Epistle_of_Jude-犹大书

EpistleofJudeTheEpistleofJude,oftenshortenedtoJude,isthenext-to-lastbookoftheNewTestamentandistraditionallyattributedtoJude,theservantofJesusandthebrotherofJamestheJust.CompositionContentOutlineCanonicalstatusAuthorshipStyleJudeand2PeterReferencestootherbooksSeealsoNotesExternallinksTheletterofJudewasoneofthedisputedbooksoftheCanon.[1]ThelinksbetweentheEpistleand2Peter,itsuseoftheApocryphalBooks,anditsbrevityraisedconcern.ItisoneoftheshortestbooksintheBible,beingonly25verseslong.JudeurgeshisreaderstodefendthedepositofChrist'sdoctrinethathadbeenclosedbythetimehewrotehisepistle,andtorememberthewordsoftheapostlesspokensomewhatbefore.JudethenasksthereadertorecallhowevenaftertheLordsavedhisownpeopleoutofthelandofEgypt,hedidnothesitatetodestroythosewhofellintounbelief,muchashepunishedtheangelswhofellfromtheiroriginalexaltedstatusandSodomandGomorrah.[2]Hedescribesinvividtermstheapostatesofhisday.[3]HeexhortsbelieverstorememberthewordsspokenbytheApostles,usinglanguagesimilartothesecondepistleofPetertoanswerconcernsthattheLordseemedtotarry,Howthattheytoldyouthereshouldbemockersinthelasttime,whoshouldwalkaftertheirownungodlylusts...,[4]andtokeepthemselvesinGod'slove,[5]beforedeliveringadoxology.[6]JudequotesdirectlyfromtheBookofEnoch,partofthescriptureoftheEthiopianandEritreanchurchesbutrejectedbyotherchurches.HecitesEnoch'sprophecythattheLordwouldcomewithmanythousandsofhissaintstorenderjudgementonthewholeworld.Healsoparaphrases(verse9)anincidentinatextthathasbeenlostaboutSatanandMichaeltheArchangelquarrelingoverthebodyofMoses.I.Salutation(1-3)ContentsCompositionContentOutlineII.OccasionfortheLetter(3-4)A.ThechangeofSubject(3)B.TheReasonfortheChange:ThePresenceofGodlessApostates(4)III.WarningagainsttheFalseTeachers(5-16)A.HistoricalExamplesoftheJudgementofApostates(5-7)1.UnbelievingIsrael(5)2.Angelswhofell(6)3.SodomandGomorrah(7)B.DescriptionoftheApostatesofJude'sDay(8-16)1.Theirslanderousspeechdeplored(8-10)2.Theircharactergraphicallyportrayed(1-13)3.Theirdestructionprophesied(14-16)IV.ExhortationtoBelievers(17-23)V.ConcludingDoxology(24-25)[7]TheEpistleofJudeisheldascanonicalintheChristianChurch;conservativescholarsdateitbetween70and90.Somescholarsconsidertheletterapseudonymousworkwrittenbetweentheendofthe1stcenturyandthefirstquarterofthe2ndcenturybecauseofitsreferencestotheapostles[8]andtotradition[9]andbecauseofitscompetentGreekstyle.[10][11][12]"MoreremarkableistheevidencethatbytheendofthesecondcenturyJudewaswidelyacceptedascanonical."[13]ClementofAlexandria,Tertullian,andtheMuratoriancanonconsideredthelettercanonical.ThefirsthistoricalrecordofdoubtsastoauthorshiparefoundinthewritingsofOrigenofAlexandria,whospokeofthedoubtsheldbysome,albeitnothim.Eusebiusclassifieditwiththe"disputedwritings,theantilegomena."TheletterwaseventuallyacceptedaspartoftheCanonbyChurchFatherssuchasAthanasius[14]andtheSynodsofLaodicea(c.363)[15]andCarthage(397).[16]Theepistletitleiswrittenasfollows:"Jude,aservantofJesusChristandbrotherofJames"(NRSV)."James"isgenerallytakentomeanJamestheJust,aprominentleaderintheearlychurch.NotalotisknownofJude,whichwouldexplaintheapparentneedtoidentifyhimbyreferencetohisbetter-knownbrother.[10]AsthebrotherofJamestheJust,ithastraditionallymeantJudewasalsothebrotherofJesus,sinceJamesisdescribedasbeingthebrotherofJesus.ForinstanceClementofAlexandria(c.150–215AD)wroteinhiswork"CommentsontheEpistleofJude"thatJude,theEpistleofJude'sauthor,wasasonofJosephandabrotherofJesus(withoutspecifyingwhetherhewasasonofJosephbyapreviousmarriageorofJosephandMary).[17]Thereisalsoadisputeastowhether"brother"meanssomeonewhohasthesamefatherandmother,orahalf-brotherorcousinormoredistantfamilialrelationship.Thisdisputeoverthetruemeaningof"brother"grewasthedoctrineoftheVirginBirthevolved.[18][19][20]OutsidethebookofJude,a"Jude"ismentionedfivetimesintheNewTestament:threetimesasJudetheApostle(Luke6:16,Acts1:13,John14:22),andtwiceasJudethebrotherofJesus(Matthew13:55,Mark6:3)(asidefromreferencestoJudasIscariotandJudah(sonofJacob)).Debatecontinuesastowhethertheauthoroftheepistleiseither,both,orneither.Somescholarshavearguedthatsincetheauthoroftheletterhasnotidentifiedhimselfasanapostleandactuallyreferstotheapostlesasathirdparty,hecannotbeidentifiedwithJudetheApostle.Othershavedrawntheoppositeconclusion,i.e.,that,asanapostle,hewouldnothavemadeaclaimofapostleshiponhisownbehalf.[21]CanonicalstatusAuthorshipTheEpistleofJudeisabriefbookofonlyasinglechapterwith25verses.Itwascomposedasanencyclicalletter—thatis,onenotdirectedtothemembersofonechurchinparticular,butintendedrathertobecirculatedandreadinallchurches.ThewordingandsyntaxofthisepistleinitsoriginalGreekdemonstratesthattheauthorwascapableandfluent.TheepistleisaddressedtoChristiansingeneral,[22]anditwarnsthemaboutthedoctrineofcertainerrantteacherstowhomtheywereexposed.Theepistle'sstyleiscombative,impassioned,andrushed.Manyexamplesofevildoersandwarningsabouttheirfatesaregiveninrapidsuccession.Theepistleconcludeswithadoxology,whichisconsideredbyPeterH.DavidstobeoneofthehighestinqualitycontainedintheBible.[23]PartofJudeisverysimilarto2Peter(mainly2Peterchapter2),somuchsothatmostscholarsagreethatthereisadependencebetweenthetwo,i.e.,thateitheroneletterusedtheotherdirectly,ortheybothdrewonacommonsource.[24]Becausethisepistleismuchshorterthan2Peter,andduetovariousstylisticdetails,somewritersconsiderJudethesourceforthesimilarpassagesof2Peter.[25]However,otherwriters,arguingthatJude18quotes2Peter3:3aspasttense,considerJudetohavecomeafter2Peter.[26]SomescholarswhoconsiderJudetopredate2Peternotethatthelatterappearstoquotetheformerbutexcisesthereferencetothenon-canonicalbookofEnoch.[27]TheEpistleofJudereferencesatleasttwootherbooks,withonebeingnon-canonicalinallchurchesandtheothernon-canonicalinmostchurches.Verse9referstoadisputebetweenMichaeltheArchangelandthedevilaboutthebodyofMoses.SomeinterpretersunderstandthisreferencetobeanallusiontotheeventsdescribedinZechariah3:1-2.[28][29]TheclassicaltheologianOrigenattributesthisreferencetothenon-canonicalAssumptionofMoses.