lecture2-2 phonology音系学Phonology is concerned with the linguistic patterning of sounds in human languages, with its primary aim being to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.
Phonetics aims to descr...
Phonology is concerned with the linguistic patterning of sounds in human languages, with its primary aim being to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.
Phonetics aims to describe every phonetic detail of speech sounds by means of phonetic symbols. Phonology, however, is not specifically concerned with aspects of speech production or perception as these are purely the result of the physical properties of the system. Phonology is concerned with something psychological , mental or in contemporary term, cognitive.
Definition
A phoneme is the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language.
Discussion
Phonologists have differing views of the phoneme. Following are the two major views considered here:
In the American structuralist tradition, a phoneme is defined according to its allophones and environments.
In the generative tradition, a phoneme is defined as a set of distinctive features.
Comparison phones and phonemes:
A phone is
one of many possible sounds in the languages of the world;
A contrastive unit in the sound system of a particular language;
Pronounced in a defined way.
Represented between brackets by convention,example: [b], [j], [o]
A phoneme is
the smallest identifiable unit found in a stream of speech.
A minimal unit that serves to distinguish between meanings of words;
Pronounced in one or more ways, depending on the number of allophones;
Represented between slashes by convention,example: /b/, /j/, /o/
Speech is a continuous process, so the vocal organs do not move from one sound segment to the next in a series of separate steps. Rather, sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors. For example, if a nasal consonant (such as [m]) precedes an oral vowel (such as [?] in map), some of the nasality will carry forward so that the vowel [?] will begin with a somewhat nasal quality.
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