mm以上的硬质土时，在常降暴雨地区，则与铺席工程并用。③客土喷播法：客土喷播技术是一种改善边坡植生环境，促进植物生长，从而在普通条件下无法绿化或绿化效果差的边坡上实现立体绿化、恢复自然植被的新技术。客土喷播法具有广泛的适应性，土质或岩质边坡都适用。④点穴、挖沟法方法：点穴法是在边坡上用钻具挖掘直径5～8cm、深10～15cm的洞，每平方米约8～12个，将固体肥料等防入，用土、砂等将洞埋住后，再种种子。挖沟法是在边坡大致按水平间隔50cm左右，挖掘10～15cm深的沟，放入肥料后，撒播种子。适用于：公路两侧的绿化用地立地条件较差的情况，如硬质土或花岗岩风化砂土挖方边坡。2.2铺草皮2.2.1适用条件各种土质边坡，特别是坡面冲刷比较严重、边坡较陡（可达60°），径流速度达0.6m/s时。2.2.2铺草皮的方式平铺、水平叠铺、垂直坡面或与坡面成一半破脚的倾斜叠置，以及采用片石等铺砌成方格或拱形边框、方格内铺草皮等。2.3植树适用于：各种土质边坡和风化极严重的岩石边坡，边坡坡度不陡于1：1.5，在路基边坡和漫水河滩上种植植物，对于加固路基与防护河岸收到良好的效果。6可以降低水流速，种在河滩上可促使泥沙淤积，防止水流直接冲刷路堤。植树最好与植草相结合。高等级公路边坡上严禁种乔木。73、柔性支护3.1三维植被网三维植被网又称防侵蚀网，以热塑树脂为原料。结构分为上下两层，上层为一个经双面拉伸的高模量基础层，强度足以防止植被网的变形，并能有效防止水土流失，下层是一层弹性的、规则的、凹凸不平的网包组成。3.1.1作用机理：三维植被网是由多层塑料凹凸网和高强度平网复合而成的立体网结构。面层外观凹凸不平。材质疏松柔韧，留有90%以上的空间可填充土壤及沙粒，将草籽及表层土壤牢牢护在立体网中间。3.1.2特点①固土效果极好。实验证明：在草皮形成之前，当坡度为45度时，三维植被网的固土阻滞率高达97.5%.即使坡面角达到90°时，三维植被网仍可保留阻滞住60%的土壤。抗冲刷能力强。三维网垫及植物根系可起到浅层加筋的作用，这种复合体系具有及强的抗冲刷能力，能够达到有效防护边坡的目的。③网垫原材料采用聚乙烯，无毒且化学性质稳定可靠，埋在地下寿命可达50年以上，即使暴露在阳光下寿命也长达10多年。④草种采用混合草种，生长成坪快；抗逆性强、耐贫瘠、耐粗放式管理等。3.1.3适用条件设计稳定的土质和岩质边坡，特别是土质贫瘠的边坡和土石混填的边坡可以起到固土防冲并改善植草质量的良好效果。3.2钢绳网主动防护通过锚杆和支撑绳以固定方式将钢绳网盖在坡面上。作用机理为通过固定在锚杆或支撑绳上并施以一定预张拉的钢绳网，以及在用作风化剥落、溜塌或坍落防护中抑制细小颗粒、洒落或土体流失时铺以金属网或土工格栅，对整个边坡形成连续支撑。其预张拉作业使系统紧贴坡面形成了局部岩坡或土体移动或发生细小位移后将其裹缚于原位附近的预应力，从而实现其主动防护的功能。其系统作用原理类似喷锚支护等层面防护体系。然其柔性特征能使系统将局部体中下滑力向四周均匀传递以充分发挥整个系统的防护能力，从而使系统能承受较大的下滑力，同时它与三维植被网一样与植物配套实现植物防护，使植物根系的固土作用与坡面防护系统结为一体，实现最佳边坡防护和环保。83.3钢绳网被动防护该方法是一种能拦截和堆存落石的柔性拦石网，由钢绳网、固定系统、减压环和钢柱四部分组成。3.3.1.适用条件岩体交互发育、坡面整体性差，有岩崩可能的高路堑边坡。3.3.2作用机理当落石冲击拦石网时，其冲击力通过网的柔性得以首先消散，并将剩余荷载从冲击点向绳网系统周边逐级加载，最终传到锚固基岩和地层，且由锚杆及其基础承受的最终剩余荷载以达很小的程度。94、综合防护4.1岩质边坡绿化喷播技术绿化喷播技术，其核心是在岩质坡面营造一个既能让植物生长发育而种植基质又不被冲刷的多孔稳定结构。它利用特制喷混机械将土壤、肥料、有机质、保水材料、植物种子、水泥等混合干料加水后喷射到岩面上，由于水泥的粘结作用，上述混合物可在岩石表面形成一层具有连续空隙的硬化体。一定程度的硬化使种植免遭冲蚀，而空隙内填有种子、土壤、保水材料等，空隙既是种植基质的填充空间，又是植物根系的生长空间。4.1.1适用条件不仅适用于所有开挖后的岩体边坡，而且对于岩堆、软岩、碎裂岩、散体岩、极酸性土岩以及挡土墙、护面墙、混凝土结构边坡等不宜绿化的恶劣环境。4.1.2施工方法①修整边坡在高速公路边坡支护工程中，坡面比较平整，一般只需清除表面杂物即可。如有非常凹凸的地方须进行处理。②锚杆、挂网先在坡面上打孔，然后将机编网开卷铺挂在坡面上，再用锚杆或锚钉固定。对于坡度较小（>1：1）、岩体结构稳定的边坡，或已做拱架的陡坡，可不挂网，面向岩面直接喷射混合好的材料。③喷混材料按比例混合后利用特制喷混机械将混合物加水及PH缓冲剂后喷射到岩面上。喷射分两次进行，首先喷射不含种子的混合料，喷射厚度7～8cm，紧接着第二次喷射含有种子的混合料，喷射厚度2～3cm.喷射混合材料平均厚度10cm，变幅为3～15cm.④覆盖可在喷射后覆盖无纺布、草帘、遮荫网、稻草等保湿及防止雨水冲刷。⑤养护喷播后如未下雨则需每天浇水保持土壤湿润。一般7天左右发芽，一个月成坪，两个月覆盖率达90%以上，成坪后可逐渐减少浇水次数。4.2框格护坡4.2.1适用条件：风化较严重的岩质边坡和坡面稳定的较高土质边坡。104.2.2框格形式选择框格护坡可选用菱形框格、六边形框格、主从式框格等4.2.3构造要求：①框格内植草，通常采用借土喷播法或植草皮等方法。②框格形式主要有正方形、菱形、拱形、主肋加斜向横肋或波浪形横肋以及几种几何图形组合等形式，框格及横肋宽0.4～0.6m，主肋宽一般1m左右，框格间距2.5～3.5m.③应根据情况设置固定桩或锚固筋固定。