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研究生英语教材课后习题解答(上册)Unit 1 Unit 1 Text A Exercises 1. Reading comprehension A. Read the text and answer the following questions. 1. What, according to the author, do Americans love? Cite examples to illustrate your point. Americans love new frontiers. For example, they hanker aft...

研究生英语教材课后习题解答(上册)
Unit 1 Unit 1 Text A Exercises 1. Reading comprehension A. Read the text and answer the following questions. 1. What, according to the author, do Americans love? Cite examples to illustrate your point. Americans love new frontiers. For example, they hanker after wide-open spaces; they like to explore; they like to make rules but refuse to follow them. 2. Is there a place on earth where you can go and be yourself? What is the place according to the author? According to the author, there is a place—cyberspace, where you can go and be yourself. 3. What metaphor does the author use to describe cyberspace? Why does she use such a metaphor? Real estate, because both real estate and cyberspace consist of different parts and each part is suitable for a particular group of people. 4. Does the author approve of regulating cyberspace? Why or why not? Yes, but first, it is fundamental to understand the nature of cyberspace. 5. What does the author think is needed in cyberspace besides government control? Self-rule. 6. What are some of the main areas of cyberspace that the author defines? What other areas do you know that have recently emerged in cyberspace (e.g. e-business)? E-mail conversations, information and entertainment services, and cyberspace communities. 7. How do cyberspace communities evolve? Give examples to illustrate your point. People of similar interests and tastes form a community. For example, communities on CompuServe tend to be professional; those on America Online are affluent young singles, and so on. 8. What is unique about cyberspace rules? What authority do they have that rules in terrestrial environments don’t have? It allows communities of any size and kind to flourish. Cyberspace rules have moral authority that terrestrial governments don’t have. 9. In what spirit are new communities formed? Communities cater to their own members’ inclination.. 10. What kind of government do explorers in cyberspace need? Their own local government besides terrestrial government does explorers. 11. What should be done to deal with questionable items in cyberspace? Are people already doing that? We should be banning them and using labels and automatic filters to get rid of them. Yes. 12. Is cyberspace a perfect place? If not, why are people so excited about it? No, it is not. People are excited about it because it offers a lot of information and freedom. B. Global understanding and appreciation of the text. 1. Analogy (比喻,类推) is a figure of speech (修辞手段) which draws a parallel between two different types of things, and uses on (usually familiar to the reader) to explain reader’s understanding of the writer’s point. Can you draw a parallel between real estate and cyberspace? What point does the analogy support? The analogy between real estate and cyberspace Real estate Cyberspace Shopping mall Common land Red-light zone Private school district Rented out drugstore Places to be avoided Parkland, Church Places for children 2. By dividing cyberspace into three parts and using similes(明喻), the author defines the nature of cyberspace and illustrates further her point that government regulation is not needed in cyberspace. Complete the following form to show that you understand the author’s point. Please be reminded that the underlying structure of a simile is “A is like B”. Parts Similies Characteristics e-mail conversations Telephone conversations They are private, consensual and require no regulation. Information and entertainment services Bookstores, malls, movie houses Items are not given if not requested. Cyberspace communities Bars, restaurants, bathhouses Rules are being imposed to keep out unwanted ads, discussions and participants. 3. In what way do the rules of a terrestrial government and those of a cyberspace community differ? Refer to para. 11 to answer the question. Terrestrial government Cyberspace community People cannot choose their own community; they are forced to be a member of a certain community just because they happen to be born or live in a place. Rules of a terrestrial government do not have moral authority. Any minority groups are allowed to exist and flourish. People choose their own communities and follow community rules. If they do not like the rules, they can leave freely. So the rules of cyberspace communities have moral authority. 