DOC-外来人口在赫尔辛基居住政策方针外文翻译-其他专业

DOC-外来人口在赫尔辛基居住政策方针外文翻译-其他专业 中文1917字 本科毕业 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 ( 论文 政研论文下载论文大学下载论文大学下载关于长拳的论文浙大论文封面下载 ) 外 文 翻 译 原文: Policy approaches to residential segregation of immigrants in Helsinki Mixing policies have constituted an important part of urban planning in Helsinki since the 1970s. Planners and housing officials have strived to create and sustain spatially balanced urban development through policies of tenure and social mixing. The rationale for mixing policies is rooted in the national ethos of egalitarian welfare politics. A socially and spatially balanced city structure has been perceived as a basis for a just and equal society, and housing policies, including housing allowances as well as the production and allocation of affordable, decent-standard dwellings, are perceived as one of the means to pursue it. Tenure mix, in particular, is thought to have positive social and economic outcomes for the entire city . The main goal of mixing has been to prevent the accumulation of social problems in any given district. In Helsinki, tenure mix has been implemented by enforcing area-based tenure quotas for the production of new dwellings. Mixing of tenure types has taken place mainly at the neigh level, but also within blocks and housing estates. Urban renewal program have also been used to diversify a homogeneous housing stock in some older residential districts. In addition, mixing policies have been implemented through practices of social mixing in council housing allocation. Low-income households are dispersed among the better-off when council dwellings are allocated. Those with the most urgent need for housing are given first priority. However, the principle is sometimes breached in order to prevent residential segregation. For instance, according to the housing policy memorandum for the years 2004–2008: On the other hand, attempts to generate social mixing do not override people’s own freedom to choose where they want to live. Since the mid-1990s, council housing applicants have been able to specify the areas in which they wish to live, which means that council dwellings in other districts are not offered to them. In addition, applicants’ requests for certain facilities Immigrants’ housing issues were incorporated into existing mixing policies in Helsinki at the beginning of the 1990s. Residential segregation of immigrants was identified as a matter of concern by a working group that was set up to draft an immigrant policy proposal for the city council in 1991. Members of the working group listed housing as one of the basic communal services and suggested that preventing ethnic residential segregation was to be included as one of the objectives of the immigrant policy. According to their proposal: Helsinki housing prices relative to the income of local people is very cheap. The general urban apartment prices per square meter in 2000 to 3000. Specifically stated, people used to calculate the total price of the housing area is the usable area of real hand, there is no "floor area" concept, nor will the corridor, elevator, all sharing space inside the property. Buyers are usually young people. The total area of the house naturally not large, small, more than forty square meters, large eighty or ninety meters, many do not have balcony. For the outsider, this is not one to pay money they can not Although not expressed explicitly, it appears that residential segregation is thought to hinder immigrants’ integration into Finnish society and increase their risk of wealth. Potential segregation would also pose a challenge to the prevailing egalitarian ethos of a socially and spatially just society. Positive impacts of ethnic clustering, such as mutual support generated by living close to each other, are