[30]AccordingtoJamesCharlesworth,thereisnoevidencethesurvivingbookofthisnameevercontainedanysuchcontent.[31]Othersbelieveittobeinthelostendingofthebook.[31][32]Verses14–15containadirectquotationofaprophecyfrom1Enoch1:9.Thetitle"Enoch,theseventhfromAdam"isalsosourcedfrom1En.60:1.MostcommentatorsassumethatthisindicatesthatJudeacceptstheantediluvianpatriarchEnochastheauthoroftheBookofEnochwhichcontainsthesamequotation.However,analternativeexplanationisthatJudequotestheBookofEnochawarethatverses14–15areinfactanexpansionofthewordsofMosesfromDeuteronomy33:2.[33][34][35]ThisissupportedbyJude'sunusualGreekstatementthat"EnochtheSeventhfromAdamprophesiedtothefalseteachers",notconcerningthem.[36]TheBookofEnochisnotconsideredcanonicalbymostchurches,althoughitisbytheEthiopianOrthodoxchurch.AccordingtoWesternscholars,theoldersectionsoftheBookofEnoch(mainlyintheBookoftheWatchers)datefromabout300BCandthelatestpart(BookofParables)probablywascomposedattheendofthe1stcenturyBC.[37]1Enoch1:9,mentionedabove,ispartofthepseudepigraphaandisamongtheDeadSeaScrolls[4QEnoch(4Q204[4QENAR])COLI16–18].[38]ItisgenerallyacceptedbyscholarsthattheauthoroftheEpistleofJudewasfamiliarwiththeBookofEnochandwasinfluencedbyitinthoughtanddiction.[39]StyleJudeand2PeterReferencestootherbooksTextualvariantsintheEpistleofJude1.Eusebius,ChurchHistory2232.Jude5-73.Jude8-164.Jude185.Jude216.Jude24-257.NIVBible(LargePrinted.).(2007).London:Hodder&StoughtonLtd8.Jude:17–189.Jude:310."scripture"(http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/jude/jude.htm).11.NormanPerrin,(1974)TheNewTestament:AnIntroduction,p.26012.Bauckham,RJ(1986),WordBiblicalCommentary,Vol.50,Word(UK)Ltd.p.1613.Bauckham,RJ(1986),WordBiblicalCommentary,Vol.50,Word(UK)Ltd.p.1714.Lindberg,Carter(2006).ABriefHistoryofChristianity.BlackwellPublishing.p.15.ISBN1-4051-1078-315.CouncilofLaodiceaatbible-researcher.com.Retrieved2011-10-05.16.B.F.Westcott,AGeneralSurveyoftheHistoryoftheCanonoftheNewTestament(5thed.Edinburgh,1881),pp.440,541-2.17."JudewrotetheCatholicEpistle,thebrotherofthesonsofJoseph,andveryreligious,whileknowingthenearrelationshipoftheLord,yetdidnotsaythathehimselfwasHisbrother.Butwhatsaidhe?"Jude,aservantofJesusChrist,"—ofHimasLord;but"thebrotherofJames."Forthisistrue;hewasHisbrother,(theson)ofJoseph."ofAlexandria,Clement.CommentsontheEpistleofJude(http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0211.htm).newadvent.org.Retrieved24September2015.18.JocelynRhys,ShakenCreeds:TheVirginBirthDoctrine:AStudyofItsOrigin,KessingerPublishing(reprint),2003[1922]ISBN0-7661-7988-5,pp3–5319.Chester,AandMartin,RP(1994),'TheTheologyoftheLettersofJames,PeterandJude',CUP,p.6520.Bauckham,R.J.(1986),WordBiblicalCommentary,Vol.50,Word(UK)Ltd.p.1421.Bauckham,R.J.(1986),WordBiblicalCommentary,Vol.50,Word(UK)Ltd.p.14f22.Jude1:123.Davids,PeterH.