英语主要修辞手法解析

英语修辞EnglishRhetoricDevicesEnglishRhetoricDevicesFiguresofspeech(修辞)arewaysofmakingourlanguagefigurative.Whenweusewordsinotherthantheirordinaryorliteralsensetolendforcetoanidea,toheighteneffect,ortocreatesuggestiveimagery,wearesaidtobespeakingorwritingfiguratively.EnglishRhetoricDevicesRhetoricdevicesmakeyourspeeches,essaysetc.moreinterestingandlivelyandhelpyoutogetandkeepyourreader’s/listener’sattention.Nowwearegoingtotalkaboutsomecommonformsoffiguresofspeech.Simile：(明喻）Itisanexpressedlikeness,whichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristic(特性)incommon.Tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as...as,asifandlikeareusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.Simile：(明喻）e.g.Ascoldwateristoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcountry.Reasonistofaithastheeyetothetelescope.Hebellowedlikeabullseekingcombat.Metaphor：(暗喻）Itislikeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.Metaphor：(暗喻）e.g.Theworldisastage.Thefountainofknowledgewilldryupunlessitiscontinuouslyreplenishedbystreamsofnewlearning.Youreyeisthelampofyourbody;whenyoureyeissound,yourwholebodyisfulloflight;butwhenitisnotsound,yourbodyisfullofdarkness.Analogy:(类比）Itisalsoaformofcomparison,butunlikesimileormetaphorwhichusuallyusescomparisonononepointofresemblance,analogydrawsaparallelbetweentwounlikethingsthathaveseveralcommonqualitiesorpointsofresemblance.Thepatternis:AistoBasCistoD借助一些共同的相似之点来做平行的比较，比明喻和暗喻着眼点更广阔。Analogy:(类比）e.g.Shoeistofootastireistowheel.Followersaretoaleaderasplanetsaretoasun.Shellsweretoancientculturesasdollarbillsaretomodernculture.Personification:(拟人）Itgiveshumanformoffeelingstoanimals,orlifeandpersonalattributes(赋予)toinanimate(无生命的)objects,ortoideasandabstractions(抽象).把事、物、观念等拟作人，赋予它们以人的思想,感情与行为方式。Personification:(拟人）e.g.Thewindwhistledthroughthetrees.Moneytalks;moneyprints;moneybroadcasts;moneyreigns.Hyperbole:(夸张）Itisthedeliberateuseofoverstatementorexaggerationtoachieveemphasis.在真实的基础上有意言过其实以更好地反映事物的本质。Hyperbole:(夸张）e.g.Healmostdiedlaughing.Hamlet:IloveOphelia:fortythousandbrotherscouldnot,withalltheirquantityoflove,makeupmysum.Hiseloquencewouldsplitrocks.Mylegsweighthreetons.Understatement(低调陈述/含蓄陈述)Itistheoppositeofhyperbole,oroverstatement.Itachievesitseffectofemphasizingafactbydeliberately(故意地)understatingitorminimizingtheimportance,impressingthelistenerorthereadermorebywhatismerelyimpliedorleftunsaidthanbybarestatement.轻描淡写地陈述一种想法。UnderstatementYouknowIwouldbealittledisappointedifyouweretobehitbyadrunkdriverattwoa.m.,soIhopeyouwillbehomeearly.Thefacewasn’tabadone:ithadwhattheycalledcharm.(正话反说，反映说话者的矜持)Themanisnofool.这个人决不是个傻瓜Yes,Iknowalittleaboutrocks.(Arockexpertsays)Euphemism:(委婉）Itisthesubstitutionofanagreeableorinoffensive(无冒犯)expressionforonethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasant.用比较温和的词代替粗鲁的词或使人不愉快的词，用通行的词代替禁忌的词。Euphemism:(委婉）e.g.CharlesShively,94,passedawayathomeandwenttobewiththeLordonApril22,2004,fromnaturalcauses.Hewenttosleeppeacefully—butforever.(becalledtoGod;benomore;gotohislonghome;begonetoabetterland)funeral→memorialservicegraveyard→memorygarden.Metonymy(转喻/借代）Itisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofthemeaningofonethingforthatofanother.用一个单词代替另外一个在概念上有关联的单词Metonymy(转喻/借代）e.g.Thepen(words)ismightierthanthesword(forces/war).Bewareofbottle.(谨防喝醉酒)Theredeyeswalkedintotheclassroom.Hehasagoodearformusic.他善于欣赏音乐。Hehasasharptongue.他言语尖刻。Synecdoche(提喻）Synecdocheissomekindofgeneralizationorspecificationthatinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.用局部代替整体，单个代替类别，具体代替抽象；或反过来。Synecdoche(提喻）Theysaythere’sbreadandworkforall.Turningourlongboatround[…]onthelastmorningrequiredallhandsondeck …(hands=people)Troopshaltthedrivers(troops=soldiers)Sheworegoldaroundherneck.