11HighwaySlopeCommonSupportingMethodAtpresent,ourcountrymountainousareahighwaytoconstructrapiddevelopment.Infirst-classhighwayconstruction,weremassivelydeepcutcuttingandhighembankmentslope,itsprotectionoutstandingissues.Inordertomeetthesafeandreliableandreasonableeconomydualgoals,thehighslopeofdiseaseofthoroughanalysisandcharacteristicsofitsgovernanceengineeringschemediscreetchoiceisveryimportant.Highwayslopealongtheroadtothedistributionofwide,naturalenvironmentaldamagerange,iftheprotectionatthesametime,canprotecttheenvironmentandcreateanenvironment,theadoptionofappropriategreeningmethodsfor,canmakehighwayhassafe,comfortable,beautiful,inharmonywiththeenvironmentandothercharacteristics,whichwillcreateconsiderableeconomicbenefitandsocialbenefitandecologicalbenefits.Slopedesignshouldfollowthe"safegreen,waterandsoilconservationandrestorationofnatural,environmentalprotectionway"designprinciple.Onthehighwayslopeprotection,mustconsiderthefollowingquestions:theslopestability:protectembankmentslopesurfacefromtherainswashedout,slowingdowntheinfluenceoftemperatureandtemperaturechanges,topreventanddelaythesurfaceofsoftrockweathering,broken,erodingevolutionprocess,thusprotecttheoverallstabilityofroadbed.theenvironmentalprotection:maketheprojectonenvironmenttominimizethedisturbingdegree,andseekartificiallyalkali-silicacoordinatedwiththenaturalenvironment.comprehensiveeffects:comprehensiveagainstthelight,preventdazzle,smoke,inductionofdriverlineofsight,improvelandscapeslopegreeningpurpose,givefullplaytothecomprehensivebenefitprotectionproject.121,Engineeringprotection1.1plasterandbeatnoodles1.1.1applicablecondition:(1)toallsortsofeasyweatheringofsoftrock(suchasshalysands,shale,thousandpiecesofrock,shaleSLATE)slope,whenrockweatheringnotveryseriouswhen;(2)theslopeprotectionbyitselfmustbestable,buttheslopeshape,gradientandsmoothunrestrained;theslopeprotection,whichmustbedry,nogroundwaterrockyslope.1.1.2structuralrequirements:theplasterplyiscommonly5~7cm,beatsurfacethicknessfor10~15cm,generallyforthicknesssections.theplasterandbeatsurfaceengineeringperipheralandnotprotectiveslopecohesionplace,shouldstrictlyclosed.Asintheslopetopdocutditch,orGouBianalsotodowithplasterorbeatsurfaceprotection.onlargesurface,precausionsorevery5~10mshouldsetisadjustableseam.1.2groutingandtickoffseamGroutingappliestotherockyhard,noteasyweathering,rockjointsgrowthinside,butthecrackwidthofsmallerrockycuttingslope.Tickoffseamisapplicabletotherocky,difficulttoweathering,openhardverynotdevelopment,andjointsofdeepseamslargerjointedrockcuttingslope.1.3soil-cementslopeprotection1.3.1applicablecondition:suitableforsiltyandsand,siltyclay,clayetcfillslope.thevulnerabletofloodinundatedtheroadbedfillslope.canbeusedinsalinesoilarea.1.3.2structuralrequirements:soil-cementrevetmentthicknessfor10~20cm.Generaladmixtureofgeneral8%ofcementconcrete~15%,13accordingtothesiteduringtheconstructionoftheadmixturewasconfirmed.1.4HuMianQiang1.4.1applicablecondition:moreforeasyweatheringofmicarocks,LuNischist,1000piecesrockandotherweatheringserioussoftrockformationsandabrokenrocklocation,topreventcontinuetoweathering;theslopeprotectionbyitselfmustbesubstantial;HuMianQiang,holeHuMianQianghaveentityHuMianQiang,archcasingHuMianQiangHuMianQiangandribtype.EntityHuMianQiangusedingeneralsoilandrockslope;EmptyHuMianQiangusedforslopeslowincasing1-0.75,holeinthewindowcanbeusedonslopesurface(dry)ordrybuildbylayingbricksorstonesPianShi;HuMianQiangarchforslope,whilethelowerstratarelativelycompleteupperslopeorthosewhoneedprotectionbyindividualweakarea,sloperockslopesteepintactandusedwhenHuMianQiangribtype.1.4.2structuralrequirements:1.HuMianQiangentitieshighanddecideonwallthickness,usecommonly0.4~0.6m,widthisequaltothegeneralDingKuanaddH/10~H/20;Theheightofthesinglestagecounterfort15musuallylessthanthetotalheight,multilevelwallasusuallylessthan.alongthewallbodylengthseta2cmevery10mwithintheexpansionjointswithreinforcedasphalthempseampadded.Afterdischargeholesinthesandwithrubbleandmakereversefilterlayertoexcludewalldrainage.tobuildHuMianQiangago,allthesloperockweatheringlayertofreshclearedtoweatheringquickly,therocky(likemicarocks,LuNischist,etc)slope,cleardugfreshgape,shallbeimmediatelyrepairedafterHuMianQiang.thesoilsrammingfilltopapplication,lestflowwashout.2.HuMianQiangcasingholeHuMianQiangwindowcasingholeholeforsemicirclearch,usuallyhigh2.5~3.5m,width2~3m,radius1~1.5m.itsbase,thickness,14expansionjoints,suchasHuMianQiangidenticalwiththeentitywithinhole,accordingtospecificsituationPianShi,electrodeusingdrybuildbylayingbricksorstonesongrass,orface.3.HuMianQiangarchArchthanhours(across2~3m),thearchringcanuse10#cementmortarbuildbylayingbricksorstones,PianShiarchheightdependingonthesloperockundercompleteanddecide,archheight,canbemadelargerspanconcretearchring.1.5shortcretingorsprayedconcreteprotective1.5.1applicablecondition:appliestothelithologyisbad,theintensityisbottom,easyweatheringorhardrockweatheringcrushing,jointsgrowth,itssurfaceweatheringfallingrockslope;whenrockslopecuttingbyweatheringpeelandjointscausedwidespreadbrokendown,andlocalsmallcollapsed,rockfalls,canuselocalreinforcement,forwideafterspray(shotcrete).theupperstratafordecencyisbrokenrockhardandcompletetallcuttingslope;cannotbearmountainpressure,slopemustisstable.1.5.2structuralrequirements:theshotcretingthicknessislessthan1.5~2cm,notthethicknessofsprayedconcretein3~5cmadvisable.topreventslopesurfacewatererosionalongtheshotcreting(sprayedconcrete,thetopmarginslopelateral)setupasmallcutditch.cutgrooveslurryembeddedwithinbothsidesstrata.1.6sprayanchorprotection1.6.1applicablecondition:Whoevereasyshortcreting(jetconcrete)protection,whenrocksloperockweatheringbrokenjointsgrowth,seriously,inbrokenrockthickercases,ifcontinuetoweathering,willleadtodropstonesorsmallavalanches,thusaffectingthestabilityoftheslope.Ithashighintensity,goodanti-crackingperformance,canmakecertaindepthwithintheslope15wasincreasedthebrokenrockwithin,andcanwithstandasmallamountofbrokenbodyproducesthelateralpressure