氧化还原反应实质

氧化还原反应实质 1.发生了电子的转移。(即在离子化合物中是电子的得失，在共价化合物里是共用电子对的偏移。在反应物之间电子发生转移的反应，又称为氧化还原反应) 得氧的反应叫氧化反应/有元素化合价升高的反应。 物质失氧的反应叫还原反应/有元素化合价降低的反应,既得氧又失氧的反应叫氧化还原反应。 2(强弱律:反应中满足:氧化性:氧化剂>氧化产物，还原性:还原剂>还原产物 3(价态律:元素处于最高价态，只具有氧化性;元素处于最低价态， 只具有还原性;处于中间价态，既具氧化性，又具有还原性。 4(转化律:同种元素不同价态间发生归中反应时，元素的化合价只接近而 不交叉，最多只能达到同种价态 5(优先律:在同一氧化还原反应中，氧化剂遇多种还原剂时，先和最强还原剂反应 6. 归中律:不同价态的同种元素，其较高价态与较低价态均转化为中间价态，不得交错升降。 7、守恒律:氧化剂得到电子的数目等于还原剂失去电子的数目。 记法 氧化还原反应 概念 还原剂 + 氧化剂 ---> 氧化产物 + 还原产物 一般来说，同一反应中还原产物的还原性比还原剂弱，氧化产物的氧化性比氧化剂弱，这就是所谓“强还原剂制弱还原剂，强氧化剂制弱氧化剂”。 总结:氧化剂发生还原反应，得电子，化合价降低，有氧化性，被还原，生成还原产物。 还原剂发生氧化反应，失电子，化合价升高，有还原性，被氧化，生成氧化产物。 还原剂、氧化剂的快速判别:高原低氧(即化合价升高作还原剂，化合价降低作氧化剂)。 记法1:氧化还原不可分，得失电子是根本。失电子者被氧化，得电子者被还原。 失电子者还原剂，得电子者氧化剂。氧化剂 还原剂，相依相存永不离。 记法2:升失氧还氧，降得还氧还。 解释:1.化合价升高，失去电子，发生氧化反应，充当还原剂，生成物具有比反应物中的氧化剂氧化性弱的氧化性。 2.化合价降低，得到电子，发生还原反应，充当氧化剂，生成物具有比反应物中的还原剂还原性弱的还原性。 记法3:升失被氧还，降得被还氧。 解释:1.化合价升高、失去电子、被氧化做还原剂。 2.化合价降低、得到电子、被还原做氧化剂。 记法4: 剥下伪装的外套(失去电子)，真实面目被氧化的是还原剂，还原剂当然发生氧化反应，电子为负价，失去电子负负得正，化合价升高。 披上伪装的外套(得到电子)，真实面目被还原的是氧化剂，氧化剂当然发生还原反应，电子为负价，得到电子正负得负，化合价降低。 记法5:升高、失去、被氧化、氧化反应、还原剂。 降低、得到、被还原、还原反应、氧化剂。(注:升高、降低指化合价升高或降低，失去、得到指电子得失) 记法6:失升氧化还原剂，得降还原氧化剂。 失电子，化合价升高，被氧化，是还原剂;得电子，化合价降低，被还原，是氧化剂。 记法7: 升失氧，降得还。若问剂，两相反。 记法8:高价氧化低价还，中间价态两边转。 解释:高价化合物做氧化剂，低价化合物做还原剂，中间价态的化合物，可能做氧化剂，也可能做还原剂 记法9:氧得低，还失高。 解释:氧化剂得到电子化合价降低，还原剂失去电子化合价升高。 记法10:失升氧还。 记法11:升失氧，降得还，说价性，两相反。 记法12:失升氧，得降还;氧化剂，被还原。 氧化剂，会氧化。还原后，还原产(物)。 记法13:升失氧，降得还，剂相反。 解释:“剂”指氧化剂与还原剂。 记法14:氧化剂把别人氧化，本身还原;还原剂把别人还原，本身氧化。 氧化性、还原性强弱的判定 物质的氧化性是指物质得电子的能力，还原性是指物质失电子的能力。物质氧化性、还原性的强弱取决于得失电子的难易程度，与得失电子的数目多少无关。 (1)从元素所处的价态考虑，可初步分析物质所具备的性质，但无法分析其强弱。最高价态,,只有氧化性，如H2SO4、KMnO4等;最低价态，只有还原性，如金属单质Cl-、S2-等;中间价态,,既有氧化性又有还原性，如Fe2+、S、SO2等。 (2)可利用金属活动性顺序判断金属还原性及金属阳离子氧化性的相对强弱。 (3)可根据氧化还原的方向判断。 氧化性:氧化剂>氧化产物;还原性:还原剂>还原产物。 应用:在适宜的条件下，用氧化性较强的物质制备氧化性较弱的物质或用还原性较强的物质制备还原性较弱的物质，还能比较物质间的氧化性或还原性的强弱，也可以利用物质间氧化性或还原性的相对强弱判断反应是否能够发生。 (4)可根据氧化产物的价态高低判断。 当含变价元素的还原剂在相似的条件下作用于不同的氧化剂时，可根据氧化产物中元素价态的高低来判断氧化剂氧化性的强弱。 (5)根据反应条件判断。 当不同的氧化剂与同一种还原剂反应时，如氧化产物中元素的价态相同，可根据反应条 件的高、低进行判断。 (6)根据物质的浓度大小判断。 具有氧化性(或还原性)的物质浓度越大，其氧化性(或还原性)越强，反之，其氧化性(或还原性)越弱。如氧化性:浓HNO3大于稀HNO3;MnO2能与浓盐酸反应，却不与稀盐酸反应。 编辑本段范例——氢气与氯气 氢气与氯气的化合反应，其总反应式如下: H2+Cl2=2HCl 我们可以把它写成两个半反应的形式: 氧化反应: H2 - 2e- ? 2H+ 还原反应: Cl2 + 2e- ? 2Cl- 单质总为0价。第1个半反应中，氢元素从0价被氧化到+1价;同时，在第2个半反应中，氯元素从0价被还原到-1价。 (本段中，“价”指氧化数) 两个半反应加合，电子数消掉: H2 ? 2H+ + 2e- 2e- + Cl2 ? 2Cl- H2 + Cl2 ? 2H+ + 2Cl- 最后，离子结合，形成氯化氢: H2 + Cl2 ? 2HCl 范例——碳与硝酸 1，写出反应物和生成物的化学式 C + HNO3? NO2 + CO2 + H2O 2，列出元素的化合价的变化 在反应物这边 在生成物这边 变化量 C化合价 0 +4 升高4 N化合价 +5 +4 降低1 3，使化合价的升高和降低的总数相等 C + 4HNO3? 4NO2 + CO2 + H2O 4，配平其它物质的系数 C + 4HNO3 = 4 NO2? + CO2? + 2 H2O 范例——工业炼铁 这个反应中，三氧化二铁是氧化剂，而一氧化碳是大家熟悉的还原剂.三氧化二铁中的氧元素给了一氧化碳，使后者氧元素含量增加变为二氧化碳。铁由3价变为单质0价(降低，为氧化剂)，而碳由2价变为4价(升高，为还原剂) 编辑本段反例——复分解反应 另外，复分解反应一定不是氧化还原反应.因为复分解反应中各元素的化合价都没有变化。复分解反应中的离子互相交换，不存在电子的转移。所以一定不是氧化还原反应。 例如: Na2CO3+CaCl2=2NaCl+CaCO3?其中钠元素保持1价，碳酸根保持-2价，氯元素保持-1价，而钙元素保持2价. 编辑本段氧化还原反应的表现 无机物 无机物的氧化还原反应表现为一种元素与其他元素化合比例发生了变化。 反应方程式中一旦既有单质又有化合物，那么它不一定是氧化还原反应，如，Fe与CO络合生成Fe(CO)n(n=1,2,3,4,5)。很多可与氧、氯、硫单质化合的物质在反应中都被氧化。大多数气态非金属单质都是较好的氧化剂，而碱金属都是还原剂。氢气、一氧化碳等还原性气体能把金属从它们的氧化物中提炼出来，这种还原反应在工业上有重要用途。 