2013考研英语长难句
1、94年翻译真题:
Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great
men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool.
句子主干:Science moves forward;
其他成分: they say 插入语
not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of
more ordinary things like improved
techniques and tool.状语;
难点分析: 难点在于对状语的分析，而其中较麻烦的就是对比较结构的处理:
not so much...as...
这个结构我们之前讲过:与其说...不如说...
这样状语可以翻译为:
与其说是通过:the insights of great men of genius不如说是因为:more
ordinary things like improved
techniques and tool.
翻译点拨: 先翻插入语:他们说，
再翻主干:科学的发展/前进/进步/,但不要翻译为:往前移动;
最后赋予状语中某些表达具体的中文含义:
the insights of great men of genius
伟人和天才的洞察力/远见/真知灼见等
智慧的伟人的
天才的伟人的
以上都可以接受;
more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool.
还是先翻定语:像提高的工具和方法/技法/技术/等更为普通的东西;
也可以是:更为普通的东西像提高的方法/技法/技术/和工具;
through和because of 相对应因此可以翻译为:通过/源于/由于/因为/
参考译文: 他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说是由
于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。
2、94年真题第二句
In short, a leader of the new school contends, the scientific revolution,
as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series
of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction.
句子主干:the scientific revolution was largely the improvement and
invention and use .
主系表结构
其他成分: In short 状语
a leader of the new school contends 主谓做插入语
as we call it 定语做插入语
of a series of instruments 定语
that expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction.定语从句
翻译点拨:对于词汇的处理:
in short 简言之
as we call it 我们所谓的
new school 新的学派;
contend 坚持认为
the reach 范围;范畴
对于定语的处理:
of a series of instruments 通常前置
对于定语从句的处理:
可以前置也可以单独成句，但是这里最好是单独成句，因为前面有了一个定语
了，再倒就繁琐了;
参考译文:新学派的一位领军人物坚持认为:简而言之，我们所谓的科学革命主
要是指一系列工具的改进，发明和使用，这些改进发明和使 用在无数个方向扩
展了科学的范畴。(使得科学在各个领域无所不及/使得科学涉及到了无数个方向
的各个领域)
根据昨天的句子造的一个句需要大家翻译一下，背一下:
In many cases,nowadays,the environment is usually changed not so much to
benefit human life as to bring disastrous moments to our future generations.
3、94年的第三题;
句子本身理解不难， 翻译也不难关键是需要自己写出来哦:)
73) Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of
fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and
philosophers of science.
这两句话比较简单:
73) Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of
fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and
philosophers of science.
主干识别:tools and technology have been ignored. 其他成分:over the years 状语
themselves 反身代词作同位语
as a source of fundamental innovation 定语
by historians and philosopher 状语
翻译点拨:定语前置:
作为基本发明源泉的工具和技术本身;
词的处理:
philosophers of science
科学哲学家/科学思想家
参考译文:多年来，作为基本发明源泉的工具和技术本身在很大程度上被历史学
家和科学思想家们所忽视了。
昨天的参考翻译:
In many cases,nowadays,the environment is usually changed not so much to
benefit human life as to bring disastrous moments to our future
generations.
现在很多情况下，人们改变环境与其说给我们的生活带来了好处，不如说为后人
带来了灾难。
(moments 可以不翻译)
翻译是一种再创造，在保证语义正确的情况下需要符合中文表达的习惯。
4、Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to
turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets
revolve around the sun rather than around the earth.
主干识别:Galileo's greatest glory was that (主句主干)
he was the first person to prove that (从句主干)
the planets revolve around the sun (从句主干)
其他成分:to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove
that (定语)
(turn ...on... to prove(目的状语)...)
rather than around the earth(我们很熟悉的rather than做状语)
翻译点拨: 中文到英文，如果表语较短的时候没有必要遵守英文中的主系表结构:他是第一个人，就直接翻译为:“他第一个 将”就可以了。
he is the one who invented the telephone.
可以翻译为:他发明了电话 = 他是发明电话的那个人。
参考译文:伽利略最大的辉煌就是在1609年的时候，他第一个将新发明的望远镜对准了天空，去证明了行星是围绕着太阳而不是地球转动的。
5、94年第五句:
Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at
the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which
is seen as the driving force.
主干识别:Whether+主语从句 depends on the issue 其他成分: the Government should increase the financing of pure science
at the expense of technology or vice versa(主语从句)
of which is seen as the driving force.of 短语 of + which 引导宾语句子 翻译点拨:先翻译主语从句，再用代词“这”代替;
词的处理: increase the financing of pure science 增加对纯理论科学的经费投入 at the expense of technology 减少对技术经费的投入
the driving force 动力，驱动力量
the issue of 可以不翻译:
比较两种翻法:
1.哪一方被看做是驱动力的问题
2.那一方面被看做是驱动力
第二种更加符合中文的表达。
政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相
反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。
Sometimes one pays most for the things one gets for nothing.
有时候不费钱的来的东西反而最贵
主句:sometimes one pays most for the things 定语从句省略了that:
(that) one gets for nothing
that 指代前面的things做宾语
完整就是:
one gets the things for nothing
直接翻译就是:
有时候，一个人为不费任何代价而得来的东西支付了最多;
转译:有时候不费钱的来的东西反而最贵
6、95年第一句:
The target is wrong，for in attacking the tests，critics divert attention from the fault that lies with illinformed or incompetent users.
主干识别:The target is wrong
其他成分:for in attacking the tests，critics divert attention from the fault that lies with illinformed or incompetent users.(原因状语)for +状语从句;
in attacking the tests 状语从句中的状语;
critics divert attention from the fault.(状语从句的主句)
that lies with illinformed or incompetent users 定语从句修饰 fault; 翻译点拨:词汇的处理:
divert attention from...
divert attention from...
原义是把注意力引开，反译为没有注意到;
lies with在于
illinformed or incompetent users 不甚了解或使用不当的使用者;
初步可以翻译为:
这个目标是错的，因为批评者在攻击测试的时候，没有注意到在于这个错误，
这个错误在于不甚了解或使用不当的使用者。
但是这个翻译明显不符合中文的表达习惯需要修改:
主要是后半部分:
将两个“这个错误”合并为:测试的错误在于...
将“ illinformed or incompetent”翻译为动词:“不了解，不太会”
那么主语就应该是原句中的“user”，缺一个对象那应该“tests”
修改完成:
参考译文: 这个目标是错的，因为抨击测试的时候，批评者没有注意到测试的
弊病 在于使用者不了解也不太会恰当使用测试。
7、关注指代～同时觉得翻译难的同学其实是不习惯这类型的中文:)
How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends
upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used
and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
主干识别:How +主语从句 depends upon the the amount，reliability，and appropriateness and on the skill and wisdom. 其他成分:of the information used 定语
with which it is interpreted定语
主语从句主干:
the predictions will be validated by later performance.
how well 状语
翻译点拨:validated 证实
how well 多好..但是直译过去就是会多好的被证实。中文的习惯是:多大程度被证实;
with which it is interpreted定语从句前置
确定最后的it的指代应该是information;信息;则可以主动变为被动:解释这些信息时的...
参考译文:这些预测在多大程度上会被之后的表现所证实则依靠于所用信息的数量，可靠性和适合性，同时取决于解释这些信息时的技巧和智慧。 8、这个句子关注并列，同时both作为代词的用法:)
Whether to use tests，other kinds of information，or both in a particular
situation depends，therefore，upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as
cost and availability.
主干识别:Whether to use tests，other kinds of information，or both depends，therefore，upon the
evidence and upon such factors. 其他成分:or both = or tests and other kinds of information (both 指代前面)
in a particular situation 状语
therefore 状语
from experience concerning comparative validity 定语修饰 evidence
as cost and availability 定语修饰factors
翻译点拨:in a particular situation 在某一特定情况下
the evidence from experience 经验依据(来自经验的证据)
comparative validity 相对效度
concerning 与„„有关的
availability 能否获得(有无来源)
参考译文:所以在某一特定的情况下，是否使用测试以及其他的各种信息或者两者使用，取决于有关相对效度的经验依据，
也取决于诸如经费(多少)，有无来源等因素。
9、95年的出题是爱极了并列:)这也是好事，可以多练习，多琢磨。 In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be
measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what
is to be measured or predicated can not be well defined.
主干识别:the tests work
其他成分:most effectively 状语
when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined状语从句
(the qualities can be most precisely defined 主干; to be measured 定语修饰 qualities)
least effectively状语
when what is to be measured or predicated can not be well defined状语从句
(what is to be measured or predicated状语从句中的主语) 翻译点拨:the tests work 测试有效
be most precisely defined 很精确界定(most =very;the most才是最高级)
measured 测量
参考译文:一般的说，当所要测定的素质/性质/特征能很精确界定时，测试最为
有效;而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地被界定时，
测 试的效果则最差。
10、95年的最后一句，依然出现了并列，注意虚拟语气的省略现象。
For example，the tests do not compensate for gross social inequality，
and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been
had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 主干识别: the tests do not compensate for gross social inequality，and
thus do not tell how+从句
其他成分: how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
how 引导一个宾语从句，其主句为how able an underprivileged youngster might have been;
还原为中文的语序为:an underprivileged youngster might have been how able;
条件状语从句:had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.(if
被省略，had提前)
还原为:if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances. 翻译点拨:compensate for 弥补
gross social inequality 明显的社会不公
and thus 因此
tell 说明
underprivileged 贫困的、物质条件不好的
under more favorable circumstances 在较好的环境下
本句只要能识别出句子结构翻译就比较容易了。
参考译文:测试并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此它们不能说明一个物质条件差的
年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。
11、96年第一句:
Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. 主干识别:这是两个句子:
第一句:Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.
第二句:Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self- accelerating.
主干:Others are reasonable consequences.
of particular advances in science being self-accelerating定语
to some extent 状语，某种程度上
翻译点拨:Others = other causes ;
reasonable consequences=reasonable results
particular advances in science科学中的特定发展;
being self-accelerating的处理是难点;
就结构上讲是做为定语修饰 science，但是这里却不能直接前置为:正在自我
加速的科学中的特定的发展的结果;
我们讲过定语从句表示原因，其实定语何尝又不能表示原因呢,
所以在这里可以翻译为:科学在一定程度上自我加速 ((science) being self
-accelerating ))
有了在科学上的特定发展(particular advances in scence)
合并为:由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而引起的特定发展的...
