从职称评定到双轨并行——探寻职称制度30年改革路径（From Title Evaluation to double track parallel -- exploring the 30 year reform path of professional title system）

从职称评定到双轨并行——探寻职称 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 30年改革路径（From Title Evaluation to double track parallel -- exploring the 30 year reform path of professional title system） 从职称评定到双轨并行——探寻职称制度30年改革路径(From Title Evaluation to double track parallel -- exploring the 30 year reform path of professional title system) From Title Evaluation to "double track" parallel -- exploring the 30 year reform path of professional title system Source: China personnel daily From the job title evaluation to the appointment of professional and technical posts, to the professional and technical appointment system and the professional qualification system, the two tracks are parallel. In the past 30 years, the title system in China has been continuously explored. At present, the country has 25 million 438 thousand people hired professional and technical positions, nearly 1 million 100 thousand people have obtained professional and technical qualification certificates. Title has become an important means of evaluation and use of talent. The mathematician Yang Le get that scene titles still remember 30 years ago: October 4, 1977 "people's Daily" published such a message on the front page of the main title: two lines: China academy promoted Chen Jingrun as a researcher, Yang Le Zhang Guanghou, deputy researcher for promotion. The headlines make up four columns. Over the past 30 years, and two contrast. Today, all over the place for those outstanding "soil expert", "Tian Shi" assessment of the corresponding title is not new. The post assessment has taken an important step in breaking the identity, unit, qualification and educational background, and highlighting the ability and quality. "Thirty years of reform and opening up, the reform of China's professional title system and always adhere to the establishment and improvement of socialist market economy system to adapt, matching, and the reform of the personnel system in accordance with the needs of economic construction and social development of talent principle, in which the party" respect labor, respect knowledge and talents, respect creation "policy has obvious effect." Yang Rutao, deputy director of the personnel department of Jilin Province, has been in charge of the title work for many years. As a witness and a witness of the reform of the professional title system, he said so. Along the historical trail, we can clearly see a road map of the title system with the times and bold exploration. 1978-1983: To resume professional titles, intellectuals feel the joy of being respected "Doctor, you must save him. He is the first engineer in our capital construction department."!" March 1978, the opening of the National Science Conference, China ushered in the "scientific spring."". Respect knowledge that a great teaching ", respecting talents", to tread on air after ten years of catastrophe thousands on thousands of intellectuals! Before the National Conference on science, comrade Deng Xiaoping pointed out that the titles of scientific research personnel should be restored, and that colleges and universities should also resume titles such as professors, lecturers and teaching assistants". In September 1977, the notice of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on convening the National Conference on science made it clear that "technical titles should be restored, assessment system should be established, and responsibility system for technical posts should be implemented"." Sichuan province zhigai Office Deputy Director Feng Jianrong, from the title reform started to do the title work. She told reporters: "from the early days of the founding of new China to 50s and 60s, the implementation of the system of appointment of technical posts.". At that time, the appointment of the post was linked to the salary, but it did not really form a perfect system of professional and technical posts. Only 5 series. For a variety of reasons, the promotion of professional and technical positions is basically a standstill. During the cultural revolution, the work remained at a standstill." After the National Science Conference, as an important measure of respecting knowledge and respecting talents, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Ministry of education and the Ministry of health took the lead in restoring technical titles. Then, the Bureau of scientific and technological cadres of the State Council put forward the establishment of technical titles in engineering and technical personnel, and pointed out that technical titles are marks of achievements, technical level and professional ability. The restoration of the title system was first carried out in the field of natural science, and in this respect the Chinese Academy of Sciences was the forerunner. Since then, the social sciences and other related industries and departments have also strongly demanded the establishment of the corresponding title system. In March 1981, the former state personnel bureau put forward seven business Titles: accounting, economy, statistics, books and records, translation, news reporters and editors. Over the next five years, the number of approved titles reached 22. "At this time, the characteristics of the title evaluation system are: title is only to indicate the level of professional and technical ability and achievements of the title.", Identified by the expert review; no job requirements and job limit; not linked to wages; no term, once obtained, enjoy life." Yang Rutao said. Hangzhou steam turbine plant infrastructure staff Yang Daming (alias) is in 1978 after the national restoration of technical titles, Hangzhou first criticized the intermediate title of the intellectuals. The summer of 1981, he was on his way home from work in a car accident, was rushed to the second hospital of Zhejiang medical rescue. The factory leader arrived at the hospital at the first time: "doctor, you must save him. He is the first engineer in our capital construction department."!" "There were very few engineers at that time, and society respected them very much." Began in the title in 1981, at the age of 67, Jiangsu Province, Yancheng City Personnel Bureau of the original director Liu Jingshan said that the recovery evaluation, not only shows a kind of "respect", more important is to establish a set of professional technical ability evaluation system. Although not linked to wages, some places have introduced a lot of generous policies. Wang Delu is the Henan Provincial Archives of retired cadres, in 1983 he was elected as the intermediate title, at the time of the housing area is 120 square meters, the area with the units in charge of the house, travel by plane, sit soft sleeper, "not satisfied any menace from the rear." As of September 1983, 5 million 950 thousand people had obtained technical titles and professional titles before the rectification work of national titles. 1984-1994: We will comprehensively rectify and implement the system of appointment and appointment of professional and technical posts In order to get the index, some responsible for title evaluation work of the unit leadership "Gexianshentong The Eight Immortals Crossing the Sea". Behind the competition index, is the "single plank bridge thousands upon thousands of horses and soldiers". Since September 1983, the job evaluation of national titles has entered a comprehensive rectification stage. Feng Jianrong introduced to reporters at the scene: "because the title is a title, the general secondary school education can be evaluated, the authorities can also comment.". In the office work, if the engineering graduate students, you can also get the title of engineer. At that time, emphasis on education, work units and so there is no limit. Therefore, a period of time before rectification, in some places, "professors do not teach, actors do not act, engineers do not work" phenomenon. This rectification is mainly aimed at this phenomenon." Three years of research and brewing, and promote the innovation of the title system in 1986. In 1986, the Central Committee decided to reform the title evaluation system and implement the system of appointment of professional and technical posts. In January of this year, the Central Committee of the CPC and the State Council forwarded the report of the leading group on the reform of professional titles and the system of appointment and appointment of professional and technical posts. In February, the State Council promulgated the regulations on the implementation of the system of appointment of professional and technical posts. The promulgation of the two article indicates that the title reform, which takes the implementation of the professional and technical post appointment system as the core, is officially pushed away. This is the people later known as "zhigai". The basic content of the implementation of appointment system for professional and technical positions are: professional and technical positions is set according to the actual need of work has a clear responsibility, qualifications and term, and need to have specialized knowledge of the business and technical level in order to take jobs, unlike the one obtained after lifelong degree, various academic and technical titles the title. And based on the requirements of personnel allocation, determine high, professional and technical positions in primary structure proportion; the executive leadership through professional and technical personnel evaluation committee, in line with the corresponding conditions of appointment, the candidates have a certain term, receive salaries for professional and technical positions during his tenure. "Technical" design of the 29 series of professional and technical positions, basically involves all kinds of professional and technical personnel from all walks of life -- until today, titles are still using the original range. Set up posts according to requirements, and stipulate the responsibilities, which are appointed by the units and linked with the distribution system - compared with the previous system of job titles, The appointment of the professional technical system obviously pays more attention to "make every professional and technical personnel can be in with my knowledge, ability and objective to adapt to the needs of the job", "creating a lively and vivid environment". From 1986 to 1990, is the first stage of the technical review appointment. The first stage of the implementation of employment with employment, personnel zhigai department from the government to enterprises and institutions issued by the appointment of the professional technical indicators, the indicators within the approved scope of the assessment and appointment. Zhigai early, because it involves hundreds of industries, the proportion of each field to the title structure is not balanced, which caused the actual employment results are not balanced, the competition phenomenon between some localities and units. Thus, the assignment of professional titles came into being. In order to get the index, some responsible for title evaluation work of the unit leadership "Gexianshentong The Eight Immortals Crossing the Sea". During the interview, a retired