美国文学复习材料

殖民主义时期 1.AnneBradstreet(1612-1672)殖民地时期美国第一位诗人代 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 作《thetenthmuselatelysprungupinAmerican》作品中充满了对上帝的虔诚 2.PhilipFreneau独立革命后最杰出的作家，随收到新古典主义的熏陶，但内心崇尚浪漫主义，他的诗歌以描写自然和田园风光以及美国土著人的主题，宣告了美国文学的独立。被誉为”fatherofAmericanpoetry”诗歌在一定程度上显示了18世纪后期浪漫主义诗歌的特点。代表作《thewildhoneysuckle》 3.JonathanEdwards天资聪明，十一，二岁就写了不少关于昆虫、颜色和彩虹的科普文章。后来成为新英格兰地区大觉醒运动的领军人物。代表作《freedomofthewill》 4.BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)出身贫穷，10开始学习印刷，17岁开始印刷产业，政治活动家。代表作《poorrichard’salmanac》:acollectionofproverbs.Notonlypoemsandessays,butalsoadagesandcommon-sensevitticisms.《autobiography》:规定了13条美德，告知人们美国梦可以实现。 浪漫主义时期： 1.WashingtonIrving（1783-1859）第一位美国浪漫主义时期出色的散文杂文家第一位获得国际声誉的浪漫主义文学作家代表作《thesketchbookofgeoffreycrayon,gent》，里面有小说《ripvanwinkle》躲避妻子唠叨躲在山中20年，对美国独立战争一无所知《thelegendofsleepyhollow》自负的校长被情敌假扮的无头骑士吓跑 2.JamesFenimoreCooper(1789-1851)amasterofadventurousnarrativeandthecreatorofanAmericanhero-myth.首创美国历史传奇小说代表作《leather-stockingtales》讲述开拓西部不同阶段的经历主人公：奈迪邦博 超验主义 1.RalphWaldoEmerson美国超验主义的发言人直接影响了之后的美国文学思想成为美国文化和传统意识中的重要成分代表作《Nature》:thebibleofnewenglandtranscendentalism热爱自然的思想，人与自然在精神上和谐，自然象征着神圣，理性，忠诚，道德，崇高，爱与美。《self-reliance》自立的个人潜在力量十分巨大《theamericanscholar》 2.Henrydavidthoreau代表作《walden》歌颂自然是一部西方社会批评史naturalreligion 3.NathanialHawthorne前半生经济困难，后来出版红字开始出名代表作《thescarletletter》thefirstsymbolicnovel 4.HermanMelville在他的时代不受重视，但是1920年左右作品逐渐为文学界瞩目。当了水手，漫长而奇异的航海生活，白鲸一开始并不畅销。代表作《moby-dick》thegreatestamericannovel. 5.WaltWhitman:hehadthecourageandvisionuponwhichnewepochsarefoundedandhewasoneofthegreatinnovatorsinamericanliterature.1855年出版了《leavesofgrass》:自由诗体组成的诗集大多数是人与自然，把人的身体和精神提到同等重要的高度草叶集里面《songofmyself》代表其创作高峰他的诗预见了即将来临的新时代。 6.EmilyDickinson孤独，不出门，终身未嫁。诗作很短，探讨关于爱情、死亡以及人类与自然关系，寻求精神独立 7.EdgarAllanPoe一生短暂而不幸 现实主义时期 1.WilliamDeanHowells:Americannovelist,critic,andeditor.多产作家，写过小说，剧本，评论，回忆录和短篇小说等。代表作《theriseofsilaslapham》讲的是塞拉斯·拉帕姆从一无所有到富有的发迹经历，以及他如何逐渐获得道德的升华的过程。企图把女儿嫁给贵族后来失去了所有财富，良心发现。《criticismandfiction》 2.HenryJames:国际主题，他将久经世故而沉默寡言的欧洲人与天真、无礼心中充满渴望的美国人进行鲜明的对比。代表作《DaisyMiller》《theArtofFiction》 3.MarkTwain:早期幽默喜剧，晚期悲观主义色彩。两部游记奠定了他文学之父的地位。 4.StephenCrane:28岁离世代表作《MaggieAGirloftheStreets》《theRedBadgeofCourage》一个好女孩在贫民窟的环境中堕落并毁灭的历史。 TheodoreDreiser:没受过太多教育代表作《SisterCarrie》嘉丽当演员出名后离开了赫斯特伍德。《anAmericanTragedy》 殖民主义时期 1.AnneBradstreet(1612-1672)殖民地时期美国第一位诗人代表作《thetenthmuselatelysprungupinAmerican》作品中充满了对上帝的虔诚 2.PhilipFreneau独立革命后最杰出的作家，随收到新古典主义的熏陶，但内心崇尚浪漫主义，他的诗歌以描写自然和田园风光以及美国土著人的主题，宣告了美国文学的独立。被誉为”fatherofAmericanpoetry”诗歌在一定程度上显示了18世纪后期浪漫主义诗歌的特点。代表作《thewildhoneysuckle》 3.JonathanEdwards天资聪明，十一，二岁就写了不少关于昆虫、颜色和彩虹的科普文章。后来成为新英格兰地区大觉醒运动的领军人物。