4. What is the language style of the article? Is it formal and literary or informal and conversational? Cite examples from the text to support your answer. This article is written in an informal and conversational style. For example, the author uses some slangy words, incomplete sentences, contractions, and addresses the reader as “you”. II. Vocabulary A. Find a word or phrase from the paragraph indicated in the bracket that means the same as: 1. in the past —→ formerly 2. include —→ embrace 3. man-made —→ artificial 4. control systematically —→ regulate 5. exactly —→ precisely 6. undesired —→ unwanted 7. irrelevant —→ extraneous 8. having intense feeling —→ passionate 9. aim toward —→ be targeted to 10. not far away —→ at hand 11. be charged for —→ be sued for B. Choose the best word to complete each of the following sentences, 1. this book ____a___ all the information you need. a. contains b. embraces c. offers d. involves 2. The government _____c____ the number of foreign cars that could be imported. a. refrains b. restrains c. restricts d. prevents 3. As a teacher you should not show _____b___ towards any of your students. a. pleasure b. favor c. preference d. inclination 4. Traffic is _____d___ by police at every intersection. a. enforced b. imposed c. limited d. regulated 5. How much do you ____b___ for this pair of shoes? a. bill b. charge c. cost d. afford 6. We can ______b____ now and return to work in the morning. a. leave out b. leave off c. sign away d. sign off 7. That matter can be left ___b___ until our next meeting. a. on b. over c. alone d. about 8. I learned that he was _____a____ sick leave from a government office. a. on b. in c. taken d. spending 9. It was one of the most beautiful sights that I had ever set eyes ____c_____. a. to b. in c. on d. down 10. Each week he tried to set _____d____ a few dollars of his salary. a. forth b. about c. apart d. aside III. Cloze Choose a proper word from the list to fill in each blank in the following passage. Change the form of the word if necessary: Access place that as win lead still virtual even response annually to concern across exactly simply by between they because Born to Surf The web From the Window contains poetry and literature from well-known writers across the global. There are thoughtful articles analyzing the state of the world we live in. There is (1)even a piece from the Secretary General of the United States, Kofi Annan. It may come (2)as some surprise to find out (3)that the editor of the magazine is a 12-year-old girl, Joy Nightingale. From the Window (4)won Joy Nightingale the first prize in the 1999 childnet Inter-national and Cable and Wireless awards. These are given (5)annually for the best use of the Internet (6)by and for young people. And (7)they highlight one of the most welcoming aspects of the (8)virtual world. Children have taken to the Internet as though they are born surfing. Perhaps this is (9)because adults have had to change their understanding of technology while children (10)simply accept it as natural. Whatever the reason, children can be found building websites and E-mailing friends (11)across the world while adults are (12)still asking: “Tell me again — where (13)exactly is cyberspace?” Of course there is growing (14)concern about the fact that children can travel far away from parental supervision in cyberspace. In (15)response , many parents have installed soft-ware packages which prevent (16)access to violent or pornographic websites. Childnet is taking a more positive line. The website is a gateway (17)to a world of education and entertainment. The rapid growth in Internet culture has (18)led analysts to speculate that society will soon be divided (19)between the “information rich” and “information poor”. For Childnet it is especially important that children at the margins of society through poverty or disability have the chance to take their (20)palce as equal citizens in the virtual world. IV. Translation Translate the following into Chinese: The possibility of a real market-style evolution of governance is at hand. In cyberspace, we’ll be able to test and evolve rules governing what needs to be governed — intellectual property, content and access control, rules about privacy and free speech. Some communities will allow anyone in: others will restrict access to members who qualify on one basis or another. Those communities that prove self-sustaining will prosper (and perhaps grow and split into subsets with ever-more-particular interests and identities). Those that can’t survive-either because people lose interest or get scared off-will simply wither away. 一种真正的市场型管理模式很快成为可能。在信息空间,我们将能够检验并完善所需要的 管理制度 档案管理制度下载食品安全管理制度下载三类维修管理制度下载财务管理制度免费下载安全设施管理制度下载 ——知识产权 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 、服务内容与使用权的控制制度、个人隐私权与自由言论制度等。有些群体允许任何人加入,而有些则只允许符合这样或那样条件的人加入。能够自持的群体会兴旺发展(或许也会因为志趣与身份日趋特殊,而发展成为几个分支)。有些群体或因为成员失去兴趣,或因为成员被吓跑而不能幸存下来,它们将渐渐萎缩消亡。 Text B Key to Comprehension and Appreciation 1. The author argues that gene transfer should only be used for the treatment of serious disease, and not for any other purpose. Gene transfer should never be undertaken in an attempt to enhance or “improve” human beings. 2. Many genetic diseases, some types of cancer, viral diseases such as AIDS, and some forms of cardiovascular disease can be treated by gene therapy. In addition, it may be technically possible to insert a gene into the reproductive cells of a patient. 