过去完成时和虚拟语气讲解和练习

过去完成时注意：过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，动作发生的时间是"过去的过去".它是一个相对的时态，只有在和过去某个时间或动作相比较时才会用到。E.g.Bytheendofthematch，theyhadkickedtwogoals.Wehadalreadyhadlunchbeforewearrivedthere.其结构是"had+过去分词".它的否定句是在had后边加not，变一般疑问句是把had提前。E.g.Ihadreachedthestationbefore9：00o'clock.Ihadnotreachedthestationbefore9：00o'clock.Hadyoureachedthestationbefore9：00o'clock？它通常和before，bytheendof等引导的表示过去的时间状语连用。由时间状语来判定一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：（1）by+过去的时间点。如：Ihadfinishedreadingthenovelbynineo'clocklastnight.（2）bytheendof+过去的时间点。如：WehadlearnedovertwothousandEnglishwordsbytheendoflastterm.（3）before+过去的时间点。如：TheyhadplantedsixhundredtreesbeforelastWednesday.由“过去的过去”来判定。过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：（1）宾语从句中当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。如：Shesaidthatshehadseenthefilmbefore.（2）状语从句中在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：Afterhehadfinishedhishomework,hewenttobed.注意：before,after引导的时间状语从句中，由于before和after本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如：Afterheclosedthedoor,helefttheclassroom.（3）表示意向的动词，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用过去完成时表示”原本...，未能...”Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidn't.根据上、下文来判定。ImetWangTaointhestreetyesterday.Wehadn'tseeneachothersincehewenttoBeijing.单项选择Heaskedmeduringthesummerholidays.whereIhadbeenB.whereIhadgoneC.wherehadIbeenD.wherehadIgoneWhatJanebythetimehewassever?A.did,doB.has,doneCdid,did.D.had,doneI900EnglishwordsbythetimeIwasten。A.learnedB.waslearningC.hadlearnedD.learntShelivedhereforyears.had,afewB.has,severalC.had,alotofD.has,agreatdealofBythetimemyparentsreachedhomeyesterday,Ithedinneralready.AhadcookedB.cookedC.havecookedD.wascookedShesaidshetheprinciplealreadyA.hasseenB.sawC.willseeD.hadseenShesaidherfamilythemselvesthearmyduringthewar.A.hashidden,fromB.hadhidden,fromC.hashidden,withD.hadhidden,withBythetimehewastenyearsold,he.hascompleteduniversityB.hascompletedtheuniversityhadcompletedanuniversityD.hadcompleteduniversityShehadwrittenanumberofbookstheendoflastyear.A.forB.inC.byD.atHetoplaybeforehewas11yearsold.Ahadlearned,pianoB.hadlearned,thepianohaslearned,thepianoD.learns,piano.用动词的适当形式填空We(paint)thehousebeforewe(move)in.Thatricholdman(make)awillbeforehe(die).They(study)themapofthecountrybeforethey(leave).Therobbers(runaway)beforethepolicemen(arrive).I(turnoff)allthelightsbeforeI(go)tobed.Paul(go)outwithJaneafterhe(make)aphonecall.虚拟语气虚拟语气表示一种假设的情况，或一种主观的愿望，即动词所表示的动作或状态并非事实，或不可能实现。英语虚拟语气的形式有下列几种：、与现在事实相反连接词条件从句结果从句If动词过去式（或were）助动词（过去式）+动词原形ShouldWould+动词原形couldmightIfhadthetime,JohnwouldmakeatriptoChinatoseetheGreatWall.IfIwereyou,Iwouldgiveupdrinkingimmediately.