代表作《freedomofthewill》 4.BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)出身贫穷，10开始学习印刷，17岁开始印刷产业，政治活动家。代表作《poorrichard’salmanac》:acollectionofproverbs.Notonlypoemsandessays,butalsoadagesandcommon-sensevitticisms.《autobiography》:规定了13条美德，告知人们美国梦可以实现。 浪漫主义时期： 1.WashingtonIrving（1783-1859）第一位美国浪漫主义时期出色的散文杂文家第一位获得国际声誉的浪漫主义文学作家代表作《thesketchbookofgeoffreycrayon,gent》，里面有小说《ripvanwinkle》躲避妻子唠叨躲在山中20年，对美国独立战争一无所知《thelegendofsleepyhollow》自负的校长被情敌假扮的无头骑士吓跑 2.JamesFenimoreCooper(1789-1851)amasterofadventurousnarrativeandthecreatorofanAmericanhero-myth.首创美国历史传奇小说代表作《leather-stockingtales》讲述开拓西部不同阶段的经历主人公：奈迪邦博 1.AmericanDream:TheAmericanDreamisthefaithheldbymanyintheUnitedStatesofAmericanthatthroughhardwork,courage,anddeterminationonecanachieveabetterlifeforoneself,usuallythroughfinancialprosperity.ThesewerevaluesheldbymanyearlyEuropeansettlers,andhavebeenpassedontosubsequentgenerations.NowadaystheAmericanDreamhasledtoanemphasisonmaterialwealthasameasureofsuccess. 2.AmericanRomanticism:ItreferredtotheAmericanwritersofthemiddleofthe19thcenturywhostimulatedthesentimentalemotionsoftheirreaders.Theywroteofthemysteriousoflife,love,birth,anddeath.Theromanticwritersexpressedthemselvesfreelyandwithoutrestraint.Theywroteallkindsofmaterials,poetry,essays,playsandfictions,etc. 3.Historicalnovel:anovelinwhichtheactiontakesplaceduringaspecifichistoricalperiodwellbeforethetimeofwriting,andinwhichsomeattemptismadetodepictaccuratelythecustomsandmentalityoftheperiod.Thecentralcharacter----realorimagined----isusuallysubjecttodividedloyaltieswithinalargerhistoricconflictofwhichreadersknowtheoutcome.ThepioneersofthisgenrewereWalterScottandJamesFenimoreCooper. 4.NewEnglandTranscendentalism:Itwasagroupofnewideasinliteraturereligion,culture,andphilosophythatemergedinNewEnglandinthemiddle19thcentury.Itbeganasaprotestagainstthegeneralstateofcultureandsociety.Amongtranscendentalist’scorebeliefswasanidealspiritualstatetranscendsthephysicalandempirical,andisonlyrealizedthroughtheindividualsintuition,ratherthanthroughthedoctrinesofestablishedreligions.Emerson,ThoreauandWhitmanarethefamoustranscendentalists.Itisakindofphilosophythatstressesbeliefintranscendentalthingsandtheimportanceofspiritualratherthanmaterialexistence. 5.AmericanRenaissance:AmericanRenaissancethenamesometimesisgiventoaflourishingofdistinctivelyAmericanliteratureintheperiodbeforetheCivilWar.ThisrenaissanceisrepresentedbytheworkofRalphWaldoEmerson,H.D.Thoreau,HermanMelville,andWaltWhitman.ItsmajorworksareHawthorne’s<TheScarletLetter>,Melville’s<Moby-Dick>,andWhitman’s<LeavesofGrass>.TheAmericanRenaissancemayberegardedasadelayedmanifestationofRomanticism,especiallyinEmerson’sphilosophyofTranscendentalism. 