参考译文:在这些原因中，有一些是完全理性(自然)的社会需求的结果，而其
他的一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而引起的特定发 展的合理(自然)
后果。
12、This trend began during the Second World War，when several governments
came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
主干识别:This trend began
其他成分:during the Second World War 状语
when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.(定语从句)
several governments came to the conclusion.(定从主干)
the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
(定从中的同位语从句)
the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail(同从主干)
that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment (同从
中的定从)
翻译点拨:这次的句子结构不难，把从句都剥离出来就简单了。
scientific establishment科研机构 in detail 详细
1.This trend began during the Second World War
这种趋势开始于二战期间
2.when several governments came to the conclusion that
那个时候几个政府达成一个结论。
3.the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
特定的需求通常是无法详尽预见的。
4. that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment(that
指代specific demands)
政府想要对其科研结构所做的具体要求。
参考译文:这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论:
政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
13、The problem seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
主干识别:The problem seems mostly effectively done
其他成分:by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.(状语)
not...but...前后需要对称
因此 related to 修饰research，所以 of possible consequence in the future 则也修饰research;
例句: Some satellite relay stations relay radio waves to the earth but
they receive the waves not from the earth, but from other
space.
某些卫星中继站向地球转播无线电波，但它们不是从地球而是从外层太空
接收无线电波。
翻译点拨:这句话的关键在于将被动变为主动;
The problem seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain...
原译:这会被通过支持...而最好的被解决;
改译:支持...,能最好的解决这个问题;
词汇处理:
immediate goals当前目标
a certain amount of research 某些研究
mostly 通常，往往
参考译文:给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来往往
能有效地解决这一问题。
14、However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle
unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful
aspects.
主干识别:the world is so made
其他成分:that elegant systems are unable to deal with some of the world's
more fascination and delightful aspects. 结果状语从句主干
in principle 状语
some of the world's more fascinating and delightful都是定语，修饰名
词aspects
翻译点拨:这句话句子结构不难主要是对词的处理:
1.the world is so made直译“世界就是这样构成的”，意译“世界就是如此”。
2.elegant systems elegant大纲解释为“优雅的，优美的，精致的”，这些词
义与system(体系、系统)都不能搭配，所以引申为“完美的”。注意下 列例子
中elegant的翻译:
elegant manners优雅的风度
an elegant dress漂亮雅致的女服
a set of books with elegant bindings一套装帧精美的书籍
a life of elegant ease优裕闲适的生活
an elegant style of writing优雅的文体
an elegant piece of reasoning简要明确的论证
an elegant wine上等好酒
3.in principle惯用法，意为“原则上，基本上，大体上，在理论上”。
例如:
We agree in principle but we dislike your methods.
我们原则上同意，但我们不喜欢你使用的方法。
There's no reason in principle why man shouldn't one day travel to
the most distant stars.
从理论上讲，没有理由认为人类不可能在将来的某一天飞向遥远的星球。
4.deal with...aspects按照搭配原则译为“解决/处理„问题”。
注意:aspects的词义定位一定要以deal with为依据。
参考译文:然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决/处理世界上
某些更加引人入胜和令人愉悦的问题的。
15、New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise
in the future as they have in the past，giving rise to new standards of elegance.
主干识别:New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must
arise in the future.
其他成分:as they have in the past，giving rise to new standards of elegance.
翻译点拨:new forms of thought新的思维方式
?as well as=and例如:
?new subjects for thought新的思维对象(或内容)
注意:
subject在此不能理解成“学科”或“题目”，因为它与前面的form构成一对概
念，所以应该翻译成“对象”或“内容”。
?must此处不能理解成“必须”
?arise产生
?as they have in the past这个从句省略了动词arisen, as在此是连词，意
为“正如”。
?give rise to是个习惯表达法，意为“引起、导致”。
?elegance elegant的名词，在此译为“完美”。
注意:“完美的
标准
excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载
”这样有歧义
给完美以新的标准
参考译文:同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美
以新的标准。
16、Do animals have rights ? This is how the question is usually put.It
sounds like a useful，ground-clearing way to start.(71)Actually，it isnt，
because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights，which is something the world does not have.
主干识别:it isnt
其他成分:Actually，状语
because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights，
which is something the world does not have.状语从句
it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights
which is something the world does not have 翻译点拨:当翻译的句子中出现指代的时候有时需要往前找到指代的对象，并翻
译出来，以语义是否通顺为标准。
it指代前面的句子可以翻译为:这种说法，isn't后面省略了so或true
这种说法并不对/情况并不是这样的
第二个it 也是指代it:这种说法认为
an agreed account 约定的看法，共同的认识
an agreed account of human rights 关于人权的约定的认识
which is something the world does not have.这个认识是世界上没有的。
参考译文: 这种说法是不对的，因为这种说法认为存在着一种被大家认同的关
于人权的看法，而这种共识其实是不存在的。
事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的，而
这种共同认识并不存在。
17、Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract，as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. 主干识别:Some philosophers argue that
其他成分:rights exist only within a social contract.
宾语从句
as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
定语(主语补足语)修饰rights
翻译点拨: argue 认为，辩说
a social contract 社会契约
as part of 作为(是)„„的一部分
entitlements 利益，权利
参考译文:有些哲学家认为，权利只存在社会契约中，是责任与利益相交换的一
部分。
18、It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to
think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans
extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. 主干识别:It leads the discussion to extremes
冒号后的主句:it invites you to think that
其他成分: at the outset 状语
animals should be treated 宾语从句主干
either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no
consideration at all. 宾语从句中的状语
the consideration humans extend to other humans(带定语从句的名词)做
with的宾语补全为:
the consideration (that)humans extend to other humans
翻译点拨: 词的处理
leads ...to extremes 引向两个极端(极端就是两个啊)
at the outset 从一开始
invites you to think 使人们认为
consideration humans extend to other humans 人对其他人的关心;
参考译文: 这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对
待动物:要么像对人类自身一样的关心，要么完全冷漠无情。
19、Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every
relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
主干识别:extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area
of moral choice.
其他成分:Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect 状语
翻译点拨: 词语的处理:
Arguing from the view 从„„观点看，持„„观点
different from... 与„„不同
in every relevant respect 在各相关方面
extremists 极端主义者，持极端观点的人
lie outside the area of moral choice 在道德选择的范围之外，不在道
德问题范围内，与道德取舍无关
翻译技巧点拨:
表面上是一个句子其实是两个句子合写而成的:
1.Extremists argue from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect.
2.Extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
于是可以翻译为:极端主义者 argue... and think ...
参考译文: 这类极端主义者，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，进而认为
对待动物时无须考虑道德问题。
20、When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
主干识别:it is not a mistake
其他成分:状语:When that happens
冒号引导的一个从句:it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action
同位语:an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.翻译点拨: When that happens, it is not a mistake
指代的合并翻译:
that (代词作主语)联系上下文译为这种反应
直译:当这种反应发生的时候，这种反应是没有错误的。
合译:这种反应是没有错的
词的点拨: mankind's instinct for moral reasoning 人类道德观念推理的
本能
in action 起作用
rather than 而不是
参考译文:这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这
种本能应得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲弄。
21、However great the joy with which he welcomed a new discovery in some theoretical science whose practical application perhaps it was as yet quite impossible to envisage, he experienced quite another kind of joy when the discovery involved immediate revolutionary changes in industry, and in historical development in general.
主干识别:he experienced quite another kind of joy
其他成分:However great the joy with which he welcomed a new discovery in some theoretical science whose practical application perhaps it was as yet quite impossible to envisage,状语
with which he welcomed a new discovery in some theoretical science whose practical application perhaps it was as yet quite impossible to envisage when the discovery involved immediate revolutionary changes in industry, and in historical development in general.状语
翻译点拨:句子翻译不难主要比较长需要理清句子结构:
前半句可以切分还原为:
however great the joy...
he welcomed a new discovery in some theoretical science with the joy... it was as yet quite impossible to envisage new discovery's practical application
参考译文:当在某些理论科学中有新发现的时候，他都会用极大的喜悦去欢迎它，
即使我们还不可能想象这种发现的实际应用，但是无论这种喜悦有多大，当有了
立即会对产业、对一般历史发展产生革命影响的发现的时候，他的喜悦就完全不
同了。
22、But even more important，it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past，for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
主干识别:it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past.
其他成分:But even more important 状语
for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago 状语
for + 从句
what they were seeing主语从句做主语
the patterns and structures 从句中的宾语
that existed 15 billion years ago 宾语的定语
翻译点拨:对于the farthest 的处理:增补译法:最远的景象
参考译文:但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，
因为他们看到的是150亿年前的形状和结构。
23、While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians，modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. 主干识别:modern practice most closely conforms to one
其他成分:While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians，
让步状语从句(虽然)
that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.(定语从句修饰one)
翻译点拨:这个句子就是需要你给读者解释的句子了，直接翻译状语从句:
虽然这里对于历史的定义是和历史学家的数量是一样多的;(这就是码字)
试着解释一下:
有多少历史学家，就有多少关于历史的定义
再试着解释一下:
每个历史学家都对历史作出了自己的定义;
这就是所谓的翻译=解释=interpret了;
modern practice most closely conforms to one 现代实践大多紧密的遵守一个定义。(码字)
试着解释一下:
但在现代实践中，人们都近于认同一个定义那就是:
that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant
events of the past.