(gold=chain)Pun:(双关语）Itisaplayonwords,orratheraplayontheformandmeaningofwords.一个词在上下文中有双重或更多的含义。英语中常用同形异义词（拼写相同但意义不同）或同音异义词（发音相同或相似，拼写与意义不同）来造成双关的效果。Pun:(双关语）e.g.Acannon-balltookoffhislegs,sohelaiddownhisarms.(Here“arms”hastwomeanings:aperson’sbody;weaponscarriedbyasoldier.)e.g.Askformetomorrowandyoushallfindmeagraveman.(graveman，即是严肃的人，又是坟墓中的死人。)Zeugma:(轭式搭配/拈连）Itisasinglewordwhichismadetomodifyortogoverntwoormorewordsinthesamesentence,witherproperlyapplyinginsensetoonlyoneofthem,orapplyingtothemindifferentsenses.用一个形容词修饰两个名词，其中一个修饰是通顺的、 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 的，另外一个修饰则是勉强的、不规范的。Zeugma:(轭式搭配/拈连）e.g.Withweepingeyesandgrievinghearts--Withweepingeyesandhearts　　Thesunshallnotburnyoubyday,northemoonbynight.(Heremoonisnotstrongenoughtoburn)Shewasdressedinamaid’scapandabrightsmile.Itisbettertohaveapatchedjacketthantohaveapatchedcharacter.Irony:(反语/讽刺）Itisafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeant,theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense.即通常所谓的说反话，反意正说，正意反说。常用于讽刺或嘲弄的场合.Irony:(反语/讽刺）e.g.Wearelucky.(whensomethingbadhappens)Whatyousaidmakesmefeelreallygood.(whensomeonesayssthunpleasant)Thisdiligentstudentseldomreadsmorethananhourperweek.Sarcasm:(讽刺）Itisastrongformofirony.Itattacksinabittermanner,anditsaimistoridiculeandwoundthefeelingsofthesubjectattacked.e.g.Lawsarelikecobwebs（蜘蛛网）,whichmaycatchsmallflies,butletwasps（黄蜂）breakthrough.Paradox:(似非而是的隽语)Itisafigureofspeechconsistingofastatementorpropositionwhichonthefaceofitseemsself-contradictory,absurdorcontrarytoestablishedfactorpractice,butwhichonfurtherthinkingandstudymayprovetobetrue,well-founded,andeventocontainasuccinctpoint.Paradox:(似非而是的隽语)e.g.Morehaste,lessspeed. Whatapitythatyouthmustbewastedontheyoung.Weshouldworkhardtolearnbeinglazy.Oxymoron:(矛盾修饰）Itisacompressedparadox,formedbytheconjoining(结合)oftwocontrasting,contradictoryorincongruous(不协调)terms一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法，Oxymoron:(矛盾修饰）e.g.adeafeningsilence震耳欲聋的沉默;amournfuloptimist悲伤的乐观.bitter-sweetmemories;orderlychaos(混乱);proudhumility(侮辱).Climax:(渐进/层进）ItisderivedfromtheGreekwordfor“ladder”andimpliestheprogressionofthoughtatauniformoralmostuniformrateofsignificanceorintensity,likethestepsofaladderascendingevenly.一层层地推进与加强最终达到高潮或顶点。Climax:(渐进/层进）e.g.Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.Theaudiencesmiled,chuckled（窃笑）,andfinallyhowled（捧腹大笑）.Anti-climaxorbathos:(突降）ItistheoppositeofClimax.Itinvolvesstatingone’sthoughtsinadescendingorderofsignificanceorintensity,fromstrongtoweak,fromweightytolightorfrivolous.采用突然下降的手法使句意从严肃、深刻、重要等等的概念中急转到滑稽、平庸、琐细等的概念上，从而造成一种语义上的大的反差而获得一种鲜明、幽默的交际效果。Anti-climaxorbathos:(突降）WhatshallIdo?Ihavelostmyloverandlipsticktoo.AnearlymorningwalkinthefoothilloftheHimalayasliftshisspiritabovematerialconcernsandinspiresinhimnoblethoughts.Italsomakeshimhungry.TransferredEpithet:(移就/转类形容词）Itisafigureofspeechwhereanepithet(anadjectiveordescriptivephrase)istransferredfromthenounitshouldrightlymodify(修饰)toanothertowhichitdoesnotreallyapplyorbelong.TransferredEpithet:(移就/转类形容词）e.g.Ispentsleeplessnightsonmyproject.Heclosedhisbusylifeattheageof80.TheAmericansocietysawagnawing虫咬般痛苦的povertyduringtheGreatDepression.TheytalkedtotheforeignersinhesitantEnglish（结结巴巴的英语）.Hecrasheddownaprotestingchair.Parody（仿拟）模仿别的固定表达方式而新创的语言表达方式Youaregin-drunk;Iamcreed-drunk.你是酒醉，我是信条迷醉。Ihadnooutlook,butanuplookrather.Myplaceinsocietywasatthebottom.我没有人生观，但我有“上爬观”，我的地位在社会的最低层。