6.FreeVerse:Freeverseistherhymedorunrhymedpoetrycomposedwithoutattentiontoconventionalrulesofmatter.FreeversewasfirstwrittenandlabeledbyagroupofFrenchpoetsofthelate19thcentury.Theirpurposewastodeliverpoetryfromtherestrictionsofformalmetricalpatternsandtorecreatethefreerhythmsofnaturalspeech.WaltWhitmanwastheprecursorwhowrotelinesofvaryinglengthandcadence,usuallynotrhymed.FreeversehasbeencharacteristicoftheworkofmanymodernAmericanpoets. 7.Pointofview:Itistherelationshipofthestorytellerornarrator,tothestory.Astoryhasafirst-personpointofviewifoneofthecharacters,referredtoas“I”,tellsthestory.Astoryhasalimitedthird-personpointofviewifthenarratorrevealsthethoughtsofonlyonecharacterbutreferstothatcharacteras“he”or“she”.Anarratorwhotellsthethoughtsofallthecharactersandwhotellsthingsthatnoonecharactercouldknowusestheomniscient,orthird-person,pointofview. 8.AmericanRealism:InAmericanliterature,theCivilWarbroughttheRomanticPeriodtoanend.Theageofrealismcameintoexistence.Itcameasareactionagainstthelieofromanticismandsentimentalism.Realismturnedfromanemphasisonthestrangetowardafaithfulrenderingoftheordinary,asliceoflifeasitisreallylived.Itexpressestheconcernforcommonplaceandthelow,anditoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience. 9.InternationalTheme:ThemeetingofAmericanandEurope,AmericaninnocenceincontrastwithEuropeandecadence,andthemoralandpsychologicalcomplicationsarisingtherefore.Thetypicalpattern,oftheconflictbetweenthetwoculturescouldbethatofayoungAmericanmanorgirlwhogoestoEuropeandaffrontshisorherdestiny.MarriageandloveareusedbyJamesasthefocalpointoftheconfrontationbetweenthetwovaluesystems,andtheprotagonistusuallygoesthroughapainfulprocessofspiritualgrowth,gainingknowledgeofgoodandevilfromtheconflict. 10.AmericanNaturalism:AmericanNaturalismwasanewrealism,andlikerealism,ithadcomefromEurope.Naturalismwasanoutgrowthofrealismthatrespondedtotheoriesinscience,psychology,humanbehaviorandsocialthoughtcurrentinthelate19thcentury.Americanliterarynaturalistsdismissedthevalidityofcomfortingmoraltruths.Theyattemptedtoachieveextremeeconomicclasseswhoweredeterminedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.Thenaturalistshavetheextraordinaryandexcessivedescriptioninhumannature. 11.Symbolism:ItisamovementinliteratureandthevisualartsthatoriginatedinFranceinthepoetryofCharlesBaudelaireinthelate19thcentury.Inliterature,symbolismwasanaestheticmovementthatencouragedwriterstoexpresstheirideas,feelings,andvaluesbymeansofsymbolsorsuggestionsratherthanbydirectstatements.HawthorneandMelvillearemastersofsymbolisminAmericainthe19thcentury.