二.与将来事实相反连接词条件从句结果从句Ifshould+动词原形动词过去式wereto+动词原形ShouldWould+动词原形couldmightIfyoushouldlose,whatwouldyoudo?IfIweretoseehertomorrow,Iwouldtellherthetruth.Ifyouwenttherenexttime,youwouldseewhatImean.三、与过去事实相反连接词条件从句结果从句Ifhad+过去分词ShouldWould+have+过去分词couldmightIfI’dknownthatitwasgoingtorain,Iwouldneverhavegoneforawalkinthecountry.四、虚拟语气的几种特殊用法省掉if的条件从句结构：Hadyouaskedme,Iwouldhavetoldyou.(=Ifyouhadaskedme,...)有时虚拟条件不用条件从句而用不定式、分词、介词、名词、连接词或定语从句来表示，如：Atruefriendwouldnotdosuchathing.(=Ifhewereatruefriend,he...)(=Iftherewerenowater,.)(=Ifyouhadn’thelpedme,.)有时条件从句中的动作和结果从句中的动作发生的时间不一致，如：Ifhehadfollowedthedoctor’sadvice,hewouldbequiteallrightnow.IfIwereyou,Iwouldhavegonehome.五、虚拟语气的其他用法1、Suggest,advise等动词之后宾语从句须用虚拟语气，其句子结构如下：suggest,advise,recommend,demand,require,insist,urge,request,order,+that...(should)+动词原形decide,ask,move,propose等注意：在此结构中that不可省略；should省不省均可。Hesuggestedthatthey(should)stopsmoking.上述动词的名词形式出现时，that引导的从句仍用虚拟语气。Hemadearequestthatthey(should)stopsmoking.如果that引导的从句所表达的内容是事实，也可用陈述语气。Heinsiststhatheisright.2、Itis(was)+necessary,apity等+that引导的从句须用虚拟语气，其句子结构如下：imperative,advisable,动词完成式Itis(was)+important,natural,necessary,+that...(should)+essential,strange,等动词原形Itisimportantthatyou(should)followthedoctor’sorders.Itisrightthatyoushouldhavedoneyourhomework.3、wish的用法动词过去式或were一与现在事实相反主语+wish(that)+主语+动词过去完成式一与过去事实相反助动词过去试+动词原形一与将来事实相反IwishIwereapopsinger.(=IamsorryIamnotapopsinger..)IwishIhadneverstoppedteaching.(=IamsorryIstoppedteaching.)Iwishthey’dletusgetsomesleep.注意：wish与hope接宾语从句的区别在于：hope表示一般可以实现的希望，宾语从句用陈述语气。wish表示很难或不大可能实现的希望，宾语从句用虚拟语气。试比较：Wehopetheywillcome,(Wedon’tknowiftheycancome.)Wewishtheycouldcome,(Weknowtheyarenotcoming.)4、asif,asthough,would(had)rather(that)引导的从句须用虚拟语气，如：Heactsasifnothinghadhappened.Iwouldratheryoudidn’ttellhim.5、It’s(high)timethat...+动词过去式或should+动词原形，如：It’stime(that)youhadahaircut.It’shightime(that)wetooksomeaction.虚拟语气用在主语从句中Itisdemanded/necessary/apity+that...等结构的主语从句，谓语动词用should加动词原形，should可省略。Itis可用的词有三类that(should)dosuggested,ordered,required,proposed,demanded,requested,insisted等important,necessary,natural,imperative,strange等apity,ashame,nowonder等虚拟语气用在同位语从句中。某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词后同位语从句需用虚拟语气，其表达形式为(should)+动词原形。这类名词常见的有：advice，suggestion，proposal(提议)，order，demand，desire，request，requirement，recommendation(推荐)，plan，resolution(决议)，idea等。eg.Weareallforyourproposalthatthediscussion(should)beputoff虚拟语气用在表语从句中。某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词作主语时，表语从句需用虚拟语气，其表达形式为should)+动词原形。这类名词常见的有：advice，suggestion，proposal，order，demand，desire，request，requirement，recommendation以及plan，idea，resolution等。