这个定义将历史看着是再创造和解释过去的重大事件的企图
解释一下:
历史就是试图去再现和解释过去重大事件的学科;
解释一下:
历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其作出解释的学科
参考译文:虽然每个历史学家都对历史作出了自己的定义，但在现代实践中，人
们都近于认同一个定义那就是:历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其作出解
释的学科。
24、Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and
more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. 主干识别: Interest in historical methods has arisen 其他成分:less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline
状语一
more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. 状语二
翻译点拨:昨天讲过了翻译是一种解读，所以重要的理清语义和逻辑关系。
两个状语through„from„
根据前后的语义可以判定为原因状语。
那么比较级在这里就可以解释为:主要原因和次要原因了。
Interest in historical methods has arisen
词汇点拨historical methods 历史研究的方法论
对于历史研究的方法论的兴趣出现了(码字)
解释一下:人们对于历史研究的方法论出现了。
再解释一下:人们关注历史研究的方法论
前后是因果关系还可以加上:人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，
按中文习惯主要原因先翻:
more from internal quarrels among historians themselves 主要原因是历史学家之间内部的纷争(可以接受)
less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline
词汇点拨:as an intellectual discipline作为一门学问(一个学科领域)
次要原因是来自外部的对于历史作为一门学问的有效性的挑战(码字)
解释一下:其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。
前一部分可以改动一下:和外界相对应:史学界内意见的不统一。
参考译文:人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要原因是历史学家之间内部的
纷争(可以接受)(和外界相对应:史学界内意见的不统一)，其次是因为外界并
不认为历史是一门学问。
25、有时候在名词后的介词短语也有可能是状语，需要童鞋们通过语义来判断，
在往前叠加的时候如果出现了不通顺或者译作状语不改变语义的时候就可以翻
译为状语。记住我们在做解释，不能让英语阻碍我们的表达。
During this transfer，traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
主干识别:traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies
其他成分:During this transfer状语
designed to interpret the new forms of evidence 定语修饰methodologies
in the historical study 状语(通过语义最后判断)
翻译点拨: transfer 转变
augmented 充实，补充
additional methodologies 新方法 designed to用来
interpret 阐释，解释，说明
the new forms of evidence 新的证据形式 (根据上下文可以知道指代的
是:在历史学研究中的新史料)
in the historical study 研究历史时
主干用的被动记得转为主动:
traditional historical methods were augmented
传统的历史研究方法被充实了。
methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence
被设计来解释新的证据形式的方法
解释一下:旨在解释新的证据形式的新方法
参考译文: 在这种转变中，在研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传
统的历史研究方法。
26、There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. 主干识别:There is no agreement
其他成分:whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
主语agreement 的同位语
Whether methodology refers to „ or to„.
the concepts后面的形容词短语peculiar to historical work in general是
它的定语;the research techniques后面的形容词短语appropriate to the
various branches of historical inquiry也是作定语。
翻译点拨:There is no agreement
There be 句式的翻译，补充出主语人们，因此可以翻译为:人们对此意见不一。 同位语可以提前翻译;
词的处理:
agreement 统一的意见，一致看法
whether...refers to... or to... 是指„„还是指„„
the concepts/peculiar to/historical work/in general (按后置定语的顺序倒译)一般的历史研究中的特有概念
the research techniques 研究手段
appropriate to 适用于，合适于
the various branches 各个领域
historical inquiry 历史探究
参考译文:所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域使用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。
27、It (谬论)applies equally to traditional historians who view history
as only the external and internal criticism of sources，and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
主干识别:It applies equally to traditional historians and to social
science historians
其他成分:who view history as only the external and internal criticism
of sources定语
who equate their activity with specific techniques.定语
翻译点拨:词的处理
Applies 适用于„,
特别主义:
当说某物适用于人的时候，可以转译为:人会采取某物或者人运用某物;
traditional historians 传统历史学家，历史传统派
view history as 把历史看作是
sources 源泉，引申为史料来源
social science historians 社会科学历史学家，历史社科派
their activity 活动，引申为历史学研究活动，历史研究
equate... with 把„„等同于，认为„„是
specific techniques 具体方法
对于过长的定语可以采取单独成句的翻译方法
两个定语翻译为:
传统历史学家认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论， 社会科学历史学家认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。
参考译文:传统历史学家认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，社会科学历史学家认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究，这种谬论同样适用于他们(他们同样持有这样的谬论)
28、Under modern conditions，this requires varying measures of centralized
control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists
and operational research experts.
主干识别:this requires varying measures of...and hence the help of...
其他成分:Under modern conditions 状语
such as economists and operational research experts 定语修饰scientists
翻译点拨:词的处理:
Under modern conditions 在现代条件下
requires 需要
varying measures (程度)不同的
措施
《全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观软件质量保证措施下载工地伤害及预防措施下载关于贯彻落实的具体措施
centralized control 中央控制，中央调控
and hence 因此，从而
specialized scientists 专门科学家，专家
operational research experts 运行研究专家，运筹学家
特别提示:
很多A of B结构都可以将A翻译为形容词修饰B :quality of life (有质量
的生活)
varying measures of centralized control
措施不同的中央控制
参考译文:在现代条件下，这需要措施不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经
济学家和运筹学家等领域专家的协助。
29、Furthermore，it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry，
and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
主干识别:it is obvious that ...and that...
其他成分:the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency its agriculture and industry 主语从句一
this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds 主语从句二
翻译点拨: 词的处理:
Furthermore 再者，另外
it is obvious that (固定译法)显而易见的是
the strength of a country's economy 一个国家的经济实力
is directly bound up with 与„„直接(密切)相关
the efficiency of its agriculture and industry 工农业生产效率
rests upon 有赖于，取决于
scientists and technologists of all kinds 各种科技人员，所有领域
的科学家和技术人员
this在这里指代 efficiency
参考译文: 再者，显而易见的是，一个国家的经济实与其工农业生产效率密切
相关，并且效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。
30、Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.
主干识别:people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas
其他成分:Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications,状语
while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above状语
翻译点拨:词的处理:
owing to 因为，由于
mass-communications 大众通讯
people everywhere 所有的人，各地的人
new wants 新的需求(要求，需要)
being exposed to 接触到，感受到
customs and ideas 习俗和思想
introduce 推出，采取，施行
innovations 革新，革新措施
for the reasons given above 由于上述原因
特别提示:
still的特殊用法两例:
用法一:连词 但是，然而
用法二:(与 further, another, more 等连用强调数量惊人或极大)更，还
例子:We look forward to strengthening still further our already close co- operation with the police service...
我们期盼着进一步加强和警方的合作，形成更加紧密的合作关系。
参考译文:由于大众通讯的显著发展，所有的人都不断感到有新的需求，并不断
接触到新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，各国政府不得不经常采取更进一步的革
新措施。
31、In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that
followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. 主干识别: the process of industrialization was spread over nearly a century
并列句由whereas引导主干:
a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. 其他成分: In the early industrialized countries of Europe 状语
with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed状
语
翻译点拨: 词汇处理:
industrialized countries 工业化国家
the process of industrialization 工业化进程，工业化过程
with ...that followed 随„„而来的，以及
far-reaching changes 深刻的变革，影响深远的变化
social patterns 社会结构
spread over 持续，延续
nearly a century 大约(将近、几乎)一个世纪
a developing nation 一个发展中国家
undergo 经历
in a decade or so 在10年左右的时间
whereas 但是
参考译文: 在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家里，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各
种深刻的社会结构变革持续了大约一个世纪，而如今一个发展中国家在10年左右
的
时间内就可以完成同样的过程。
特别补充: 表示观点的单词的翻译:
believe(相信，认为)、claim(声称，宣称)、assert(断言)、maintain(维
持，保持，坚持认为，主张);set(陈述，认为);depict(描 述，说明)prove
(证明);demonstrate(说明，表明)、validate(证明，证实)、contend(坚
持说)、point out(指出)、as sb put it(正 如某人所提出，指出)、be convinced
that(相信，确信)、accept(接受)、acquire(获得、获取)、add(补充，说
明) account (认识， 说明)
32、Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves
made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. 主干识别:Additional social stresses may also occur 主谓结构
其他成分:because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements 状语
themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.同位语
翻译点拨:Additional social stresses may also occur
增加的社会压力也可能会出现。
试着解释一下:additional可以译作动词增加;主语改为social stress,
社会压力也可能会增加
(may also occur 可以略去。)
because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements
因为人口爆炸和由于大规模的人口迁移而引起的种种问题
themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. 现代交通工具使得Themselves(大规模的人口迁移)变得相对容易。
同位语可以用括号放到解释说明的名词之后。
人口爆炸和大规模的人口迁移(现代交通工具使其变得相对容易)引起的种种问
题
参考译文:由于人口猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相
对容易)所引起了各种问题这也增加了新的社会压力。
33、The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang，first put forward in the 1920s，to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
主干识别:The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for
the Big Bang
其他成分:first put forward in the 1920s 定语
to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos 状语 翻译点拨:词汇的点拨:
the giant clouds 巨大的(宇宙)云
virtually 事实上，实际上，实质上
the Big Bang 大爆炸理论
first put forward 首创的，开始提出的
in the 1920s 二十年代
to maintain its reign as 以保持„„的地位
explanation of the cosmos 对宇宙(起源论)的解释
对于较长的成分可以单独成句;
并且要注意调整各个意群的语序;
The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang/，first put forward in the 1920s/，to maintain its reign as the dominant
explanation of the cosmos.
The existence of the giant clouds 巨大的(宇宙)云的存在对于宇宙大爆炸理论来讲确实是必须的，这个理论首创于1920年代，这种存在维持了其在宇宙(起源论)的解释中的统治地位。 可以适当的调整语序:
宇宙大爆炸理论首创于1920年代，巨大的(宇宙)云的存在对其而言非常重要，因为这维持了其在宇宙起源解释中的主导统治地位。
参考译文:宇宙大爆炸理论首创于1920年代，巨大的(宇宙)云的存在对其而言非常重要，因为这维持了其在宇宙起源解释中的主导统治地位。 (巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所必不可少的。
34、Astrophysicists working with groundbased detectors at the South Pole
and balloonborne instruments are closing in on such structures，and may report their findings soon.
主干识别:Astrophysicists are closing in on such structures and may report
their findings soon.
其他成分:working with groundbased detectors at the South Pole and
balloonborne instruments 定语
翻译点拨:词的处理:
working with 使用，以„„为工作手段
ground-based detectors 陆基探测器
the South Pole 南极
balloon-borne instruments 球载仪器
are closing in on 正越来越近
structures 云系
findings 根据上文可以翻译为:观测结果
成分处理的点拨:
过长的部分记得一定是可以单独成句的，所以将英语中的名词，形容词，介词短语转译为中文中的动词是常用的翻译技巧。
因此可以将working with groundbased detectors at the South Pole and balloonborne instruments翻译为单独的一个句子(这个地方的主语就是句子
的主语Astrophysicists):
天体物理学家正在使用设在南极的陆基探测器和球载仪器，
上面的句子翻译完毕后再翻译主句:
Astrophysicists are closing in on such structures 分析两个句子的关系应该是因果关系所以翻译为:
这样他们就能越来近的观察这些云系了
再翻第三个部分:
and may report their findings soon.