氧化反应最早是指金属或非金属与氧化合形成氧化物的反应，而还原反应最早是指金属从其化合物中被还原成单质的反应。 有可变价态的金属元素，其高价态离子一般有氧化性，低价态离子一般有还原性。如重铬酸根(Cr(VI))、铁离子(Fe(III))等是氧化剂，2价锡离子、2价钒离子等是还原剂。 有机物 有机物因此而导致的基团变化。有机物的反应也需要氧化剂和还原剂，而且有机分子中的碳原子的氧化数一样会发生变化。确切的说，发生氧化数变化的碳原子仅限于涉及变化了的基团的少数几个碳原子，但为了计算方便，计算时可以取平均价态。 双键和三键可以被氧化剂氧化而断开。含氧基团的转变也属于氧化还原反应，涉及此类反应的基团包括醇羟基、醛基、酮羰基和羧基。在适宜的条件下，它们可以互相转变。另外，多数有α-氢的芳香环取代基能被高锰酸钾氧化为羧基。 这些反应一般用高锰酸钾、臭氧、重铬酸钾等强氧化性物质作氧化剂，一些有机金属化合物及其他有活泼键的强还原性物质作还原剂。 与电化学的关系 每一个氧化还原反应都可以做成一个原电池。其中发生氧化反应的一极为原电池的负极，在金属做两极时，活泼性较强的金属常做负极;发生还原反应的一极为原电池的正极，在金属做两极时，活泼性较弱的金属常做正极。两个电极之间有电势差(电化学上通常叫电极电势)，因此反应可以进行，同时可以用来做功。 两个性质 氧化还原反应的两个性质 还原性:失电子的能力 氧化性;得电子的能力 例:一物质还原性很强=失电子的能力强 一个反应中，具有还原性的物质:1(还原剂2(还原产物 一个反应中，具有氧化性的物质:1(氧化剂2(氧化产物 金属性在本质上就是还原性，而还原性不仅仅表现为金属的性质。 非金属性在本质上就是氧化性，而氧化性不仅仅表现为非金属单质的性质。 一个粒子的还原性越强，表明它的氧化性越弱;粒子的氧化性越强，表明它的还原性越弱。 即在金属活动性顺序表中，排在前面的金属还原性强，排在后面的金属离子氧化性强 如:在元素周期表中，非金属性最强的非金属元素氟，它的氧化性最强，因此氟元素无正价。反之，金属性越强的元素，它的还原性也就越强。 一切氧化还原反应之中，还原剂的还原性>还原产物的还原性 一切氧化还原反应之中，氧化剂的氧化性>氧化产物的氧化性 还原性的强弱只与失电子的难易程度有关，与失电子的多少无关。 金属得电子不一定变为0价 例:2Fe3++Cu=2Fe2+ + Cu2+，Fe3+—Fe2+ 编辑本段表示方法——双线桥法 表明反应前后同一元素原子间的电子转移情况。 1.双线桥法的基本步骤 (1)标价态 明确标出各发生氧化还原反应的元素化合价。 (2)连双线 连一条线由氧化剂中化合价降低的元素指向还原产物中的相应元素，另一条线由还原剂中化合价升高的元素指向氧化产物中的相应元素。一律在线上标出升降变化，如“化合价升高”“化合价降低”，不可标为“升价”或“降价”。 (3)注得失 一律标出“失去”或“得到”的电子数，格式为“得或失 发生氧化还原反应的原子数×单位原子得失电子数"和该元素“被氧化”或“被还原”。 2.注意事项 (1)箭头，箭尾一律指向化合价变化的同种元素 (2)一律注明"得"或"失"字样 (3)还原剂失去电子总数和氧化剂得到电子数总数相等 表示方法——单线桥法 表明反应前后不同元素原子间的电子转移情况。 1.单线桥法的基本步骤 (1)标价态 明确标明发生氧化还原反应的元素的化合价 (2)连单线 连接方程式左边的氧化剂与还原剂，箭头一律指向氧化剂 (3)注得失 标出转移的电子的总数，这里不用像双线桥那样，仅需直接标出电子总数 2.