3. It means supplying a specific characteristic that individuals might want for themselves or their children. The most obvious example at the moment would be in the insertion of a growth hormone gene into a normal child in the hope that this would make the child grow larger. 4. Somatic cell gene therapy is for the purpose of treating severe diseases. It is a clinical and ethical practice, because it would relieve human suffering. On the other hand, enhancement genetic engineering is to “improve” a human being by inserting a specific gene into his cells. 5. Genetic enhancement engineering should not be used, because this practice is unethical. It would threaten the dignity of man and threaten important human values in two ways. First, it could be medically hazardous. Second, it would be morally precarious, in that it would require moral decisions our society is not now prepared to make, and it could lead to an increase in inequality and discriminatory practices. 6. We still don’t understand thought and consciousness. Neither do we understand the spiritual side of our existence. 7. In the practice of gene transfer, we may alter one or more of human genes. We could not text for the alteration at present. If we caused a problem that would affect the individual or his or her offspring, we could not repair the damage at present. 8. By making the comparison, the author tries to explain that it is true we are now able to provide a new gene so that a property involved in a human life would be changed. But there is still so much we don’t understand about human beings that trying to alter human genes will only harm them. 9. Three problems would be created: what genes should be provided; who should receive a gene; and, how to prevent discrimination against individuals who do or do not receive a gene. 10. The language style of this article is formal and academic. It is different from that of Text A. Unlike Text A, no slangy words are used in this article. Words are formal and complex ideas. There are few long sentences in Text A. Unit 2 Text A Exercises I. Reading comprehension A. Read the text and answer the following questions. 1. How does the author begin her article? What is her purpose? The author begins her article by offering an interesting anecdote. The purpose is to introduce the theme. 2. What problem does she find about how American men and women talk? She finds that American men tend to talk more than women in public situation, but they often talk less at home, and this pattern is endangering marriages. 3. What do American women often complain about? Why? They complain that their husbands do not listen to them, because they expect that their husbands should be conversational partners. When the husbands do not listen to them, they think the conversation fails.. 4. Does this lack of understanding between husband and wife affect their marriage? Yes, it does. 5. What is the main topic of Eleanor Maccoby’s research? The organizational structure of boys’ and girls’ groups and their interactive patterns and norms.. 6. How do little girls create and maintain friendships? In what way are they similar to women regarding their attitude toward conversation? Little girls create and maintain their friendships by exchanging secrets; in the same way, women regard conversation as the cornerstone of friendship. Exchanging thoughts, feelings and impressions can create a sense of closeness. 7. How do boys maintain their friendships? Boys maintain their friendships by doing things together. 8. Do men listen to women according to the author’s study? Why do women complain that men are not listening when they talk? Yes, they do. Only their physical position gives women the impression that they are not listening even when they are listening attentively. 9. How do boys and girls differ in switching a topic of conversation? Girls tend to talk at length about one topic while boys tend to jump from topic to topic. 10. Do men and women respond differently when they hear a problem? How? Yes, they do. Women respond to a problem by asking probing questions and expressing agreement and understanding, but men respond to a problem by dismissing it. 11. What do women expect from a conversation? They expect agreement, understanding, and support. 12. How would men and women interpret a stream of “listener-noise”? Men often interpret it as overaction or impatience, but women interpret it as attention given to what they are saying. 13. Why do men and women have different expectations about communication in marriage? This is because women think that communication between husband and wife creates intimacy, and marriage is an orgy of closeness: you can tell your feeling and thoughts and still be loved. For men, however, talking maintains independence and status. 14. Why is the man talkative in public situations and free to remain silent at home? In public setting, the man feels challenged to show his intelligence and display his understanding, while at home, he feels that there is nothing to prove and no one to defend against. 