veteran cadres bluntly: "hot industries such as health and education, too much to the vocational assessment, you do not fight, the index fell to other industries and other units, colleagues blame you, you also feel helpless, do not hang on the face." Behind the competition index, is the "single plank bridge thousands upon thousands of horses and soldiers". The "single plank bridge" was packed with intellectuals of several eras: from 1983 to 1986, the title freeze period, the front-line staff members who failed to be evaluated in early 80s, and the eldest students in 50s and 60s...... "The central requirements, with three years to pay off old history." Feng Jianrong, who has been working for more than twenty years, regrets that "at that time, the phenomenon of indicators should be given tolerance and understanding.". After all, the problems left over from history must be properly solved. As a matter of fact, when professional and technical posts are evaluated and transferred to regular work, this situation has been improved and not so tense." For the first time evaluation, Xiamen Municipal Bureau of personnel of professional and technical personnel management office director Zhou Meili said: "the first significant evaluation, set up the appointment system, the introduction of the competition mechanism, mobilize the professional technical personnel's enthusiasm and creativity. Basically, it solved the title problem that the intellectuals were eager to solve and couldn't solve for a long time. To a certain extent, the treatment of intellectuals has been improved." The zhigai, provides an opportunity for Wang Delu once again promoted to a higher level title. In 1987, Wang Delu was one of only two people successfully promoted to the subtropical high in the Henan Provincial Archives system. Archivist "crowning" senior title! It soon spread through the archives system of Henan province. Colleagues called him "Professor", the leadership of his eyes. "For a period of time, my salary was the highest in the archives," one retired veteran said with emotion. "I caught up with him and earned more money than he did. The country really respected the talent."! The feeling of being valued is very good, and sometimes you laugh when you dream." Wang Delu said with a smile. 1986 zhigai, changed many like Wang Delu the fate of intellectuals. Because of their titles, the changes they face include not only academic status, work and living treatment, but also dignity and social status which they consider to be more noble than life...... Before the market economy had really arrived, the late 1980s was the most sought after title. With the establishment of the national personnel department in 1988, the title work was put under the management of the state personnel department. Since 1991, as a part of personnel work, the annual evaluation of professional titles has been carried out, and the title work has entered a "normalization stage"". "Xiamen, after a period of fine-tuning, entered the normalization phase in 1993. This stage, mainly to solve the first stage of the remaining issues, clean up the first assessment of the recruitment does not meet the requirements of the regulations and relax conditions, reduce standards documents, and so on." Zhou Meili says. In 1992, Deng Xiaoping's southern tour speech set off a new ideological liberation movement. Then, the 14th Party Congress established the goal of establishing socialist market economy system. This major change has put forward new requirements for job titles, and has also brought important opportunities. For the implementation of the "enterprise law" and "state owned industrial enterprises into the operating mechanism of regulations", Title Review first to the enterprise release proportion index and structural constraints, enterprises can independently set up post, the appointment of independent, self management, self perfection". The method of assessing and hiring professional titles has brought certain impacts on professional and technical personnel in institutions. "Institutions due to the implementation of employment combined approach, there are many people have the conditions to participate, but due to the number of restrictions, unable to obtain the title. At that time, the voice of institutions is very high." Zhou Meili told reporters. Therefore, in the next few years, various regions have been exploring the separation of professional and technical posts. Professional technical qualifications are no longer linked to the salaries and benefits of professional and technical personnel, but only as the main basis for employing professional and technical personnel. Liu Jingshan read these things vividly: "under that historical condition, the separation of judges and employees was welcomed by professional and technical personnel.". It enlarges the employer's autonomy and promotes the flow of talents to a certain extent. However, the separation of evaluation and appointment also brings many problems and contradictions." The forty-first law of the People's Republic of China on scientific and technological progress adopted at the second session of the Standing Committee of the Eighth National People's Congress in July 1993 stipulates that the State implements the system of professional titles. At this point, the title as a system, prescribed in the form of law. 1994 so far: The implementation of the "two track system", the reform more and more people-oriented Ten types of personnel exemption and give full consideration to the actual professional and technical personnel, truly embodies the humanistic spirit." In November 1993, the party's the