注意事项 (1)不得标明"得"或"失"，否则是错的 (2)箭头表示电子转移的方向，指向氧化剂 编辑本段配平方法——得失电子守恒法 1(配平原理 发生氧化还原反应时，还原剂失去电子、氧化剂得到电子。因为整个过程的本质好比是还原剂把电子给了氧化剂，在这一失一得之间，电子守恒。故根据还原剂失去电子的数目和氧化剂得到电子的数目相等，结合二者化合价的改变情况，可以分别把氧化剂、还原剂的计量数计算出来，这样整个氧化还原反应就顺利配平了。 2(方法和步骤 ?标出发生变化的元素的化合价，并确定氧化还原反应的配平方向。 在配平时，需要确定先写方程式那边物质的计量数。有时先写出方程式左边反应物的计量数，有时先写出方程式右边生成物的计量数。一般遵循这样的原则: 自身氧化还原反应? 先配平反应物的计量数; 部分氧化还原反应 ? 先配平生成物的计量数; 一般的氧化还原反应?既可先配平生成物的计量数，也可先配平反应物的计量数。 ?列出化合价升降的变化情况。当升高或降低的元素不止一种时，需要根据不同元素的原子个数比，将化合价变化的数值进行叠加。 ?根据电子守恒配平化合价变化的物质的计量数。 ?根据质量守恒配平剩余物质的计量数。最终并根据质量守恒检查配平无误。 编辑本段配平方法——离子/电子法 在水溶液中进行的氧化还原反应，除用化合价升降法配平外，一般常用离子/电子法配平。其配平原则是:反应过程中，氧化剂获得的电子总数等于还原剂失去的电子总数。现在结合以下实例说明其配平步骤。 在酸性介质中，KMnO4与K2SO3反应生成MnSO4和K2SO4，配平此化学方程式。 配平的具体步骤如下: (1)根据反应写出未配平的离子方程式 MnO4+ SO3? Mn+ SO4? (2)写出两个半反应式，一个表示还原剂被氧化的反应，另一个表示氧化剂被还原的反应: 氧化反应 SO3? SO4 式中产物的氧原子数较反应物中的多，反应又在酸性介质中进行，所以可在上式反应物中加H2O，生成物中加H，然后进行各元素原子数及电荷数的配平，可得: SO3+ H2O ? SO4+ 2H+ 2e- ? 还原反应 MnO4?Mn 式中产物中的氧原子数减少，应加足够多的氢离子(氧原子减少数的2倍)，使它结合为水，配平后则得: MnO4+ 8H+5e- ? Mn+ 4H2O ? (3)根据氧化剂和还原剂得失电子数相等的原则，在两个半反应式中各乘以适当的系数 即以?×5，?×2，然后相加得到一个配平的离子方程式。 (4)写出完全的反应方程式: 5K2SO3 + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4=6K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O 化合价升降法是一种适用范围较广的配平氧化还原反应方程式的方法。离子?电子法虽然仅适用于溶液中离子方程式的配平，但它避免了化合价的计算。在水溶液中进行的较复杂的氧化还原反应，一般均用离子-电子法配平。这两种配平方法可以相互补充。 编辑本段配平方法——待定系数法 1(配平原理 质量守恒定律告诉我们，在发生化学反应时，反应体系的各个物质的每一种元素的原子在反应前后个数相等。通过设出未知数(如x、y、z等均大于零)把所有物质的计量数配平，再根据每一种元素的原子个数前后相等列出方程式，解方程式(组)。计量数有相同的未知数，可以通过约分约掉。 2(方法和步骤 对于氧化还原反应，先把元素化合价变化较多的物质的计量数用未知数表示出来，再利用质量守恒把其他物质的计量数也配平出来，最终每一个物质的计量数都配平出来后，根据某些元素的守恒，列方程解答。 