也许很快他们就能传回观测结果了。
参考译文:天体物理学家正在使用设在南极的陆基探测器和球载仪器，这样他们
就能越来近的观察这些云系了，也许很快他们就能传回观测结果了。
35、If the small hot spots look as expected，that will be a triumph for
yet another scientific idea，a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.
主干识别:that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea 其他成分:If the small hot spots look as expected，状语
a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. 词组scientific idea的同位语
翻译点拨:词的处理:
the small hot spots 小热点
scientific idea 科学论断，科学观点，科学理念
refinement 更完美，提炼，改进
the inflationary universe theory 宇宙膨胀说(理论)
同位语的处理:
同位语通常可以单独成句:
a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. 这个科学观点就是更完美的大爆炸理论，也被称之为宇宙膨胀论
参考译文:假如那些小热点看上去同预想是一致的，那这将是又一科学理论的胜
利，这种观点就是更完美的大爆炸理论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。
36、Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
主干识别:并列句一:cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics 并列句二:many astrophysicists have been convinced that it is true 其他成分:并列一:状语Odd though it sounds, though的用法和as的用法是
一样的，都可以引起句子顺序的变换，调整后为:though it sounds odd
并列二:状语for the better part of a decade
词汇处理:
cosmic inflation 宇宙膨胀说
scientifically plausible consequence 科学上可信的推论
respected idea 公认的理论
in elementary-particle physics 基本粒子物理学
convinced 相信
for the better part of a decade 七八年来
参考译文:虽然这个理论听起来很奇怪，但宇宙膨胀说却是从基本粒子物理学中
一些公认的理论中得出的从科学角度讲合理的推论。许多天体物理学家七八年来
一直认为这一论说是正确的。
37、Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
主干识别:Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world.
其他成分:to produce a unique millennium technology calendar 状语
that gives the latest dates 状语中名词calendar的定语从句
when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.前面定语中latest dates 的定语从句
翻译点拨:词汇的处理:
Pearson 皮尔森(人名音译)
pieced together 汇集;综合
around the world 世界各地，全世界
produce 编制
a unique millennium technology calendar 一个独特的技术千年历
the latest dates 最近日期
key breakthroughs 重大突破，关键性突破
定语从句的处理:可以后置单独成句，也可以翻译为前置定语;
a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
编制了一个独特的千年技术日历，这个日历给出了我们有望看到的数百个重大
突破和发现能发生的最近日期。
参考译文:皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的技术
千年历，编制了一个独特的千年技术日历，这个日历给出了我们有望看到的数百
个重大突破和发现能发生的最近日期。
38、But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.
主干识别:Pearson points out that is only the start of man-machine integration
冒号后的主干: It will be the beginning of the long process of integration 其他成分:that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.
the long process of integration的定语从句
词汇点拨:
the long process of integration
the start of man machine integration 人机一体化的开始
lead to 引起出现，导致产生
a fully electronic human 完全电子化的仿真人，完全的电子人
before the end of the next century 在下世纪末之前
参考译文:皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始:它是人机一体化漫
长之路的开始，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。
39、And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage.
主干识别:home appliances will also become so smart
其他成分:that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage.结果状语从句
翻译点拨:词的处理:
home appliances 家用电器
smart 聪明，智能化
result in the breakout of 引发，导致，出现
psychological disorder 心理混乱(失调)，心理疾病
kitchen rage 厨房狂燥症，(厨房愤怒，厨房生气)
参考译文:家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新
的心理疾病--厨房狂燥症。
40、One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind，feelings，traits of
character，human nature，and so on.
主干识别:One difficulty is that
其他成分:almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind，feelings，traits of character，human
nature，and so on. 表语从句
翻译点拨:词汇的处理:
continue to 继续做...依然做...
trace behavior to 追溯行为的根源到...转译为:从...追溯行为的根源;
behavioral science 行为科学
states of mind 心态，意识状态
feelings 感情
traits of character 性格特点
参考译文:难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、
人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。
41、The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
主干识别: The behavioral sciences have been slow to change其他成分: 状语一:partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed
状语二:partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
翻译点拨: the explanatory items 用以解释的要素(内容，项目)
other kinds of explanations 其他解释方式
参考译文:行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往
是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。
42、The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.
并列句主干一:The role was formulated 主干识别:
并列句主干二:the selective role of the environment is only beginning to be recognized and studied.
其他成分:only a little more than a hundred years ago状语
of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual定语
翻译点拨: 词汇的处理
in evolution 在演化中
formulated 阐述;表述;解释;论证
(造就) shaping 形成
maintaining 保持，维护
recognized 认可，承认
被动的处理，KK在翻译课堂上专门讲过的哦，记得去复习哦:)
The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more
than a hundred years ago
不要翻译为:“被阐释”而要翻译为:得以阐明;
自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明
后面的句子由于主语太长所以可以用被动语态翻译;
参考译文:自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造
和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究
43、They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing)man of
traditional theory，and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.主干识别: 并列句主干一:They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing)man of traditional theory
并列句主干二:they are essential to practices
其他成分:in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements 定语从句
翻译点拨:词的处理:
They 它们(自由与尊严)，代词做主语，根据前文可知为:Freedom and
dignity
man of traditional theory(在翻译的时候记住KK讲的增词原则，可以加上动
词“定义”)
定语1，名词，定语2
(先后再前在加名词)
possessions 所有物，„拥有的东西
autonomous (self-governing) 自主行为的;自我管理的;自我约束的
practices 实践活动(经常是可以不翻译的一个废词)
is held responsible for 对„„负责
given credit for 认可;赞誉;给予肯定
结构的突破:
they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for
his conduct and given credit for his achievements.初步翻译:they are essential to practices
自由和尊严对于实践活动是必须的。
in which a person is held responsible for his conduct在这种实践活动中一个人应该为他的行为负责
(in which a person is )given credit for his achievements.在这种实践活动中一个人会因其业绩而给予肯定
思考:如果能够把“实践活动”去了，会不会改变英语中的句子含义，因为“实
践活动”在这里实在是冗长,
直接说:他们对于后面两件事情是必须的
试一下:一个人应该为他的行为负责
一个人会因其业绩而给予肯定
这对于(要求)一个人应该为他的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定而言，是必须
的。
结论:实践活动就是后面的两件事情在这里只起到语法作用，没有语义功能可以
去掉。
参考译文:自由和尊严(它们)是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人
对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。
44、Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to
study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned，orderly，
systematic，and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the
study of natural phenomena.
主干识别: Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry 其他成分: which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same
reasoned，orderly,systematic,and dispassioned manner定语从句
that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. manner
的定语;
翻译点拨:词汇的处理:
Social science 社会科学
intellectual enquiry 知识探究
humans and their endeavors 人类及其行为
reasoned 理性的
orderly 有序的
systematic 系统的
dispassioned 冷静的
natural phenomena 自然现象
主句的处理
Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry
在主句中又有一个在中文中不表意的单词:that所以可以不翻译，这个单词只是可以构成A of B 的结构可以让表达更加正式而已。
已经连续两天出现了减词的现象了，记住一点是最重要的:减词不减意。
“社会科学是知识探索的一个分支”
两个叠加的定语从句的处理:
1.which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned，orderly,systematic,and dispassioned manner
改写一下第一句:
Social science seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same
reasoned，orderly,systematic,and dispassioned manner
社会科学尝试着用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。
2.that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
改写一下第二句:
natural scientists use that manner for the study of natural phenomena.
自然科学家使用那种方式来研究自然现象
两句话融合:
社会科学尝试着用自然科学家也使用来研究自然现象的,理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式来研究人类及其行为。
感觉别捏吧,
别捏之处在于:“用自然科学家也使用来研究自然现象的,理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的”太多的
改写一下:
社会科学在用，自然科学家也在用，那就是方式一样，先说
“它尝试像自然科学家研究自然现象那样”
再说:
“用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。”
参考译文:社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它尝试着像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。
45、Tylor defined culture as“„that complex whole which includes belief，art，morals，law，custom，and any other capabilities and habits acquired
by man as a member of society”.
主干识别:Tylor defined culture as“„that complex whole 其他成分:which includes belief，art，morals，law，custom，and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society 定语从句
翻译点拨:词汇的处理
Tylor人名，按照音译
defined culture as 将文化定义为
that complex whole 一个复合体
belief 信仰
morals 道德
man as a member of society 人作为社会成员
主句的处理:
Tylor defined culture as“„that complex whole
„表示在引用的时候有省略
That 不用翻译;
定语的处理:
which includes belief，art，morals，law，custom，and any other capabilities
and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
acquired by man as a member of society作为社会的成员时所获得的„ 参考译文:泰勒把文化定义为“一个复合体”，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯。
46、很多同学都是从长难句开始一路和我走过来的，所以在讲翻译的时候他们对于结构就很清晰，这样在讲到翻译层面的时候大家就越发的明白和有感触了。 在这里也特别的提示一下大家:
翻译的过程是:
(1) 将句子划分意群。
所谓意群简单的讲就是完整的一个成分，比如:主语，定语，状语等， 但是当两个成分相对比较简单或者意义联系紧密的时候可以讲多个成分划为一个完整的意群，比如:he did not accept the charge这个主谓宾就可以划为一个意群了。
划分意群的时候常见的划分点:动词，连词，标点(逗号，冒号，破折号)，介词
(2) 将每个意群一一的翻译为中文。
任何过长的成分都可以翻译为单独的一个中文句子
(3) 再将翻译好的意群按中文的表述逻辑拼装为完整的句子。 下火车了，这次终于记得火车票放在那里了，不用到处找了。Yeah ! We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which
we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that
of direct tuition or schooling. 主干识别:We are thus led to distinguish a more formal kind of education
其他成分:within the broad educational process 状语
which we have been so far considering “process”的定语 that of direct tuition or schooling. 同位语
翻译点拨:词汇的处理
distinguish 区分出„
consider考虑/讨论
tuition 直接讲授
schooling 学校教育
主句的处理
We are thus led to distinguish a more formal kind of education
直接翻译为:我们进而被引导去区分„(引导我们的就是我们自己) 翻译中常常是将被动变为主动，“得以„”是常见的替换方式，在我的课程笔记中是可以看到的。
所以可以改译为:这就使我们进而得以去区分一种更加正式的教育。
状语的处理:
within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering
定语从句可以前置
，在(我们)一直讨论的广义的教育过程中，
代词“我们”和主句的“我们”重复了，可以省略。
同位语的处理:
that of direct tuition or schooling.