third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee considered and adopted the "on Several Issues concerning the establishment of the socialist market economy decision" proposed to formulate various occupation qualification standards and employment standards, the implementation of diploma and occupation qualification certificate system two. In February 1994, the former Ministry of labor and personnel department jointly issued "on the issuance of the" occupation qualification certificate "notice" provisions, when implementing the appointment system for professional and technical positions at the same time, according to the practices of the developed countries, the gradual implementation of professional and technical personnel occupation qualification certificate system. This indicates that the title reform has begun to deepen and enter the dual track stage (parallel with the appointment system of professional and technical posts and the system of vocational qualification). Occupation qualification system mainly has two kinds: one is the key areas of the relationship between public interest and people's life and property safety and post, establishment and implementation of mandatory access occupation qualification system, strengthen the personal qualification requirements; two is the occupation level evaluation system, on the basis of some economic developed countries practice, wide service the field of society, the demand for large areas, establish occupation level certification system, its purpose is to improve the quality of the employees, provide better service for the society. "The implementation of this system, the selection and cultivation of the market economy needs a large number of professional talents, improve the quality and ability of employees, promote the reform of industry management system, create conditions for international standards in talent management." Sun Wei, director of the title office of Wuhan Personnel Bureau, said. In October 2002, the former Ministry of personnel responsible person in an interview with Xinhua news agency said, "China in deepening reform, will further expand the scope of the implementation of professional qualification system, strive through 5 years of efforts, the implementation of professional qualification system reach 50 the left and right, basically formed a relatively complete qualification system." The vocational qualification system has been developing rapidly, and the pace of the title reform has been further accelerated. In the new century, especially the 2003 national talent work conference, in a series of new under the guidance of the spirit of the original, the Ministry of personnel of title reform guiding principles of classification according to the series, series of academic research, strong teachers, continue to explore the "employment binding" approach. Many provinces and municipalities in China have creatively carried out the reform of the professional title system, and many "broken ice" policies have emerged". Approved by the state personnel department, In 2004, Jilin province took the lead in carrying out the combination of evaluation and recruitment in primary and secondary school teachers in Siping city. In 2006 expanded to 3 regions of primary and secondary schools. At present, all the primary and secondary schools in the province have been pushed aside. The reform of combining evaluation with appointment has attracted extensive attention of the society. "I tried in the primary and middle school teachers series evaluation combined, because in some places, especially those weak basic education in rural primary and middle schools, teachers spend a lot of energy and financial qualification certificate, due to various reasons can not be employed. Because it can not play an incentive role, the certificate becomes a waste paper." Relevant sources said. As the "leading employment combination", the results of the reform let Yang Rutao joy: "I remember the teacher in the intercollegiate competition success in the reform of Siping area of 25 people, 16 urban teachers to rural schools competition actively, it is a great success in a sense, to stimulate the vitality and enthusiasm of teachers." In recent years, with the development of economy and society and the gradual deepening of the understanding of talent evaluation law, the methods of talent evaluation have been enriched and perfected, and the reform of professional title system has been deepened. Some have carried out the examination on behalf of the evaluation, and some have implemented a combination of evaluation, and some have adopted the combination of evaluation and defense, and some have adopted the method of "hiring" instead of "evaluation". The new round of title system reform is the biggest feature of classification reform, classification management, no longer engage in "one size fits all"". But all the reforms are becoming more and more people-oriented. Title Foreign Language examination is the concern and heated discussion of professional and technical personnel. In March 2007, on the basis of soliciting opinions from the community, the former state personnel department issued a notice that the ten categories of personnel may not participate in the examination of title foreign language or relax their requirements for foreign language achievement. This measure by the professional and technical personnel of welcome and praise: "without full consideration of the actual professional and technical personnel, truly embodies the humanistic spirit." On December 15, 2007, Vice Minister of the Central Organization Department, former Minister of the Ministry of personnel, the Minister