eg.Mysuggestionisthatthemayor(should)presenttheprizes.虚拟语气用在定语从句中Itis(about/high)time+thatsb.didsth/shoulddosth..eg.Don'tyouthinkit'sabouttimewewenthome?注：在thisisthefirsttime/secondtimethat...句型中，从句中谓语动词用陈述语气完成时态。eg.IsthisthefirsttimethatyouhavevisitedHongkong?虚拟语气用在让步、方式、目的状语从句中在带有evenif/eventhough引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。口:Evenifhehadbeenill,hewouldhavegonetohisoffice.即使生了病，他俩去办公室。由asif或asthough引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(6。用were)或“had十过去分词”。如:HetreatedmeasifIwereastranger.他那样对待我，好像我是陌生人似的。Shetalkedaboutthefilmasifshehadreallyseenit.她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。虚拟语气用在lest(唯恐、免得)，forfearthat及incase引导的目的状语从句中。在由lest等引导的目的状语从句中需用虚拟语气，表示“以防，以免”等意思，其谓语动词多由should+动词原形构成，should也可省略。eg.Hewaspunishedlestheshouldmakethesamemistakeagain．虚拟语气用情感语言中虚拟语气在表示客气、遗憾以及祝愿等场合中，使用虚拟语气。eg.Youshouldn'thavebeenfollowinghimsocloselyyoushouldhavekeptyourdistance.Ifonlysb./sth,+时态后退型的谓语eg.IfonlyIhadknowntheresultoftheexamination.虚拟语气专项练习--Willyoucometotheparty?---youalsoinviteBlade.A.WhynotB.OnlyifC.IfnotD.WhenIfIyou,Igothere.A.is;willB.is;wouldC.were;wouldD.was;willIfitraintomorrow,We’llgoonatrip.A.isn’tB.doesn’tC.won’tIdon’tknowifhetomorrow.A.WillcomeB.comesC.cameD.hascomeTheheadmasterwithhisstudentsHangzhouParadiseParkifittomorrow.A.isgoingto;isn’trainyB.aregoingto;isn’trainyC.isgoingto;won’trainD.aregoingto;doesn’trainIfIamilliondollars,Iwouldgiveittomedicalresearch.A.willhaveB.haveC.hadD.amhavingIfIyou,Iwouldsayanotherstudentcoulddoitbetter.A.wasB.wereC.wereD.are—Whatwouldyoudoifyouthelottery?—Igivehalfofthemoneytocharities.A.win,willB.win,wouldC.won,willD.won,wouldIamtoobusynow.IfIfree,Itothecinemawithyou.A.am;willgoB.am;wouldgoC.were;wouldgoD.was;wasgoingWhatyoudoifyouhadamilliondollars?A.wouldB.willC.didD.do—I’mgoingtoLarry’sparty.ButIdon’tknowwhattowear.—IfIyou,Iwearadress.A.am;willB.were;willC.were;wouldD.am;wouldIfIyou,Ibeafraid.A.was,wouldn’tB.were,won’tC.were,wouldn’tIfIAlice,Ithemthetruth.A.was,wouldtellB.were,wouldtellC.am,willtellD.is,willtell---IfIonemilliondollars,Iwouldgiveittomedicalresearch.---IfIyou,Iwouldgiveittocharity.A.willhave,amB.wouldhave,wasC.had,wereD.have,isIfIyou,Iwouldmyhomeworkmyself.A.was;didB.am;doC.were;doD.is;didTranslation翻译我不知道他的电话号码，否则我就打电话给他了。他本可以给你更多的帮助，即使他很忙。---如果可能的话你会不会打电话给他？---会的，不过我当时在忙着做家庭作业呢。1.单项选择HeaskedmeAduringthesummerholidays.D.wherehadIgoneD.had,doneD.learntA.whereIhadbeenB.whereIhadgoneC.wherehadIbeenWhat_DJanebythetimehewassever?A.did,doB.has,doneCdid,did.IC900EnglishwordsbythetimeIwasten。