15. What does a woman try to avoid in a conversation? A woman tries to avoid offending someone, or sparking disagreement, or appearing to show off. 16. What solution does the author offer to the communication problem between men and women? The author offers to the communication problem that a sociolinguistic approach should be taken to understand the problem first without blaming either men or women. Then men and women can adapt to each other’s conversational habits. B. Global understanding and appreciation of the text. 1. Complete the following chart with information from the text to show that you understand the differences between men and women regarding their conversational habits. Men’s conversational habits Women’s conversational habits 1)Facing away; 2)Switching topics; 3)Responding by dismissing each other’s problems; 4)Giving silent attention; 5)Pointing out the other side of an argument 1)Facing each other’s faces; 2)Talking at length about one topic; 3)Responding to problems by asking probing questions and expressing agreement and understanding; 4)Making listener-noise; 5)Overlapping, finishing each other’s sentence; 6)Offering support 2. Discuss how men and women interpret the above conversational habits. Men’s interpretation of women conversational habits Women’s interpretation of men’s conversational habits 1)Men interpret listener-noise as overaction or impatience; 2)Men perceive participatory listenership as interruption, intrusion, or lack of attention. 1)Women perceive silent attention as no attention; 2)If men point out the other side of an argument, women interpret it as disloyalty and refusal to offer support. 3. Write a few sentences to summarize women’s expectations about communication in marriage according to the article. According to the article most women expect their husbands are conversational partners. Their husbands should pay attention to what they say and try to understand and support them. For women, talking is the cornerstone for closeness. At home, a woman can tell her husband her feelings and thoughts without offending anyone or sparking disagreement. II. Vocabulary A. Find a word or expression from the paragraph indicated in the bracket to complete each of the following sentences. Change the form if necessary. 1. His criminal activities were finally uncovered. 2. Scientists from the two countries concurred to develop the vaccine. 3. Lightning usually accompanies thunder. 4. The bad weather frustrated our hopes of going out. 5. She believes that she is not a good mother because she does not fit the stereotype of a woman who spends all her time with her children. 6. He is always switching from one job to another. 7. He just smiled and dismissed the story as mere rumor. 8. The sudden noise distracted his mind from his painful memories. 9. The story can be adapted for use in schools. 10. That is what we assume, but it’s not easy to find evidence to prove it. 11. She tried to probe into my mind and discover what I was thinking. 12. She is too ambitious to remain in a subordinate position for long in the company. B. Choose the best answer to complete each sentence. 1. All this ceremony is just b ; it doesn’t mean a thing. a. on show b. for show c. a show-off d. a show-up 2. Bill is afraid to a since tom threatens to beat him up. a. show his face b. show his colors c. put on a show d. make a show 3. She has been behaving foolishly; I hope you will d . a. make sense of it b. drive her out of her senses c. be in your senses d. bring her to her sense 4. The classroom is 30 feet b and 20 feet in breadth. a. at length b. in length c. as for length d. to length 5. I’m leaving this job because I’m tired of being a . a. pushed around b. pushed off c. pushed away d. pushed ahead 6. After the rain, the orchard seems to have d blossom overnight. a. burst out b. burst upon c. burst with d. burst into 7. The two men stood a each other, while the crowd looked on with amusement. a. glaring at b. glancing at c. peeping at d. glimpsing at 8. When you have any problems in your studies, you can always c John for help. a. look for b. look on c. look to d. look over III. Cloze Choose a proper word from the list to fill in each blank in the following passage. Change the form of the word if necessary. status身份,地位 like喜欢,像 own拥有 schedule时间 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf ,进度表 view观察,观看 afford提供 face面对 almost几乎 necessarily必要地 discipline学科 longer较持久 means方法,意味 reality事实,逼真 become成为 prove证明 even即使 lower较低的,放下 grow生长 take拿,接受 until直到 When you can e-mail your colleagues from the comfort of your garden, there is no need to suffer an uncomfortable journey just to speak to them. If you need an important document, it can be faxed via satellite to your mobile phone, and (1) viewed on a laptop computer. You can receive the document (2) almost immediately, (3) even from another continent. Since the price of technology gets (4) lower every day, ownership of the (5) means of production becomes a (6) reality. Having bought the computer, mobile phone, fax machine, Internet connection and printer that are their only material tools, telecommuters (7) become true electric peasants. Living and working in the same environment (8) like traditional peasant farmers, they do not
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