同位语可以处理为:“也就是„”
That 指代前面的正式教育，只是为了语言更正式可以不翻译。
参考译文:这就使我们进而得以在一直讨论的广义的教育过程中去区分出一种更
加正式的教育，也就是直接讲授或学校教育。
特别提示:
在翻译的过程中我们一直在遵循一种原则，那就是:
2+1 = 2 (加词不加意)
2+1 = 2(减词不减意)的原则。
47、Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which，
in its strongest from，states that language imprisons the mind，and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching
consequences for the culture of a society. 主干识别: Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism
其他成分:which，in its strongest from，states that language imprisons the mind，and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce
far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.定语从句
翻译点拨:词汇的处理:
1)a sort of 某种
2) linguistic determinism语言决定论
3) in its strongest form其极端说法是;
4) imprison the mind禁锢思维
5) far-reaching 深远的; 伸得很远的;
主句的处理:
Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism.
Whorf逐渐相信了某种语言决定论;
定语从句的处理:
which，in its strongest from，states that language imprisons the mind，
and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching
consequences for the culture of a society in its strongest from其极端的说法
其极端的说法是认为„和 认为„
状语的处理:
for the culture of a society
对社会的文化..
参考译文:Whorf逐渐接受了某种语言决定论;这种观点的极端说法是:语言禁
锢了思想，语言的语法模式可以对某种社会文化产生深远的影响
48、Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed -- and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect
different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. 主干识别:并列句主干一:Television is one of the means.
并列句主干二:it has served to connect different peoples and nations 其他成分:并列句一中:by which these feelings are created and conveyed定语从句
并列句二中:to connect different peoples and nations状语一
never so much as in the recent events in Europe before. 状语二
翻译点拨:词语的点拨:
It served “起作用”
Conveyed “传递”
People “民族”
Nation“国家”
电视是创造和传递感情的手段之一。也许在此之前，就加强不同的民族和国家之
间的联系而言，电视还从来没有像在最近的欧洲事件中起过如此大的作用。
主句一的处理:
定语从句可以前置翻译;
电视是创造和传递感情的手段之一。
主句二的处理:
状语一:就加强不同的民族和国家之间的联系而言;
状语二:在此之前(before)„没有像在最近的欧洲事件中那样，
参考译文:电视是创造和传递感情的手段之一。也许在此之前，就加强不同的民
族和国家之间的联系而言，电视还从来没有像在最近的欧洲事件中那样，起过如
此大的作用。
49、Since our chief business with them(年轻人)is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming
the powers which will secure this ability.
主干识别:we cannot help considering whether or no + 从句
其他成分:Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life
状语从句
we are forming the powers 宾语从句
which will secure this ability. 定语从句
翻译点拨:词汇的处理:
chief business首要任务
cannot help considering 禁不住会思考
a common life 生活中
whether or no 是否
powers力量
状语从句的处理:
Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common
life
由于对于年轻人，我们的首要任务是使他们能够在生活中彼此分享，
主句的处理:
we cannot help considering whether or
我们就禁不住会思考„是否„
宾语从句:
we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. 我们在形成能确保这种能力的力量
参考译文:由于对于年轻人，我们的首要任务是使他们能够在生活中彼此分享，
这样我们就禁不住会思考我们是否在形成能确保这种能力的力量。
50、Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only
more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in
the conduct of the institution.
主干识别:主干一:The by-product of the institution was only gradually noted.
主干二:This effect was only more gradually considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.
翻译点拨:词汇的处理:
by-product 副产品
institution 机构
conduct of the institution 机构运作
directive factor指导性的因素
only gradually 只是逐渐的
only more gradually 只是更为逐渐的是„(直接处理确实不通顺，可以用慢慢
的来代替)
主干一的处理:
The by-product of the institution was only gradually noted. 人们只是逐渐才注意到机构的副产品。
主干二的处理:
This effect was only more gradually considered as a directive factor in
the conduct of the institution.
而人们更为缓慢的才把这种效果当成是机构运作中的指导因素。
初译:
人们只是逐渐才注意到这个机构的副产品。而人们更为缓慢地才把这种效果当成
是机构运作中的指导因素。
修改:
人们只是逐渐才注意到这个机构的副产品。而人们把这种效果当成是机构运作中
的指导因素的过程则更为缓慢。
参考译文:人们只是逐渐才注意到这个机构的副产品。而人们把这种效果当成是
机构运作中的指导因素的过程则更为缓慢。
51、Thus，the anthropological concept of “culture”，like the concept of
“set” in mathematics，is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. 主干识别 :the anthropological concept of “culture” is an abstract
concept.
其他成分 :like the concept of “set” in mathematics 状语
which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. 定语从句
翻译点拨 : 词汇的处理:
the anthropological concept of "culture,"人类学的“文化”概念
the concept of "set" in mathematics数学中“集”的概念
an abstract concept抽象概念
immense amounts of concrete research大量的具体研究
定语从句中语序的调整:
which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
which makes immense amounts of concrete research and understanding possible.
结构:which makes„possible
参考译文:因此，人类学中“文化”的概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一
个抽象概念。它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。
52、In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.
主干识别: multi-media groups have been increasingly successful
其他成分: In Europe, as elsewhere,状语
groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.
multi-media groups的同位语，其中带上一个which引导的定语从句，和that
引导的定语从句
翻译点拨: 词汇的处理:
multi-media groups多媒体集团bring together整合 television电视台
radio电台newspapers报纸magazines杂志社publishing houses出版社
that work in relation to one another相互联系的
多个定语从句的处理:groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.
单独成句: 这些集团将相互联系的电视台、电台、报纸、杂志社、出版社整合
到了一起。
参考译文: 多媒体集团在欧洲就像在其他地方一样越来越成功了。这些集团将
相互联系的电视台、电台、报纸、杂志社、出版社整合到了一起。
53、Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.
主干识别: Creating a “European identity”is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.
其他成分:that respects the different cultures and traditions “European
identity”的定语从句
which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent (根据go可以判定这个定语从句是在修饰cultures and traditions而不 是“European identity")
翻译点拨:词汇的处理:
go to make up :go to 可以不翻译，直接翻译为 make up (组成);
European identity 欧洲的身份/认同
定语的处理:
较短的定语可以翻译到被修饰的名词前:
Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures
and traditions is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.
创造一个尊重不同的文化和传统的欧洲的认同不是一个简单的事情并且需要做出战略的选择。
较长的定语可以单独成句:
which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent
在单独成句的过程中处理带有多个定语的宾语:
the connecting fabric of the Old Continent
这个地方可以先翻前置定语，再翻后置定语:连接古老大陆的纽带
单独成句:
这些文化和传统构成了连接古老大陆的纽带。
参考译文:创造一个尊重不同的文化和传统的欧洲的认同不是一个简单的事情并且需要做出战略的选择，这些文化和传统构成了连接古老大陆的纽带。 54、This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy
world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out
of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in
1989.
主干识别:This alone demonstrates that „
其他成分:the television business is not an easy world to survive in.
宾语从句
a fact 宾语从句的同位语
underlined by statistics “fact”的定语
that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than
50% took a loss in 1989. “statistics”的定语
翻译点拨:词汇的处理:
This alone :仅这一点
Underlined:强调
out of„ 在„中
took a loss亏损
句子成分的处理:
主句+宾从
This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in
仅这一点就表明在电视行业不是一个容易生存的领域。
同位语单独从句
a fact underlined by statistics
一些统计数据强调了这个事实;
(数据强调事实不太通顺，怎么改,)
一些统计数据更说明了这个事实;
定语从句的处理:
that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
数据表明在80家欧洲电视网中1989年出现亏损的不少于50%。
参考译文:仅这一点就表明在电视行业不是一个容易生存的领域。一些统计数据
更说明了这个事实;数据表明在80家欧洲电视网中1989年出现亏损的不少于50%。
55、While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.
主干识别: it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.
其他成分: While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories，
让步状语从句
翻译点拨: 词汇的处理:
while虽然
comment评论，见解
stories 新闻报道
preferable 最好...
notions of significance对重要性的理解
主干的处理:
it is preferable for journalists to rely on..
记者们最好依靠...
参考译文: 尽管律师的见解和反应有助于提高新闻报道(的质量)，但新闻记者
最好依靠他们自己对重要性的理解并做出自己的判断。
56、In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.
主干识别:it is difficult to see how journalists can do a competent job on political stories.
其他成分:who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution定语从句
翻译点拨:词汇点拨:
Grasp掌握和了解
basic features基本特征
competent称职的„
political stories 政治新闻
it is difficult to see 很难设想„
成分的点拨:
先翻译定语从句可以翻译到主语前修饰主语:
journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution
那些对于加拿大宪法的基本特征没有清晰的了解的记者们
参考译文:实际上，很难想象那些对于加拿大宪法的基本特征没有清晰了解的记
者们是如何能胜任政治新闻报道工作的。
57、We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished，as the people who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.