of the Ministry of human resources and social security at the national meeting of the personnel department of Yin Wei China director said, China has formed a preliminary study on the general idea of deepening the reform of the system. Policy research will accelerate the system reform of professional title; actively promote the professional reform, the establishment of teacher evaluation system for primary and middle school adapt to employment system and institutions, accelerate the reform of the system of engineers, professional and technical personnel to expand the foreign language proficiency test pilot. At present, in the state-owned enterprises and institutions of 27 million 739 thousand professional and technical personnel, 25 million 438 thousand people have hired professional and technical positions. Among them, senior 2 million 509 thousand, intermediate 10 million 42 thousand, junior 12 million 887 thousand. More than 50 professional technical personnel qualification system has been established, and nearly 1 million 100 thousand professional and technical personnel have obtained professional and technical qualification certificates. Deepening reform on the new historical starting point Because of the long-term existence of the two yuan ownership structure in China's urban and rural areas, it has been decided that the dynamics of reform, the speed of promotion and the affordability of society must be taken into consideration. A short span of 30 years. The reform of professional title system has gone through the evaluation of professional titles and the appointment of professional and technical posts to the two track. Integrated management organization title work also experienced from the State Council cadre of science and Technology Bureau and the National Bureau of personnel, the central office of leading group, the Ministry of personnel, the change of human resources and social security department now. The title of the 30 years of reform, several of the "old man" in an interview said, "the title of each stage of the system, is a kind of talent evaluation in our country and the social background, economy system, personnel system and income distribution system adapted to exist (or use) system." Yang Rutao believes that as a basic work in the development of human resources, professional title has become an important means of evaluation and use of talent, and it is an important part of personnel and personnel work. Its significance is: first, to stabilize the professional and technical personnel, and to play the role of professional and technical personnel, All walks of life to encourage the growth of talent and talent shows itself, especially through macro-control and policy guidance, promote the professional technical team to continuously improve the quality of structure, gradually improve, strengthen the construction of high-quality professional and technical personnel. At the same time, it also played a positive role in promoting technological exchanges and cooperation with foreign countries. The review is for a better start. Yang Rutao believes that China's 30 years of professional title reform has answered a basic question: the reform of professional titles in transition should not be done step by step and must adhere to the principle of gradual progress. Because of China's urban and rural areas two ownership structure exist for a long time, determines that the reform must be carried out under the premise of actively and steadily under the consideration of the reform efforts to promote the speed and capacity of society, promote the reform cannot be "one size fits all". "The practice of professional title reform years is to take the pilot first, point, step by step way, practice is very necessary, but also the success of the." At present, the orientation of the market economic system reform has made great changes in the ranks of professional and technical personnel. How can we carry out the reform of professional titles at a new historical starting point? Yang Rutao said that the 2006 meeting of academicians, general secretary Hu Jintao in his speech on the reform and improve the special title appraisal system proposed requirements: pay more attention to key industries and talent intensive units, pay more attention to the remote and poor areas and promotion of science and technology, the industrial and agricultural production line, pay more attention to all kinds of enterprises have achieved remarkable economic and social benefit, pay more attention to the young professional and technical personnel. At the Congress of academicians in 2008, general secretary Hu Jintao once again stressed the need to further reform and improve the title system. "Undoubtedly, it clearly defines the main points and tasks for the reform of the titles, and also delivers and declares the key to the future reform of the titles." Human resources and social security department official said that the main content of deepening system reform the next step is to strengthen the function of the title evaluation; establish title system of classification management; improve the talent evaluation mechanism; establish the whole society all kinds of professional and technical personnel management system. Through the reform, provide an institutional guarantee for the objective and impartial evaluation of professional and technical personnel, and provide the basis for the institutions and enterprises of the rational use of professional and technical personnel, opened up a broad channel for the development of professional and technical personnel occupation. The title reform is still advancing with the times......