.1.6.2structuralrequirements:topreventslopesurfacewatererosionalongtheshotcreting(sprayedconcrete,thetopmarginslopelateral)setupasmallcutditch.theanchoragedepthdependingontheslopestrataofbrokendegreeandbreakinglayerthicknessanddecide,use1:3tocementmortarconsolidation.notlessthan3cm,spraythicknessofsprayedconcretethicknessnotlessthan5cm.thetypeofboltanchorrod,aresinmortaranchor,plasticanchorlength,cementanchorandtubeanchor.thebearingcapacityofmajormeasuresimproveanchorlength,prolonganchoragesecondpressurepulp,adoptendexpandormoreparagraphsexpandheadbolt,repeathigh-pressuregroutingandchangetheforcetransmissioncharacteristicsoftheanchorrodanchorrodshearorpressuretype.Onesecondgroutingandrepeathigh-pressuregroutingismorepracticalandeffective.1.7soil-nailwallSoil-nailwallisarelativelynewstructures,itmainlyconsistsof"nail"(i.e.,anchor),concretepanel(hangnetsshotcrete),anchorplatecompositions.1.7.1mechanismTheanchor(viaregulararrangement"spike"),panel,anchorplatewillslopecertainlimitssoilinsitureinforcement,formakindofcompositesoilnailingwall-structuredwall,thewallbysoilnailingwallandpressureassume.1.7.2applicationconditionsMainlyappliestoweatheringcrushingmoreseriousrockslope,alsocanusedforpowdersoil,gravelandsandysoilslope.Inherittheearthpressuregenerally,itsgreatestadvantageontheexcavationstepbystepdownfromconditionsareclosedontheslopeandtimelyreinforcement,caneffectivelyreduceslopeexcavationairportandbringsforrelease,16maketheslopekeepmilestothestabilityoftheoriginalstructure,toavoidthecollapse.1.7.3structuralrequirements:theconstructionprocedurefor:intohole-holecleaning-buymuscle-grouting-spraylayer1finestoneconcrete-packhangingsteelnet-spraylayer2finestoneconcrete;thefirstlayeroffinestoneconcretethick7~10cmandsecondfinestoneconcretethick8cm.1.8prestressedanchorbeamPrestressedanchorbeamisdevelopedinrecentyears,anewtypeofreinforcementmeasures.Structureisdividedintoanchorandanchorbeamtwoparts.1.8.1mechanismPutthebrokenlooserockcombinationconnectedintotheoverall,andanchorintherockformationdeepsolidbyprestressanchorlength,withinthescopeoftheweakrock(layers)extrusionclose-grained,improvelevelofpositivepressurebetweenrockandfriction,stopcrackinglooserockdisplacement,soastoachievethepurposeofreinforcedslope.Thiskindofmethodis:thebiggestcharacteristicofslopecanmaintainbothdeeplyslopeundertheinternalstateofwidespreadreinforcement;PriorShiJiaZhenglooserockslopeinitiativetolockcompactionpressure,sosolidaction;Meanwhile,anchorholehigh-pressuregrouting,groutfillingfractureandpore,andenhancethebrokenrockstrengthandintegrity;Simplestructure,lowcost,shortconstructionperiod.1.8.2applicationconditionsFractureandfaultsdevelopment,preventslowslopeworkloadhugehighandsteepslope.1.8.3structuralrequirements:theanchorbeam:anchorbeamforreinforcedconcretebeamC30concretepouring,adoptprestressedanchorcable,itisnotonlyforprovidingcounterforcedevice,butalsohasaboxofsloperockpressureeffect.Withstraps17theanchorbeamconstructionorder:defensemode-assemblingreinforced-modebranch-pouringconcrete.theanchorbeamandanchorreserveplasticcasing,crosspartsfromthroughthemiddleforanchor;Atanchorheadbitsembeddedwithanchorplate,andpressurecastingintowholebeam.theproceduresfortheconstructionofprestressedanchorputsomedrilling------groutingcompiledtensionsteellock.butwithshotcreteorframespacerevetmentcombined.182PlantProtection2.1grass2.1.1applicationconditionsSlopestability,slopeerosionslightembankmentorcuttingslope,generalrequirementslopenotsteepin1:1,surfacewaterrunoffspeedgeogriddoesnotexceed0.6m/s,long-termimmersionslopedoesn'tapply.2.1.2croppingpatternAccordingtotheconstructionmethodisdifferent,havethefollowingseveralways:theseedsownmethod:forthesoftsoilretainingmm,plyisinthesandsoil,underthe23mmbelowofcohesivesoilslope,andthesituationin1:1slowly.YuLihydroseederlaw:thereisbetweensandgravelinthickness,orpledgesoilsandysoilundermmin23mmbelow,thicknessofcohesivesoil,andclaysoil,orwhenthethicknessofhardsoilinmorethan25mminoftendropswhenheavyrainsandshoparea,thetablewithengineering.hydroseederlaw:replacewithout-soilreplacewithout-soilhydroseedertechnologyisakindofplantlifeenvironment,improveslopepromotesplantgrowthincommonconditions,thusunabletoafforestorafforestedeffectonpoorslopegreening,restorerealizestereonewtechnologyofnaturalvegetation.Methodofreplacewithout-soilhydroseederhasextensiveadaptability,soilorrockslopehaveapplied.attackavitalpoint,diggingditchesmethodMethods:intheslopepointmethodiswithdrillminingdiameter5~10~15cm8cm,deephole,everysquaremetreabouteightto12,willpreventsolidfertilizeretc,formedtheholeandsand,etc,thenburiedtheseeds.Diggingditchesmethodisroughlyinslopebylevel,diggingaround50cmbetween10~15cmdeepgroove,intofertilizer,sownseeds.19Suitablefor:roadgreeninglandsonbothsidesofthesiteconditionsofpoorsituation,suchashardsoilorgraniteweatheringsandysoilslopeexcavation.2.2spreadsod2.2.1applicationconditionsVarioussoilslope,especiallyseriousslopeerosionandslopesteep(upto60),runoff°speedreaches0.6m/s.2.2.2spreadsodwayTile,horizontalrecede,verticalslopeortheslopeintohalfbrokenfoot;andthetiltfoldbuyPianShietcslabssetprescriptionorvaultedborder,boxspreadsodetc.2.3plantingtreesSuitablefor:varioussoilslopeandtheweatheringextremelyseriousrockslopesteepslopenot,infive,insubgrade1-1.Slopeandfillwithwaterplant,forthebeachwithprotectivebankreceivedroadbedreinforcementgoodeffect.Canreducethewatervelocity,canmakeinthebeach,preventwaterflowsedimentdepositiondirectlyerodedembankment.Plantingcombinedwithbestphyticgrass.Onahighwayslopetreeisstrictlyprohibited.203FlexibleSupporting3.1three-dimensionvegetationnetsThree-dimensionvegetationnetsandpreventerosionnetstosayhotthermoplasticsresinasrawmaterials.Structureisdividedintotheupperandlowerlevelsforatop,bydouble-sidedstretchJiChuCenghighmodulus,strengthenoughtopreventvegetationnetsofdeformation,andcaneffectivelypreventsoilerosion,andthelowerlayerisalayerofelastic,rules,unevennetspacketcomposition.3.1.1mechanism:Three-dimensionvegetationmeshismadeofmultilayerplasticbumpnetsandhighstrengthflatnetscompoundandintothree-dimensionalnetsstructure.Unevensurfaceappearance.Materialloosepliable,withmorethan90%ofthespacecanfillsoilandsand,grassseedsandsurfacesoilfirmlyinstereonetsmiddleprotect.3.1.2characteristicsthesolideartheffectextremelygood.Experimentalproof:intheturfformationbefore,whenslopeas45degrees,three-dimensionvegetationnetssolidearth97.5%.Evenwhenblockratesashighas90toslopeAngle,three-dimensionvegetationnetscanstillkeepliving60%ofsoilblock.anti-scouringability.3dnetsmatandplantrootcanhaveashallowreinforcementeffect,thiskindofcomplexsystemhasandstronganti-scouringability,canachievethepurposeofeffectiveprotectiveslope.netsmatrawmaterialsusedinpolyethylene,non-toxicandchemicalpropertiesisstableandreliable,andburiedundergroundlifecanreach50years,evenwhenexposedtosunlightaslongas10yearslifespan.byusingmixedgrassgrassgrowlawnorproducesodwaslessenedquickly;Strongresistance,resistancetopoorvulgarresistance,management,etc.3.1.3pruningapplicationconditions21Designstablesoilandrockslopesoilbarrenslope,especiallytheearth-rockfillslopewithmixedcanplayasolidearthpreventbluntandimproveplantgrassqualitygoodeffects.3.2steelwirenetsactiveprotectionThroughtheanchorandsupportropewithafixedpatternwillcovertheslopeofsteelwiremeshsurface.Forthroughthefixedmechanisminanchororimposecertainsupportlineandgetsthetensionofsteelwirenets,aswellasinusedasweatheredpeel,slippedandfellflatortinyparticles,theprotectionofinhibitingwhensoilerosiondiffusedorwithmetallicnetsorspreadtothewholeslopeandgeogridformacontinuoussupport.Thetensionsystemgetshomeworkclingyslopeformedlocalsoilshouldmoveorhappenorthesmalldisplacementwrappedafterorthotopicstucktoitsnear,thusrealizetheprestressedactiveprotectionfunction.Thesystemfunctionprinciplesimilarsprayanchorbracinglevelprotectionsystem.Butitsflexiblecharacteristicscanmakethesystemwilllocalbodyaroundintodown-slideevenlytransferofthewholesystemsoastogivefullplaytodefendability,sothatthesystemcanbearlargerdown-slide,atthesametimeitandthree-dimensionvegetationasandplantsupportingrealizenetplantprotection,maketheplantrootsholdthesoilslopeprotectionsystemfunction,toachievethebestmassingofslopeprotectionandenvironmentalprotection.3.3steelwirenetspassiveprotectionThismethodisakindofcaninterceptandstockpilingrockfallsflexibleblockstonenets,steelwirenets,byfixedsystem,decompressionringandsteelcolumnfourparts.3.3.1.Applicationcondit