主干识别:We are obliged to them
其他成分:because some of these languages have since vanished，状语从
句
as the people who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.状语从句中的原因状语从句
翻译点拨:词汇的处理
1)be obliged to感激，感谢某人
极少有人能译对这个词组，多数人根据oblige的常用意思译为“被迫”，“有义
务”，都不符原文。一词多义很重要～
2)have since vanished从那以后就消失了，不复存在了;此处的since 表示
“从此以后”之意;
3)die out 消失
4)native languages母语
成分的处理:
some of these languages have since vanished
从此以后，这些语言中的一部分消失了
the people who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages
讲这些语言的人要么灭绝了，要么被同化了，因而丧失了自己的语言
再用相应的关联词将句子连接起来。
参考译文:我们之所以感激他们，是因为从此以后，这些语言中的一部分消失了，
因为讲这些语言的人要么灭绝了，要么被同化了，因而丧失了自己的
58、The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the wellstudied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. 主干识别:这是一个带有结果状语从句的系表结构，主句系表结构的框架为:
The „languages were so different from.. that „各种语言是如此的不同，
以至于„„
其他成分:结果状语:some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of
fabricating their data.一些学者甚至指责Boas 和Sapir编造了他们的资料
定语:The newly described languages 这些新近被描述的语言
介词from 的宾语:the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia
经过充分研究的欧洲和东南亚的语言
翻译点拨: 翻译此句的关键在于掌握结构原文的so ... that „(如此„以至于)结构;
accused sb. of sth. (指责,谴责某人作了某事)，
fabricating(捏造, 伪造, 虚构)，
The newly described(这些新近被描述的)，
strikingly different(显著的不同)，
the well studied languages(经过充分研究的各种语言)的准确译法。
此句难点有三处:
1) strikingly different 差别显著
许多人不理解strikingly，要么不译，要么错译为“严格不同”，“完全差别”。
2) so„that (如此„) 以至于
由于so„that间隔长，有的考生看不道这一句法结构，错把that后的从句当作South Asia的定语，译文语义混乱。
3) fabricating 编造
这个词许多人不认识，错译为 “构造”，“修饰”，“弄错”或“修改”。 参考译文: 这些新近被描述的各种语言与经过充分研究的欧洲和东南亚的语言是如此的显著的不同，以至于一些学者甚至指责Boas 和Sapir编造了他们的资料
59、Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence
to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.
主干识别:Scientists jumped to the rescue 其他成分:with some distinctly shaky evidence状语
to the effect状语
that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. “evidence”的同位语
翻译点拨:词汇的处理:
jumped to the rescue 充满介入
Shaky evidence 站不住脚的，不具说服力的;
control them(insects)控制昆虫的数量
成分的处理:
1.with some distinctly shaky 介词短语可以单独处理为一个句子。 介词短语的逻辑主语就是前面的科学家，翻译时可以根据增词的原则增加动词“提出”
两种处理:1.提出了站不住脚的证据
2.提出的证据站不住脚
2. to the effect that
例句:
A:What did Prof. Lindsay say in his speech?
B:He spoke to the effect that the same symbol carries different implication or association in different cultures.
A:林塞教授在他的演讲中讲了些什么,B:他大意是说，“同样一个象征符号在
不同的文化中却有着不同的含义，使人产生不同的联想”
因此原句可以处理为:
to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. 其大意是，如果鸟类不能控制昆虫的数量，昆虫便会吞噬我们人类
参考译文:科学家们急忙介入，但提出的证据显然站不住脚，其大意是，如果鸟
类不能控制昆虫的数量，昆虫便会吞噬我们人类
60、We are required to look into our hearts, spark our hopes,and fire our imaginations.
It's time to turn a page on the environmental protection. Everyone must have the chance to
Choose their own tomorrow free from the shadows of yesterday. But for all those who scratched and clawed their way to get a piece of the American dream ,
Sunrise industries ,such as computers ,micro-electronics,robotics,and fiber optics-all are creating a new world of opportunities. but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.
主干识别: we have at least drawn near the point
其他成分:of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us. 可以单独成句的定语;
as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.状语
翻译点拨:词汇的处理
intrinsic right 固有的权利
at least 至少
the presence or absence存在和不存在
成分的处理:
主句:
we have at least drawn near the point of admitting
我们至少可以近乎承认，
先翻状语:
regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us. 无论鸟类能否为我们带来了经济利益
birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right
鸟类继续活下去都是其固有的权利。
参考译文:我们至少可以近乎承认，无论鸟类能否为我们带来经济利益，鸟类继
续存活下去都是其固有的权利。
当然我们可以修改一下简洁一些:
我们至少可以承认，无论鸟类能否为我们带来经济利益，鸟类都有活下去的权利。
61、Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these
creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or
that they prey only on "worthless" species.
主干识别:Time was when„主系表结构
其他成分:biologists somewhat over worded the evidence 表语从句
that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically
weak, evidence的同位语从句之一
or that they prey only on "worthless" species. evidence的同位语从句之二
翻译点拨:词汇点拨:
Game 猎物
Preserve保持
the physically weak 体弱者
prey 猎杀
somewhat或多或少
over worded 过多的提及(滥用)
成分的点拨:
Time was when= there was time when„
曾经有段时间，
同位语从句的处理:
:或者“即，”“也就是说„”
成分的处理:
biologists somewhat over worded the evidence
生物学家或多或少滥用了一种证据，
that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically
weak,
即这些生物通过杀死体弱者来保持种群的健康，
or that they prey only on "worthless" species. 或者说它们仅仅捕食没有价值的物种。
参考译文:曾经有段时间，生物学家或多或少滥用了一种证据，即这些生物通过
杀死体弱者来保持种群的健康，或者说它们仅仅仅捕食没有价值的物种。
62、In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest
community, to be preserved as such, within reason. 主干识别:the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community
(the non-commercial tree species are)to be preserved as such
其他成分:In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced状语
within reason状语
翻译点拨:词汇点拨:
Ecologically生态
non-commercial tree species 没有商业价值的树种(非经济类树种)
native forest community 当地森林群落
as such 相应的
within reason 在合理的范围之内
例句:The Clinton campaign has been low in expectations all day and it
seems within reason. 克林顿竞选团已经放低了他们这些天的期望,看起来是有
道理的.
Preserved 保护
成分点拨:
先翻状语1:
In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced 在林业生态更为发达的欧洲，
(将ecologically转译为名词)
再翻主句和状语:
the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native
forest community
没有商业价值的树种被合理地看成是当地森林群落的成员
to be preserved as such
并得到了相应的保护
参考译文:在林业生态更为发达的欧洲，没有商业价值的树种被合理地看成是当
地森林群落的成员，并得到相应的保护。
63、It(a system of conservation)tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial
value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. 主干识别:It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community
其他成分:that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy
functioning.修饰many elements 的定语(根据动词lack可以判断出修饰
elements ,因为land community 为单数)
翻译点拨:词汇的处理:
代词it 直接翻译不太妥当，指代上文中的a system of conservation保护系
统
land community陆地群落
commercial value 商业价值
healthy functioning 健康运行
eliminate去除
成分处理:
主句:
It(a system of conservation)tends to ignore many elements in the land community.
这种保护系统往往忽视陆地群落中的很多物种(elements)
It(a system of conservation)tends to thus eventually eliminate many elements.
这种保护系统往往最终导致它们的灭绝.
并列的两个谓语
定语:
that lack commercial value
that are essential to its healthy functioning
将定语加到其中一个句子的宾语中。
先翻第一句，再翻第二句。
参考译文:这种保护系统往往忽视陆地群落中诸多缺乏商业价值、但对其健康运
行至关重要的物种，而最终导致它们的灭绝。
64、Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.
主干识别:Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption and reveal its erroneous nature
其他成分:we all share 定语
that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts(assumption)的同位语从句(because 引导同位语从句中的原因状语从句)
翻译点拨:词汇点拨:
Assumption 假说，看法(take assumption 研究一个看法)
Erroneous 错误的
成分点拨:
先翻同位语从句:
an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts
在这里可以翻译为:
我们每个人都认同这样的看法:因为我们不是机器人，所以我们能够控制我们的
思想
但是也可以省略掉assumption:
我们每个人都同意，我们不是机器人，因此能够控制我们的思想;
结论:某些同位语从句的被修饰词是可以不翻译的。
再翻主句:
Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption and reveal its erroneous nature
艾伦的贡献在于研究了这一假说并揭示了其错误的本质。
参考译文:我们每个人都认同这样的看法:我们自己不是机器人，因此能够控制
我们的思想;爱伦的贡献在于他研究了这一假说，并揭示其错误的本质。
65、while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?
主干识别:we are continually faced with a question
其他成分:while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone
让步状语从句
“Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?
a question的同位语从句
in reality 状语
翻译点拨:词汇点拨:
While 虽然
Sustain 维持
Illusion 幻觉
Conscious 有意识的
Continually 一直
成分点拨:
先翻让步状语从句:
while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the
conscious mind alone,
虽然我们可能仅通过有意识的思维就能维持控制的幻觉，
(Conscious mind 可以直接翻译为“意识”，conscious的修饰在中文中是多余的)
再翻状语和主句:
但事实上，我们却要一直面临一个问题:我们为什么不能让自己去做这件事情或去实现那个目标呢,
参考译文:虽然我们可能只需要通过意识就能维持控制的幻觉，但事实上，我们却要一直面临一个问题:我们为什么不能让自己去做这件事情或去实现那个目标呢,
66、This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a
rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top
and the inferiority of those at the bottom. 主干识别: This seems a justification for neglect and a rationalization
其他成分:of those in need 定语
of exploitation 定语
of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at
the bottom 定语
翻译点拨:词汇点拨:
Justification 证明....正当
Rationalization 证明„合理
Exploitation 剥削
Superiority 优越
Inferiority 劣势，弱势
成分的点拨:
这句话的翻译难点在于不能按英文的成分来翻译，需要将英文的成分转换为中文的成分。
This seems a justification for neglect of those in need.
直接按原来成分翻译为:
这似乎是对于那些有需要的人的忽视的证明。
名词转译为动词:
这种说法似乎使我们可以很正当的去忽视那些需要帮助的人
同样的方法处理后半句:
a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.
去使剥削合理化，使上层人的变得更优越，而底层人变得更加弱势。
参考译文:这种说法似乎使我们可以很正当的去忽视那些需要帮助的人，去使剥
削合理化，使上层人的变得更优越，而底层人变得更加弱势。
67、Were he facing a more charismatic candidate than Mitt Romney or a less extremist bunch than the Republicans, Mr Obama would already be staring at defeat.
主干识别: Mr Obama would already be staring at defeat.