A.learnedB.waslearningC.hadlearnedSheAlivedhereforyears.A.had,afewB.has,severalC.had,alotofD.has,agreatdealofBythetimemyparentsreachedhomeyesterday,IAthedinneralready.AhadcookedB.cookedC.havecookedD.wascookedShesaidshe_DtheprinciplealreadyA.hasseenB.sawC.willseeD.hadseenShesaidherfamily__Bthemselvesthearmyduringthewar.A.hashidden,fromB.hadhidden,fromC.hashidden,withD.hadhidden,withBythetimehewastenyearsold,heD.hascompleteduniversityB.hascompletedtheuniversityhadcompletedanuniversityD.hadcompleteduniversityShehadwrittenanumberofbooksCtheendoflastyear.A.forB.inC.byD.atHe_Btoplaybeforehewas11yearsold.Ahadlearned,pianoB.hadlearned,thepianohaslearned,thepianoD.learns,piano.用动词的适当形式填空Wehadpainted(paint)thehousebeforewemoved(move)in.Thatricholdman__hadmade(make)awillbeforehedied(die).They_hadstudyed_(study)themapofthecountrybeforethey_left(leave).Therobbers_hadrunaway(runaway)beforethepolicemenarrived(arrive).I__turnedoff(turnoff)allthelightsbeforeI__went(go)tobed.Paulwent(go)outwithJaneafterhe_made(make)aphonecall.参考答案TOC\o"1-5"\h\zB【解析】略C【解析】本题考查虚拟语气，if引导的与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。从句用一般过去式，主句用过去将来时。句意：如果我是你的话，我会去那儿的。B【解析】这题考查时态的用法，if条件句中用一般现在时代替将来时，而且这里要填助动词的否定式，选B。A【解析】考查时态。tomorrow为将来的时间故用一般将来时态，所以选A。A【解析】考查主谓一致和if从句。with连接几个主语时，与第一个保持一致。排除B、D；if条件句用一般现在时代替将来时，排除C。句意“如果不下雨，班主任和同学明天将要去杭州天堂公园。”故选A。C【解析】这题考查if的非真实条件句的用法，如果和事实不符合，if条件句和主句要用虚拟语气，和现在的事实相反，if条件句用过去时，主句用woulddo，所以选C。句意是：如果我有1百万美元，我会把它给医学研究。TOC\o"1-5"\h\zB【解析】在if虚拟条件句中，be用were，故本题选B。D【解析】考查虚拟语气°If引导的条件状从指将来的情况，用过去式，should+d。或用wereto+do结构；Igivehalfofthemoneytocharities.也是虚拟语气，省略了if条件状从，指将来，谓语用would+do。所以选D。C【解析】Cif从句用的是虚拟语气，与现实（很忙）相反时，虚拟语气用一般过去时，be统一用were，主句用woulddosth.A【解析】考查点：虚拟语气。解题思路：根据句意:如果你有一百万你将会干什么？“如果你有一百万”是对现在的一种假设，与现在的事实相反。表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气的结构是：主句用should/would/could/might+动词原形，从句用一般过去时态。故选A。C【解析】试题分析：根据题干，本句的意思应是“如果我是你，我将穿一件裙子。”“我”是不可能成为“你”，所以本句是一个虚拟语气。对于虚拟语气，从句应该用过去式（be动词，不论是第几人称，都用were），主句用woulddo。所以本题选C。考点：本题考查虚拟语气。点评：完成本题时注意区分虚拟语气和if引导的条件状语从句。虚拟语气是不可能发生的，是一种假设情况；而if引导的条件状语从句，是有可能发生的。如果不明白这两者的区别，就比较容易发错。C【解析】试题分析：根据语境可知此句的含义是如果我是你，我就不害怕。考查的是虚拟语气的基本用法。条件用过去时，主句要用过去将来时，故选C。考点：虚拟语气点评：虚拟语气其实就是if引导条件状语从句时，词义为“如果”，不过这个条件是无法实现的。从句中的谓语动词通常用一般过去时表示，则主句中的谓语动词用过去将来时。B【解析】试题分析：本题的含义是如果我是你，我将告诉他们真相，本题if引导的是一个虚拟的条件句，在虚拟句中，be用were，主句通常用过去的一种，will应该用would，故本题选B。考点：if引导的虚拟条件句。点评：在英文中条件句有两种，一种是真实的条件句，if后遇到将来时用一般现在时，一种是虚拟的条件句，if后用过去时，be用were，在英文的实际使用中应该注意它们的区别。【答案】C【解析】考察虚拟语气。第一空，虚拟语气，与现在相反，用过去时。第二空，虚拟语气，与现在相反，用过去时，be动词用were。故选C15.C【解析】本题考查的虚拟语气，从句be动词用were，故选答案为CIdidn'tknowhistelephonenumber,otherwiseIwouldhavetelephonedhim.Hemighthavegivenyoumorehelp,eventhoughhewasverybusy.——Wouldyouhavecalledheruphaditbeenpossible?——Yes,butIwerebusydoingmyhomework.