not considered in the 1991 policy proposal. However, it may well be that these kinds of positive aspects have influenced the working group’s reasoning and raised assumptions about the immigrants’ tendency to self-segregate. As Hiebert have noted, such benefits of clustering are often used to give reasons for the purported voluntary segregation of ethnic minorities. Highway around, most are "blocks." If their relatively large mobility. And income is not high. As rent in the suburbs are more able to take. Finland is a high welfare state, but also sparsely populated, even if the income is not high, get hold of decent housing is also not difficult. The fact is people live outside the district for the living conditions are very good, and taste all the municipal facilities, the government has regularly sent to clean up the house to some people, taking a bath (for example, drinking alcohol into the semi-disabled people) but room a bit smaller, the density too big, some geographical differences According to the memorandum, immigrants’ cultural background and their wishes to live close to relatives or members of their own ethnic group are respected when council dwellings grow. This change of tone is in line with the general changes in council housing allocation at the time: since the mid-1990s all council housing applicants have been able to specify which they wish to live in. The housing memorandums of Helsinki overlook immigrants’ housing issues almost completely. Housing quotas, earmarked for refugees and Finns, are accounted for but the causes and consequences of ethnic residential segregation are not explicitly discussed The two housing policy memorandums for the years 1998–2002 and 2001–2005 form the only exception. Herein, spatial dispersal of immigrants is to be promoted, as it is feared that segregation could trigger local conflicts, increase racism and hinder immigrants’ integration into the host society. Nevertheless, positive notions of clustering are also brought up. Spatial concentrations are acknowledged to strengthen immigrants‘feelings of belonging’, support community-formation and thereby provide a basis for a successful integration Management Centre of Finland, said the financial crisis, housing prices began to decline in Finland, Finland, President Ma Lila real estate brokerage firm, said in Helsinki, Finland has become the biggest housing price decline in the area. Helsinki in September 2008 prices decreased an average reduction of 5-10%, and the duplex structure and the larger of which housing prices decreased significantly, down 18%, since March has been the average price per square meter fell about 900 . Reduced prices for most of these migrants is also a good opportunity to buy a house According to Phillips .residential segregation is not socially problematic per se, but it has negative consequences when linked with deprivation. On the basis of our analysis, it seems that it is precisely these kinds of consequences, wealth of vulnerable ethnic minorities, That Helsinki officials have been most afraid of. Combating residential segregation of immigrants, namely refugees and other low-income immigrants, has therefore been highly emphasized, even if positive aspects of clustering are also acknowledged. Although, Helsinki’s mixing policies have been fairly explicit in their goal, they have not specified what level of concentration is too much, or how the ambitious goals of spatial dispersal should be carried out on a grass-root level. When policies lack clear instructions on practical implementation, much room is left for individual decisions and interpretation of housing . In such situations assumptions and reasoning behind the practices of council housing allocation become particularly crucial. In Helsinki, decisions on council housing