其他成分: Were he facing a more charismatic candidate than Mitt Romney or a less extremist bunch than the Republicans,
带虚拟语气的条件状语从句
翻译点拨: 词汇点拨:
charismatic 有领袖人物魅力的，
extremist 极端的
bunch 一群人
Republicans 共和党人
staring at defeat (比喻的说法)直译:盯着失败看;转译:面对失败(对
应前面的facing)
成分的点拨:
If被省略了，补充完整
参考译文: 如果他面对的是一位比米特?罗姆尼更具有超凡魅力的候选人，或
者是一帮没有共和党人那么极端的家伙，奥巴马先生早就得面对失败了。
68、Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for if all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. 主干识别:Darwinism seems to offer justification
其他成分:for if all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. for引导的原因状语从句
翻译点拨:词汇点拨:
justification 证明...是合理的，
origins 起源
cultural diversity 文化多样性
traced 追溯到
constrained 有限的
成分点拨:
主句的翻译:
Darwinism seems to offer justification
达尔文的学说在这里似乎提出了证明;
其他成分的处理:
it seems reasonable to suppose 相似主语处理为:有理由认为„
for if all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that
cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. 因为如果人类享有共同的起源，那么似乎就有理由认为文化的多样性也可以追溯
到更为有限的起源。
参考译文: 达尔文的学说在这里似乎提出了证明，因为如果人类享有共同的起
源，那么似乎就有理由认为文化的多样性也可以追溯到更为有限的起源。
69、To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.
主干识别:To„might enable us to understand how„ and what„
其他成分:To filter out what is unique from what is shared 动词不定式做
主语。
how complex cultural behavior arose 宾语从句1
what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms 宾语从句2
翻译点拨:词汇点拨:
filter out„from„从„中过滤出„
arose 出现
in „terms 就„角度而言
evolutionary or cognitive 进化和认知
成分的处理:
句子中的某个成分比较长的时候可以将这个成分单独成句。
这里可以先翻译主语为一个句子:
从共有特征中滤出独有特征，
在主语空缺的位置加上“这”
这 might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.
这使我们得以理解复杂的文化行为是如何产生的，并从进化论或认知角度理
解什么引导了它的走向。
参考译文: 从共有特征中滤出独有特征，这使我们得以理解复杂的文化行为是
如何产生的，并从进化论或认知角度理解什么引导了它的走向。
70、The second effort , by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality，identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.
主干识别:The second effort , by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical
approach to universality
其他成分:identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints. 状语
翻译点拨:词汇点拨:
empirical approach 经验主义的方法
universality普遍性(这里是指语言的)
biases 歧视和倾向
cognitive constraints 认知限制
成分点拨:
The second effort , by Joshua Greenberg, 主语可单独成句
第二次努力是由乔舒亚.格林堡做出的，
takes a more empirical approach to universality
这一次她采取了采用更为经验主义的方法来(研究)语言的普遍性，
“加上研究二字使翻译更通顺，用到了增词的方法，在介词短语中可以增加动词”
identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.
确定了多种语言(尤其是语法词序方面)的共同特征，这些特征被认为是代表了
由认知限制产生的倾向。
“将状语单独成句，定语从句单独成句，符合我们翻译的原则，那个部成分长了
咱就从哪里下手!”
参考译文: 第二次努力是由乔舒亚.格林堡做出的，她这次采用更为经验主义的
方法来研究语言的普遍性，确定了多种语言(尤其是语法词序方面)的共同特征，
这些特征被认为是代表了由认知限制产生的向。
71、Chomsky’s grammar should show patternsof language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathwaytracked through it , whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strongco-dependencies between particular types of word-order.
主干识别:Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change. 其他成分:that are independent of the family tree or the pathwaytracked through it
定语从句
whereasGreenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particulartypes of word-order.
并列句
翻译点拨:词汇点拨:
Chomsky乔姆斯基
Beindependent of 不受„ 的影响
familytree 谱系(根据上下文可以提示大家这里是指语言的)
Greenbergian格林堡式的(合成词)
universality普遍性
co-dependencies相互依存
whereas但是
成分的处理:
先翻主句:
Chomsky’sgrammar should show patterns of language change
乔姆斯基的语法应该显示出语言变化的模式
再将定语从句单独成句:
thatare independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it
这些模式不受语言谱系或贯穿谱系路径的影响;
whereasGreenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between
particulartypes of word-order
但是格林堡式的普遍性预测了特定的词序类型间紧密。
72、On the other, it(discipline这一学科) links these concepts to everyday
realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge
on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.
主干识别:it links these concepts to everyday realities 其他成分:in a manner 状语
which is parallel to the links 定语从句
journalists forge 定语从句修饰links
on a daily basis 状语
as they cover and comment on the news 状语
翻译点拨:这个句子由于层次比较复杂，单词虽然简单但是具体赋予中文含义的时候会有一定的难度。
词汇的点拨:
Everyday realities 每天的事实 (日常事实)
Be parallel to 与„相平行(与„相似)
Forge 建立
Forge link 建立联系
Cover news 报道新闻
初步翻译:
另一方面，这个学科把这些概念和日常事实联系起来，以这样一种方式来联系，这种方式类似于新闻记者建立起来的联系，在每天的基础上，当他们报道和评论新闻时。
这样的初步翻译肯定是不行的是需要改进的:
首先可以将: On a daily basis简化翻译为:每天= everyday
后半句可以改为:
这种方式与新闻记者每天报道和评论新闻时建立起来的联系是相似的。
翻译到这里很多考区可以拿满分，但是仔细一点解释就可以知道:
新闻记者在报道和评论新闻的时候建立的联系就是和日常事实建立的联系。
所以这个学科和做法和新闻报道的做法是相似的。
这样在翻译的时候就是可以将平行并列的部分简化的。
参考译文:另一方面，这一学科吧这些概念和日常事实结合在一起，这与新闻记
者每天报道和评论新闻时的做法是相似的。
73、But the idea that the journalist mustunderstand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on anunderstanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities ofthe news media. 主干识别:the idea restson an understanding
其他成分:the journalistmust understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen
同位语从句
of the established conventions and special responsibilities of thenews media.
定语
翻译点拨:词汇点拨:
rests on 基于„
established conventions 已确立的传统(规定/习俗)
成分的点拨:
先翻译同位语从句:
the journalistmust understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen
新闻记者应比普通公民更加深刻(透彻)地了解法律
再翻主句:
主句中定语和宾语的处理:
an understanding of the established conventions and
specialresponsibilities of the news media.
对于新闻媒体中已确立的传统和特殊责任的理解
根据语义可以确定of the newsmedia.修饰theestablished conventions and
special responsibilities
参考译文:新闻记者应比普通公民更加透彻地了解法律，而这种看法是基于对新
闻媒体中已确立的传统(规定)和特殊责任的理解。
74、The pendulum began to swing in the postwar era, when Harvard Business School grad Robert McNamara and his "whiz kids" became famous for using mathematical modeling, game theory and complex statistical analysis for the Army Air Corps, doing things like improving fuel-transport times and scheduling more-efficient bombing raids.
主干识别:The pendulum began to swing in the postwar era
其他成分:when Harvard Business School grad Robert McNamara and his "whiz kids" became famous定语从句主干
for using mathematical modeling, game theory and complex statistical analysis for the Army Air Corps, 定语从句中的状语
状语
翻译点拨: 词汇点拨:
注意对pendulum的理解:
The pendulum has swung back and the American car companies have made dramatic advances in safety...
三十年河东，三十年河西，美国汽车公司在安全方面已经取得了巨大进步。
The political pendulum has swung in favour of the liberals.
政治形势转而对自由主义者有利。
The political pendulum in American politics swung away from the right, putting an end to the12- year Republican Revolution on Capitol Hill and delivering a sharp rebuke of President Bush and the Iraq war.
美国政坛的政治钟摆从右派转向，一举结束共和党在国会山庄的十二年革命，
并对布希总统和伊拉克战争发出强烈的怒吼。
grad 毕业生
whiz kids 天才学生
mathematical modeling 数学模型
game theory 博弈论
statistical analysis 数据分析
Army Air Corps 陆军航空队
fuel-transport 加油
bombing raids 空袭
成分点拨:
The pendulum began to swing in the postwar era
情况在战后开始改变
再单独翻译定语从句:
Harvard Business School grad Robert McNamara and his "whiz kids" became famous for using mathematical modeling, game theory and complex statistical analysis for the Army Air Corps,
哈佛商学院的毕业生 Robert McNamara和那些天才学生一起因为使用数学模
型，博弈论和复杂的数据分析来为陆军航空队做事而名噪一时，
最后翻状语:
doing things like improving fuel-transport times and scheduling more-efficient bombing raids.
翻译是省略doing things like，直接翻为:他们减少加油的时间并且安排出
更有效的空袭。
参考译文: 情况在战后开始改变， 哈佛商学院的毕业生 Robert McNamara和
那些天才学生一起因为使用数学模型，博弈论和复杂的数据分析来为陆军航空队
做事而名噪一时，他们减少了加油所需要的时间并且安排出更有效的空袭。
75、In fact, circumstances seem to be designedto bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then weare unlikely to
begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation . 主干识别:并列句主干一:circumstancesseem to be designed to bring out the best in us.
并列句主干二:we are unlikely to begin aconscious effort to escape from our situation.
其他成分:并列句二:ifwe feel that we have been “wronged” 状语
翻译点拨:这个句子的结构不复杂主要是在转换为中文的时候有一定的困难。
词汇的点拨:
bring out唤起，引起，激发
the best 直接翻译为最好的，但是可以接受的是:力量，能量，正能量;
have been 完成时态可以翻译为“总”
wronged 动词: 不公平对待;
begin a conscious effort to 自觉地做„
escape from our situation 改变境遇，处境
参考译文:实际上，环境似乎就是为了去唤起我们内心的力量，并且如果我们总
感觉到不公平，那么我们不太可能可以用自觉的力量去改变境遇。
76、The Environmental Revolution will be judged by whether it can shift the world economy into an environmentally sustainable development path, one that leads to greater economic security, healthier lifestyles, and a worldwide improvement in the human condition.
主干识别:The Environmental Revolution will be judged
其他成分: by whether it can shift the world economy into an environmentally sustainable development path, 状语
one that leads to greater economic security, healthier lifestyles, and a worldwide improvement in the human condition.
名词 path的同位语
翻译点拨:这个句子虽然长，但是不难翻译，只是注意主句的翻译:
The Environmental Revolution will be judged
直接翻译:环境革命被...评判
被动转为主动就可以转译为:
判断(评价)环境革命的标准是...