快速配平七步法: 步骤一:分析化合价升降 步骤二:交换升降价数的系数 步骤三:过桥(双线桥) 步骤四:找到没有参加氧化还原反应的元素，并加入系数中。除(氧、氢) 步骤五:配平氢 步骤六:检查氧是否平 步骤七:完善(加反应条件、加等号、加上下箭头、约公约数) 配平方法:化合价升降法 编辑本段配平的注意事项 1:“集合原子”应做到优先配平。 2:先拆后合的拆项配平法中，需要拆的项是那些在反应中化合价既升高又降低(既作氧化剂又作还原剂)的物质。 3:整体法配平法中，选择把哪第个化合价升降过程“捆绑”作为一个过程是关键，选择时一定要把在反应中存在固定物质的量之比的升降过程过程进行“捆绑”，不存在固定物质的量之比的升降过程就不能进行“捆绑”。如S+KNO3+C——K2S+CO2+N2 4:离子反应配平:关键在于能否充分利用“电荷守恒” :缺项配平:注意两点:?如果是化学反应方程式其缺项一般为:水、酸、碱。如果是 5 离子反应方程式其缺项般为:水、H、OH。?在离子反应方程式配平其缺项时如有两种可能如(H2O、H)或(H2O、OH)，还应考虑离子共存的问题如: Cu(2+)+FeS2+囗____——Cu2S+SO4(2-)+Fe(2+)+囗____ 可有两种选择:(14(5(12H2O、7(3(5(24H+)或(14(5(24OH-、7(3(5(12H2O)后一种配平由于OH与Cu不能共存所以不正确。 氧化还原反应在工农业生产、科学技术和日常生活中的意义 我们所需要的各种各样的金属，都是通过氧化还原反应从矿石中提炼而得到的。如制造活泼的有色金属要用电解或置换的方法;制造黑色金属和别的有色金属都是在高温条件下用还原的方法;制备贵重金属常用湿法还原，等等。许多重要化工产品的制造，如合成氨、合成盐酸、接触法制硫酸、氨氧化法制硝酸、食盐水电解制烧碱等等，主要反应也是氧化还原反应。石油化工里的催化去氢、催化加氢、链烃氧化制羧酸、环氧树脂的合成等等也都是氧化还原反应。 在农业生产中，植物的光合作用、呼吸作用是复杂的氧化还原反应。 虽然需要有细菌起作用，但就其实质来说，也是氧化还原反应。土壤里铁或锰的氧化态的变化直接影响着作物的营养，晒田和灌田主要就是为了控制土壤里的氧化还原反应的进行。 我们通常应用的干电池、蓄电池以及在空间技术上应用的高能电池都发生着氧化还原反应，否则就不可能把化学能变成电能，把电能变成化学能。 人和动物的呼吸，把葡萄糖氧化为二氧化碳和水。通过呼吸把贮藏在食物的分子内的能，转变为存在于三磷酸腺苷(ATP)的高能磷酸键的化学能，这种化学能再供给人和动物进行机械运动、维持体温、合成代谢、细胞的主动运输等所需要的能量。煤炭、石油、天然气等燃料的燃烧更是供给人们生活和生产所必需的大量的能。 由此可见，在许多领域里都涉及到氧化还原反应，我们引导学生学习和逐步掌握氧化还原反应对他们今后参加生产和生活都是有意义的。 感受氧化还原反应的实质 因为氧化还原反应中会发生电子转移，也就是元素的化合价会发生变化，可以得知: 复分解反应不是氧化还原反应 置换反应一定是氧化还原反应，化合和分解反应不一定是氧化还原反应。 有单质参加的化合反应一定是氧化还原反应 有单质生成的分解反应一定是氧化还原反应，但有单质参与的反应不一定是氧化还原反应(如石墨变成金刚石，氧气变臭氧)。 对于不属于上述四种基本反应类型的化学反应，有属于氧化还原反应的(例如一氧化碳还原氧化铜)，也有不属于氧化还原反应的(例如氧气在一定条件下反应变成臭氧) 值得注意的是，以上认为石墨变成金刚石，氧气变臭氧等不算作氧化还原反应只能是中学阶段的看法，若要深究起来，这两个也应是氧化还原反应，这得从他们的分子结构开始讨论。 