CRAFTS OF BILINGUAL DICTIONARY COMPILING

nullAn Brief introduction to Bilingual lexicographyAn Brief introduction to Bilingual lexicographyMAIMS OF THIS LECTURE 1.to enable students have a general understanding of bilingual dictionary making 2.to enable students have a better understanding of translation theories 3.to enable students make sound judgements on quality bilingual dictionariesLead-in questions: Lead-in questions: 1. How often do you use a bilingual dictionary? 2. What purposes do you expect a E-C dictionary can serve? 3. What are your favorite E-C dictionary\dictionaries and C-E dictionary\dictionaries? Why do you like or dislike it\them most?1. An overview of bilingual dictionaries1. An overview of bilingual dictionaries1.Dictionary compiling began in the Middle East 4000 years ago, the first dictionary in the west is bilingual. China’s first bilingual dictionary relating to the language of English was made in 1825 by Morrison. 4.Bilingual dictionary in China and the west.2.bilingual lexicography and Translation theories2.bilingual lexicography and Translation theories1. definition: 1)A bilingual dictionary is a dictionary that presents the lexicon and phraseology of one language (called the source language) and translates these components into a second language (the target language). This element of translation is essential. (Al-Kasimi) 2) a type of dictionary which relates the vocabularies of two languages together by means of translation equivalents, in contrast to the monolingual dictionary, in which explanations are provided in on language. (Hartmann) The history of bilingual dictionaries is intimately linked to the history of translation and to the creation of vocabulary lists that give equivalents in a different language. Lexicography is a branch of applied linguistics. It employs linguistic theories to arrange meaningful units. 2.bilingual lexicography is a branch of applied linguistics, closely related to semantics, lexicology, translation studies nullRelationships 1. a bilingual dictionary is to serve the purposes of translation(writing) and understanding. 2.a good bilingual dictionary has good entry translation, and offers ready choices for translation difficulties. 3. Common points: deals with two languages, deals with meaning, various translation units including, phoneme, morpheme, word word文档格式规范word作业纸小票打印word模板word简历模板免费word简历 , phrase, sentence, paragraph, discourse, dictionary mainly deals with words and phrases3. Kinds of Translation by Jakobson(Jacobson):3. Kinds of Translation by Jakobson(Jacobson):intralingual translation or rewording is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language. interlingual translation or translation proper is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language. intersemiotic translation of transmutation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign systems. Bilingual lexicography is concerned with translation proper or interlingual translation.4,Typology of bilingual dictionaries4,Typology of bilingual dictionariesCriteria: 1.source, 2.scope, 3.purpose Dictionaries for the speakers of the source language VS. dictionaries for the speakers of the target language Dictionaries of the literary language VS. dictionaries of the spoken language. Dictionaries for production VS. dictionaries for comprehension Historical dictionaries VS. descriptive dictionaries Lexical dictionaries VS. encyclopedia dictionaries General dictionaries VS. special dictionaries.nullAn ideal bilingual dictionary should be confined to one regional dialect and record its phonology, syntax, semantics, and lexicon.5.Semantic problems in the bilingual dictionary5.Semantic problems in the bilingual dictionaryChoice of equivalents: the major task of a bilingual lexicographer is to find appropriate equivalents in the target language to the units of the source language. A bilingual dictionary deals mainly with 1) entry words, but it also deals with 2) illustrative sentences and 3) transliteration of proper nouns. The process of translation entry in a bilingual dictionary: a bilingual dictionary present with a sentence in the source language and requested to put it in the target language. Then the items of the sentence are gradually changed one by one and every time an item is changed the bilingual provides the proper translation.6.Two types of entry translation:6.Two types of entry translation: translation equivalents a lexical unit which can be immediately inserted into a sentence in the target language; An explanatory equivalents or descriptive equivalent is one which cannot be always inserted into a sentence in the target language. The difference between and an explanatory equivalent and an explanation in that whereas the latter tends to be similar to definition or description, the former tends to approximate a translational unit and so it might be standardized by acceptance and use in the language The explanatory equivalent may suggest or elicit in him some other equivalent which fits the particular context. Although a translational equivalent conveys less information than an explanatory one, it has the advantage of offering the user a lexical unit which can be directly employed. Consequently, translational equivalents should be favored in a bilingual dictionary intended for the speakers of the source language as an aid to produce the target language.nullTwo cases of lacking in equivalents in target language: 1, the culture-bound words which denote objects peculiar to the culture of the source language, 2. the scientific and technological terminology which does not exist in the vernacular languages of the developing countries.nullSolutions : UNESCO committee that studied the use of vernacular languages in education pointed out that there are five different ways to expand or extend a vocabulary: 1. word borrowing, 2. coinage, 3, giving new meaning to a existing words. 4,extending the meaning of existing words, 5. compounding new words from existing elements from the language or from it and some other one.7.Principles of translation: 7.Principles of translation: Tytle:1,the translation should give a complete transcript of the idea of the original work.2. that the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.3.that the translation should have all the ease of original composition. Nida: the translation must represent the customary usage of the receptor language, 2,the translation must make sense, 3, the translation must conform to the meaning of the original. Yan Fu: faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance Differences between entry translation and text translation: context8. Proposed principles for entry translation:8. Proposed principles for entry translation:Correctness: denotation, connotation, grammar, idiomaticness ( An ideal bilingual dictionary should be confined to one regional dialect and record its phonology, syntax, semantics, and lexicon.) Brevity: equivalents, use symbols and core words in explanatory equivalents Flexibility, denoting the core sense and be replaced by synonymies according to text, Inclusiveness: cover maximum senses9.Entry translation methods9.Entry translation methodsFinding Absolute Equivalents supermarket—— 超级市场 Addition 六神无主( all six vital organs failing to function—in a state of utter stupefaction) Transliteration： coffee—— 咖啡 Back-Translation tea ——茶，民主——democracy Literal Translation And Free Translation 纸老虎——paper tiger，丢脸——lose face Context-Reconstructing Explanation Or Definition 五讲四美三热爱: “five emphases, four beauties and three loves”10.Considerations in selecting a dictionary or evaluate a dictionary10.Considerations in selecting a dictionary or evaluate a dictionary1. purposes (main uses): for production of comprehension decides the size or translation method ( bilingualized dictionary or semi-bilingualized dictionaries) 2. equivalents quality 3. other information(stylistical,grammatical, pragmatical, rhetorical) 4.other considerations (layout, price, printing, paper, publishing house)Homework (discussion):Homework (discussion):1.try to find some drawbacks in the most common bilingual dictionaries (Chinese-English, English-Chinese), 2. make comments on its entry translation