(2006).ThePillarNewTestamentCommentary:TheLettersof2PeterandJude.GrandRapids,Michigan:Wm.B.EardmansPublishingCo.p.106.24.Introductionto2PeterinExpositor'sBibleCommentary,Ed.F.E.Gaebelein,Zondervan1976–199225.e.g.TerranceCallan,UseoftheLetterofJudebytheSecondLetterofPeter,inBiblica85(2004),pp.42–64.26.e.g.JohnMacArthur1,2,3,JohnJude2007p101"...closelyparallelsthatof2Peter(2:1–3:4),anditisbelievedthatPeter'swritingpredatedJudeforseveralreasons:(1)SecondPeteranticipatesthecomingoffalseteachers(2Pet.2:1–2;3:3),whereasJudedealswiththeirarrival(vv.4,11–12,17–18);and(2)Judequotesdirectlyfrom2Peter3:3andacknowledgesthatitisfromanapostle(vv.17–18)."27.DaleMartin2009(lecture)."24.ApocalypticandAccommodation"(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJ9Gt_R5a-k).YaleUniversity.AccessedJuly22,2013.28.PeterH.Davids;DouglasJ.Moo;RobertYarbrough(5April2016).1and2Peter,Jude,1,2,and3John(https://books.google.com/books?id=opOGCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT240).Zondervan.p.240.ISBN978-0-310-53025-1.29.R.C.Lucas;ChristopherGreen(2May2014).TheMessageof2Peter&Jude(https://books.google.com/books?id=sbadAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT168).InterVarsityPress.pp.168–.ISBN978-0-8308-9784-1.30."ANF04.FathersoftheThirdCentury:Tertullian,PartFourth;MinuciusFelix;Commodian;Origen,PartsFirstandSecond"(http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaf/anf04.vi.v.iv.iv.html).SeealsoNotesOnlinetranslationsoftheEpistleofJude:JudeinNewAmericanBibleOnlineBibleatGospelHall.orgJudeatBibleGateway(variousversions)EarlyChristianwritings:EpistleofJude:comparabletranslationsandinterpretationsAudiobookVersion:JudepublicdomainaudiobookatLibriVoxAdditionalinformation:CatholicEncyclopediaComprehensivestudytheEpistleofJudeAnExegesisofJudebyMichaelQuandtAreactiontotheapparentregardingofEnochandtheAssumptionofMosesascanonicalbyJudeEpistleofJudeGeneralEpistlePrecededbyThirdJohnNewTestamentBooksoftheBibleSucceededbyRevelationRetrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_Jude&oldid=810873503"Thispagewaslasteditedon18November2017,at00:27.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.31.JamesCharlesworthOldTestamentPseudepigrapha,p.76,Googlebookslink(https://books.google.com/books?id=eRQ9AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PP1&dq=James%20Charlesworth&pg=PA76#v=onepage&q=Jude%20Moses&f=false)32.TheAssumptionofMoses:acriticaleditionwithcommentaryByJohannesTromp.P27033.CharlesR.EnochOUP,p.11934.NickelsburgG.1EnochFortress35.CoxS.Slanderingcelestialbeings(http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/p_sinned.htm)36.AUTOIdative37.FahlbuschE.,BromileyG.W.TheEncyclopediaofChristianity:P-Shpage411,ISBN0-8028-2416-1(2004)38.Clontz,T.E.andJ.,TheComprehensiveNewTestamentwithcompletetextualvariantmappingandreferencesfortheDeadSeaScrolls,Philo,Josephus,NagHammadiLibrary,Pseudepigrapha,Apocrypha,Plato,EgyptianBookoftheDead,Talmud,OldTestament,PatristicWritings,Dhammapada,Tacitus,EpicofGilgamesh,CornerstonePublications,2008,p.711,ISBN978-0-9778737-1-539."ApocalypticLiterature"(column220),EncyclopediaBiblicaExternallinks