chiasmus（回文/交错法）Agrammaticalfigurebywhichtheorderofwordsinoneoftwoofparallelclausesisinvertedintheother.Oneofthemostfascinatingfeaturesofchiasmusisthis“markingwithanX”chiasmus（回文/交错法）e.g.Pleasureisasin,andsometimessinisapleasure1)It’snotthemeninmylifeit’sthelifeinmymen.2)HomeiswherethegreataresmallandthesmallaregreatAlliteration:(头韵）Ithastodowiththesoundratherthanthesenseofwordsforeffect.Itisadevicethatrepeatsthesameinitialconsonantsoundatfrequentintervals(间隔).在词的开头重复相同的元音或辅音Alliteration:(头韵）e.g.PeterPiperpickedapeckofpickledpeppers.thewildwindsofwinter;thewhitefoamflew;thefurrowfollowedfree.Onomatopoeia:(拟声）Itisadevicethatuseswordswhichimitatethesoundsmadebyanobject(animateorinanimate),orwhichareassociatedwithorsuggestive(提示的)ofsomeactionormovement. 以相似的语音描摹非语言的声音。Onomatopoeia:(拟声）Iheartheclockticktacking,andtimegoesby.Noonetalksinthesefactories.Everyoneistoobusy.Theonlysoundsarethesnip,snipofscissorsandthehumofsewingmachines.Click滴答声clink丁当声coo咕咕声mew猫叫声moo牛叫声Antithesis:(对偶/对照）Itisthedeliberatearrangementofcontrastingwordsorideasinbalancedstructuralformstoachieveemphasis.两个或多个句子，结构相同，但含义相反，或者含义形成对比.Antithesis:(对偶/对照）Speechissilver;silenceisgolden.AnymanorstatewhofightsonagainstNazidomwillhaveouraid.AnymanorstatewhomarcheswithHitlerisourfoe.That’sonesmallstepforaman,onegiantleapformankind.--NeilArmstrongParallelism（平行结构/排比）Similarityofstructureinapairorseriesofrelatedwords,phrases,orclauses.e.g.Marylikestohike,swim,andrideabicycle.Themediocreteachertells.Thegoodteacherexplains.Thesuperiorteacherdemonstrates.Thegreatteacherinspires.(WilliamA.Ward)Parallelism（平行结构/排比）Themistakesofthefoolareknowntotheworld,butnottohimself.Themistakesofthewisemanareknowntohimself,butnottotheworld.(CharlesCalebColton)TellmeandIforget.TeachmeandImayremember.InvolvemeandIwilllearn.(BenjaminFranklin)Repetition（反复）：repeatingwordsorphrases:Wordsorphrasesarerepeatedthroughoutthetexttoemphasizecertainfactsorideas.一次地使用同一词语或句子。Down,down,down.Wouldthefallnevercometoanend!»IwonderhowmanymilesI'vefallenbythistime?«shesaidaloud.[…] Anaphora:（首语重复法）successiveclausesorsentencesstartwiththesameword(s)Everychildmustbetaughttheseprinciples.Everycitizenmustupholdthem.Andeveryimmigrant,byembracingtheseideals,makesourcountrymore,notless,American.Anaphora:（首语重复法）InbooksIfindthedeadasiftheywerealive;inbooksIforeseethingstocome;inbookswarlikeaffairsaresetforth;frombookscomeforththelawsofpeace.Slowlyandgrimlytheyadvanced,notknowingwhatlayahead,notknowingwhattheywouldfindatthetopofthehill,notknowingthattheyweresoneartoDisneyland.rhetoricalquestion(反问句)questionwithoutadirectanswerButhowcanweexpecttoenjoythescenerywhenthesceneryconsistsentirelyofgarish(brightlycolored)billboards?..Forifwelosetheabilitytoperceiveourfaults,whatisthegoodoflivingon?Isjusticethentobeconsideredmerelyaword?Orisitwhateverresultsfromthebarteringbetweenattorneys?Allusion引经据典indirectreferencetoaperson,eventorpieceofliteratureAllusionisusedtoexplainorclarifyacomplexproblem.Notethatallusionworksbestifyoukeepitshortandrefertosomethingthereader/audienceisfamiliarwith,e.g.:famouspeoplehistory(Greek)mythologyliteraturethebibleExamplesofallusion:tomeetone’sWaterloo(allusiononNapoleonsdefeatintheBattleofWaterloo)Ifyoutakehisparkingplace,youcanexpectWorldWarIIalloveragain.Overnight,theUnitedStatesperceivedaswardofDamoclessuspendedoveritshead…….(impendingdangerevil)Planahead:itwasn’trainingwhenNoahbuilttheark.Appositive（同位语）A nounornounsubstituteplacednextto(inappositionto)anothernountobedescribedordefinedbytheappositive.Theappositivecanbeplacedbeforeorafterthenoun:HenryJameson,thebossoftheoperation,alwaysworearedbaseballcap.Anotoriousannualfeast,thepicnicwaswellattended.Thateveningwewereallattheconcert,areallyelaborateandexcitingaffair.IsyourfriendGeorgegoingtorunforoffice?Othersellipsis(省略)：句子成分有所省略Inversion:倒装Parenthesis:插入语WishYouSuccessHappyEveryDay