先来研究臭氧的分子结构，因为臭氧特殊的π键，三个氧的化合价不尽相同，在反应过程中氧元素之间也有电子的得失。氧化还原反应就是指有电子的得失或偏离，并不局限于不 同种元素之间的。尽管氧气、臭氧整体化合价为零这也不关紧要，因为任何一个化合物或单质的化合价都为零，不能说所有反应都不是氧化还原反应吧, 它整体显零价和化合物一样，很正常。 再看看石墨和金刚石。石墨每个碳原子的周边连结着另外三个碳原子(排列方式呈蜂巢式的多个六边形)以共价键结合，构成共价分子。由于每个碳原子均会放出一个电子，那些电子能够自由移动，因此石墨属于导体，能够导电。而金刚石就不行了，在金刚石晶体中，碳原子按四面体成键方式互相连接，组成无限的三维骨架，是典型的原子晶体。每个碳原子都以SP3杂化轨道与另外4个碳原子形成共价键，构成正四面体。由于钻石中的C-C键很强，所以所有的价电子都参与了共价键的形成，没有自由电子，所以钻石不仅硬度大，熔点极高，而且不导电。由一个导电一个不导电就很能说明反应中有电子的得失，那这就是一个氧化还原反应。石墨与碳60的转变也类似，也有电子的得失或偏移，也是氧化还原反应。在考试中一般会规避这类问题，即使考到了，若是一般的中学考试，选择题可以用排除法，实在没选的再选这个是氧化还原反应。若是竞赛的题目，所用竞赛教材若提到了则没有问题。 归中反应，歧化反应可以看作是特殊的氧化还原反应。 氧化反应: 还原剂(反应物)?失电子或共用电子对偏离?化合价升高?被氧化?发生氧化反应?生成氧化产物 还原反应: 氧化剂(反应物)?得电子或共用电子对偏向?化合价降低?被还原?发生还原反应?生成还原产物 氧化还原反应的具体规律是: 1(守恒律:氧化还原反应中，得失电子总数相等，化合价升降总值守衡 永恒规律 当某元素为最高价时，它只能做氧化剂。 当某元素为最低价次时，它只能做还原剂。 当某元素为中间价次时，它既能做氧化剂，又能做还原剂。对于绝大多数氧化还原反应，还原剂的还原性大于还原产物的还原性，氧化剂的氧化性大于氧化产物的氧化性。也有少部分例外，如氯酸分解为氧气+氯气+高氯酸，其中生成物中的氧化产物高氯酸的氧化性高于反应物氯酸 类型: 根据氧化剂跟还原剂的反应方式，氧化还原反应一般可以分成三种类型:分子间的氧化还原反应、分子内的氧化还原反应和自身氧化还原反应。 (1)分子间的氧化还原反应 这是一种最普遍的氧化还原反应。反应中，电子的得失或电子对的偏移发生在两种不同物质的分子之间。 例如:(2)分子内的氧化还原反应 在这类反应中，电子的转移发生在同一分子内的不同原子之间。 例如: 歧化反应 (3)自身氧化还原反应 在这类反应中，电子的转移发生在同一分子里的同种价态、同种元素的原子上。这种反应又称为歧化反应。 例如: 单线桥示例 在氧化还原反应的方程式里，有的箭号不跨过等号(又称单线桥)， 有的箭号跨过了等号(又称双线桥)。在许多书刊上，这两种表示方法都 有采用。箭号不跨过等号的，一般用于表示电子转移的方向和数目，它表 明了多少个电子从还原剂中某元素的原子转移给氧化剂中某元素的原，电 双线桥示例 子数前不用标出“得到”或“失去”。箭号跨过了等号的，一般用于表示发生氧 化还原的元素本身得、失电子的变化，在电子数前要标明“得到”还是“失去”。这两种方法，仅仅是表示形式不同，它们都是用于表示氧化还原反应中电子得失(或转移)情况的。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.