allocation are based on a case-specific reasoning. When vacancies appear, housing officials choose new residents on the basis of housing applicants’ own requests and the resident composition of a building. If the building in question houses many immigrants already, and especially if there are several large families, officials try to direct prospective immigrant households into other buildings and choose another applicant instead. The logic behind the decisions is described well by two interviewees who refer to a notion of ‘‘common sense’’: The government sector particularly of teachers, police and nurses in these low-income middle class families and some have applied for government subsidies of foreign workers. The income of these families is often higher than the standard application for rental subsidies, but also on the free market economy can not afford the family-type housing. Most representative of the taka Surrey, nearly one-third of housing is social housing, the affordable rental housing by the city government and all other non-profit organizations. Another one-third of those affected by price regulation, the housing can be freely traded or only residence housing. The remaining one-third of private capital investment in the construction of housing, prices fully liberalized. "three one-third" model, in general, a bit like China's low-rent housing, affordable housing, and housing, but the proportion of the division to determine, especially in real estate only one-third of China, it is worth considering. Source: J Hous and the Built Environ (2009) 24:423-439 译文: 外来人口在赫尔辛基居住政策方针 20世纪70年代以来在赫尔辛基，混合政策已成为对城市 规划 污水管网监理规划下载职业规划大学生职业规划个人职业规划职业规划论文 的重要组成部分。规划师和住房官员一直努力创造和维持着通过混合使用权和社会政策的空间均衡来发展城市。对于混合政策的理由是源自于外来人员的政治平等的福利。一个平衡的社会城市空间结构应该是被理解为是一个基础的，公正的，平等的社会，而住房政策，包括住房津贴，以及生产和负担得起住房费用，以及体面的住房分配 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 ，是我们一直所追求的。任期混合，尤其是被认为是积极的社会和经济发展下的整个城市的成果。混合政策的主要目标是防止社会问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 的积累(即问题逐渐扩大)。 在过去十年中，赫尔辛基市里已经建造了许多针对外来人员的新的住房和建筑质量高、居住密度高、交通易达和绿地充足的住宅社区。 当然，大多数人会想知道赫尔辛基如何能够实现高质量的多住户单元住房。赫尔辛基市副市长Penttilä负责城市规划和房地产，对他来讲，答案很简单。由于赫尔辛基市拥有百分之七十的土地，所以赫尔辛基对开发其拥有土地的方式有高度的可控性。加上来自房产税的收入不到城市预算的百分之八(相比之下，典型的加拿大自治城市约为百分之四十)，因此，赫尔辛基继续建立非隔离的市场和经济上补贴住房的长期政策是可行的，使以市场为导向的美学和补贴单元之间几乎没有明显的差异。赫尔辛基拥有43,000个租住单位，20094个价格和质量受控(HITAS)单位和2480个居住权公寓房，为城市570,000居民提供近百分之二十五的住房。而对于外来人口则可以提供百分之十八的住房。为了支持高品质的房屋单位总数，30年前城市建立了HITAS部，负责管理通过私营部门建造的住房开发项目，从而监测开发商的建设成本，保证了很高的住房质量。这也是一个城市的惯常做法，在任何项目推出投标之前举行设计比赛，鼓励房屋设计的持续创新。 为了帮助促进赫尔辛基新区的改造重建规划，外来人员的住房问题早在20世纪90年代开始就已经纳入现有的在赫尔辛基混合政策之中了。外来人员的居住隔离被认为是一个令人关注的问题。所以就成立了一个工作组，并且成立了一个草案，而市 议会在1991年的移民政策会议上也通过建议。 赫尔辛基的房价相对于当地人的收入来说非常便宜。市区的一般公寓每平方米售价在2000到3000欧元。特别声明，人家计算总价用的住房面积是实实在在到手的实用面积，根本没有“建筑面积”的概念，也不会把楼道、电梯、物业用房都算进去。这类公寓算是比较便宜的住宅，所以购买者通常是年轻人。房子的总面积自然也不大，小的有四十多平方米，大的八九十平方米，很多都没有阳台。对于外来人员来说，这并不是一比他们不能支付的资金。 而对于高速公路周围，多数是一些“街区”。而这些街区多数是针对外来人口的。由于他们流动性比较大。并且收入不是很高。像在郊区的房租是比较能够承担。芬兰是高福利国家，又地广人稀，即使收入不高，弄个像样的住房也并不困难。而事实上是针对外来人口居住的街区的居住条件也挺不错的，一切市政设施俱全，政府还定期派人来给某些人收拾屋子、洗澡(例如喝酒喝成半残疾的人)只不过屋子小了些、密度大了些、地理位置差了些。这也是外来人口住房不可避免的缺点。 芬兰首都赫尔辛基住房备忘录经常几乎完全忽视移民的居住问题。住房配额,对于接受救助芬兰外来人口来说，是相对一种供小于求的状况。但是这两种住房 时间交易日的形式作为唯一的例外,在此,空间传播移民被提升,因政策备忘录的 为人们担心会引发的种族隔离的局部冲突,增加种族主义和妨碍移民的融入主流社会。然而,一些积极的概念也在逐渐出现，并且慢慢成熟。并且，必须要强调的是空间浓度可以被认为可以增加外来人口的住房归属感。 芬兰管理中心称，由于受金融危机影响，芬兰房价开始走低，芬房地产经纪公司总裁马利拉称，赫尔辛基目前已成为芬兰房市价格降幅最大的区域。赫尔辛基市2008年9月房价明显下降，平均降幅在5-10%之间，其中复式结构和面积较大住房价格明显下降，同比下降18%，自3月份以来，每平米价格已平均下降了约900欧元。这些降低的价格对于大多数外来人口来说又是一个很好的买房机会。 而政府的部门特别关注教师、警察和护士这些中产阶层中收入较低的家庭和一些申请了政府补助的外来人员。这些家庭的收入往往高于申请租房补贴的标准,但是同时又承担不起自由经济市场上的家庭型住房。最具代表的是塔卡萨里,针对越来越多的外来人口，他们提供近三分之一的住房是社会性住房,这些住房租 金价格适中,由市政府和其他一些非营利机构所有。另外三分之一是一些受价格调控、可以自由买卖的住房或只有居住权的住房。剩下的三分之一是私有资金投资建造的住房,价格完全放开。雅塔卡萨里“三个三分之一”的模式,大体上有点像中国的廉租房、经济适用房以及商品房,但其比例的划分确定,尤其是商品房只占到三分之一,对中国来说很值得思考。 出处:[美] Dhalmann. Vilkama,《赫尔辛基外来移民住房政策》，Hous and the Built Environ ,第24卷，2009:423-439.