记住增词不增意。2+1=2
对同位语单独成句即可。
参考译文:评价环境革命的标准就是看它能否使世界经济转变到在环境上可持
续发展的道路上，这条路能使经济有更大保障、生活方式更加健康、全球人类生
活状况普遍改善。
77、But it’s interesting to wonder if theimages we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’tin some small,
subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions withthe actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “the
Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston. 主干识别:it’sinteresting to wonder „
其他成分:if theimages we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’tin some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions withthe actual experience If引导的宾语从句
in thesame way that 引导宾语从句中的状语从句:
a smallpart of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just
a little bitlike Jennifer Aniston.
翻译点拨:词汇点拨:
Parenthood父母(身份)= parent
Subconscious潜意识
contributingto 造成
the Rachel 瑞秋(美剧六人行中的主角之一，很美，剧中是一个单生妈妈)
JenniferAniston 瑞秋的扮演者，生活中也是一个单生妈妈，前夫是布拉德.皮
特
主句的处理:
it’s interesting to wonder „
形式主语可以直接翻译为:
但是有趣的是可以思考一下„
宾语从句的处理:
这里需要结合一个结构:
towonder if„aren’t„
这个结构是可以翻译为否定也可以翻译为肯定的，多翻译为肯定。
有趣的是可以思考一下，我们每周看到的无忧无虑，幸福诱人的为人父母的形象
会不会从一种微小的，无意识的方面加剧我们对于现实生活的不满。
状语的处理:
in thesame way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might
make us lookjust a little bit like Jennifer Aniston. 这种方式就好像:我们中有一小部分人会觉得，要是成为瑞秋(单身妈妈)就有
可能使我们看上去有点像使得我们看上去有点像詹尼弗安尼斯顿了。
参考译文:有趣的是可以思考一下，我们每周看到的无忧无虑，幸福诱人的为人
父母的形象会不会从一种微小的，无意识的方面加剧我们对于现实生活的不满。
这种方式就好像:我们中有一小部分人会觉得，要是成为瑞秋(单身妈妈)就有
可能使我们看上去有点像有点像詹尼弗安尼斯顿了。
78、Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers ，in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team."
主干识别:
Nor is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team."
这部分的句子好理解倒装:management is not to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers， in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team."
in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team." 状语:喜欢其中较为传统的"善于团队合作"的思想者
其他成分:关键理解:if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear
to reflect
这个句子的语序可以这样调整一下:regularity and conformity to a standard
pattern as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect are as desirable to the scientist 。
对于两个AS的理解: 第一个as是定语从句的引导词做人称代词，做reflect
的宾语。第二个则是一个副词修饰desirable 表示“一样的”。(牛津高阶字典
中AS做副词的释意思)
这样这个句子的结构就和我们课上讲的定语从句的一种结构是一样的: S(主语)
+LV(系动词)+表语+That(as 引导的定语从句):The sun is rise in the east that is bright.
参考翻译: 如果科学家很想得到(desirable)他们的论文中反映出来的规律性
和对标准模式的一致性的话，
加工后的翻译:如果科学家对标准式样的整齐划一的要求就像他论文的写作所反
映的一样，那么管理层就不该因歧视研究者中的"思维与众不同的人"，或者喜欢
其中较为传统的"善于团队合作"的思想者而受到指责了。
79、In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objectiveresearchers who use
the scientific method to carry out their work. 主干识别:factsabout the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objectiveresearchers
其他成分:In theidealized version of how science is done 状语
who usethe scientific method to carry out their work. 翻译点拨:词汇的处理:
Idealized理想的
Version 版本(这里可以处理为“情况，状况”)
facts about the world 关于世界的事实
carry out 进行，从事
成分的点拨:
先翻译状语:
In the idealized version of how science is done
直接翻译:在理想的科学怎么被做的状态中,
改进: 去掉被动态
科学怎么被做=科学研究
在科研的理想状态中，
再翻主句:
facts about the world are waiting to beobserved and collected by objective researchers
关于世界的事实正在等待着那些客观的研究者来观察和搜集，
最后翻译定语从句:
who usethe scientific method to carry out their work. 研究者们会用科学的方法来进行他们的工作
参考译文:在科学研究的理想状态下，关于世界的事实正在等待着那些客观的研
究者来观察和搜集，研究者们会用科学的方法来进行他们的工作。
80、We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling.
主干识别:We are thus led to distinguish a more formal kind of education
其他成分:within the broad educational process 状语
which we have been so far considering “ process”的定语
that of direct tuition or schooling. 同位语
翻译点拨:词汇的处理
distinguish 区分出„
consider考虑/讨论
tuition 直接讲授
schooling 学校教育
主句的处理
We are thus led to distinguish a more formal kind of education
直接翻译为:我们进而被引导去区分„(引导我们的就是我们自己) 翻译中常常是将被动变为主动，“得以„”是常见的替换方式，在我的课程笔记中是可以看到的。
同位语的处理:
that of direct tuition or schooling.
记中是可以看到的。
所以可以改译为:这就使我们进而得以去区分一种更加正式的教育。 状语的处理:
within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering
定语从句可以前置
，在(我们)一直讨论的广义的教育过程中，
代词“我们”和主句的“我们”重复了，可以省略。
同位语可以处理为:“也就是„”
That 指代前面的正式教育，只是为了语言更正式可以不翻译。
参考译文: 这就使我们进而得以在一直讨论的广义的教育过程中去区分出一种更加正式的教育，也就是直接讲授或学校教育。
特别提示:
在翻译的过程中我们一直在遵循一种原则，那就是:
2+1 = 2 (加词不加意)
2+1 = 2(减词不减意)的原则。
代词的省译
例1: One must have studied hard before one could succeed in mastering
a foreign language.
【译文】必须勤学苦练, 才能精通一门外语。
例2: He covered his face with his hand as if to protect his eyes.
【译文】他用手蒙住脸，好像去保护眼睛。
例3:Our son, Carl, who is six, goes to a good private school, and our
daughter, who is four, won’t go to school until next year.
【译文】我儿子卡尔六岁，在一所很好的私立学校读书，女儿四岁，明年才上学。 例4:We live and learn.
【译文】:活到老，学到老。
名词的省译:
同位语从句所补充说明的名词:
Behaviorists，in contrast，say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other
environmental advantages that whites enjoy.
相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其他
环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。
一些没有实际含义,省去后能使句子更加通顺和简洁，且不改变句子含义的名词:
A of B (上下义词)
the practice of „
run ,
一些表示比喻含义的名词
动词的省译:
动词一般不能省略，但某些动词( 如give, make, come, take, pay „ )与具
有动作意味的名词连用时可以省略;系动词(如become, go, get等)也可以省
译。
81、Unhappy parents rarely are provoked towonder if they shouldn’t have
had kids, but unhappy childless folks arebothered with the message that
children are the single most important thing inthe world: obviously their
misery must be a direct result of the gapingbaby-size holes in their lives.
主干识别:并列句主句一:
Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have
hadkids
并列句主句二:
but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message 其他成分:thatchildren are the single most important thing in the world: 同位语从句
冒号引导的从句:
obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gapingbaby-size holes in their lives.
翻译点拨:词汇处理:
gaping baby-size holes 婴孩大小的裂口
The aircraft took off with a gaping hole in its fuselage. 飞机起飞了，机身上有一个裂开的口子。
Misery 痛苦
成分的处理:
If引导的宾语从句:
1、I wonder ifhe studies hard..
2、He asked usif everybody was here.
3、I asked ifthey would win.
4、We don’t knowif our teachers will attend the class meeting. 5. Please tell me if you knowthe answers
主句一:
Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t havehad
kids.
被动变主动:
没有人会去让不开心的父母去反思自己是否不该养孩子
主句二:
but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message 但是那些不幸福的没有孩子的人却为类似这样的信息所困扰
同位语从句:
that children are the single most important thing in the world 孩子是世上唯一最可珍惜的东西
最后一个分句:
obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gapingbaby-size
holes in their lives.
显然，你们的不幸必须通过生儿育女才能得以消除。
参考译文:没有人会去让不开心的父母去反思自己是否不该养孩子，但是那些不
幸福的没有孩子的人却为类似这样的信息所困扰:“孩子是世上唯一最可珍惜的
东西”，显然，你们的不幸必须通过生儿育女才能得以消除。
最后再做个题吧:
38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks [A]areconstantly exposed to criticism.
[B]are largelyignored by the media.
[C]fail tofulfill their social responsibilities. [D]are lesslikely to be satisfied with their life. (A)
82、In a normal recession, the to-do list is clear. Copies of Keynes are
dusted off, the Fed lowers interest rates, the president and Congress cut
taxes and hike spending. In time, purchasing, production and loans perk
up, and Keynes is placed back on the shelf.
1、In a normal recession, the to-do list is clear. 译:在平常，经济状况一旦萧条下来，大家都就很明白应该马上着手做哪些事情:
本句中，normal recession名词性短语，但需要采用词类转换的翻译方法，进
行扩展翻译成一个句子，the to-do list“大家应该做的事情”，本句主系表结
构，字面意思:大家要做的事情是很清楚的。采用正反翻译的方法，将其翻译为
“大家都就很明白应该马上着手做哪些事情:”。
2、Copies of Keynes are dusted off, the Fed lowers interest rates, the president and Congress cut taxes and hike spending.
译:重新翻开尘封已久的凯恩斯的著作，联邦政府调低利息率，总统和国会
开始减税，增加财政支出。
本句是接上文，列举出的一系列动作，并列举。在句中，Copies of Keynes
are dusted off，字面意思为:凯恩斯著作上的灰尘会被拂去。根据本文的语意
表达环境，我们采用意译，翻译为:重新翻开尘封已久的凯恩斯的著作。
3、In time, purchasing, production and loans perk up, and Keynes is placed back on the shelf.
译:用不了多久，市场上购销两旺，生产线生机勃勃，贷款扶摇而上，于是
乎，凯恩斯的书又回了书架。
本句中，前半句purchasing, production and loans perk up中，perk vi. 振作;活跃起来(+up)，在英语中“perk up”可以用于形容以
上三个主语，而在汉语中有不同搭配，所以对本句，翻译成三个小分句“市场上
购销两旺，生产线生机勃勃，贷款扶摇而上”会更好一点。对于“Keynes is placed
back on the shelf”中，“Keynes”需要翻译为:凯恩斯的著作。该句子翻译为:
凯恩斯的著作又会被放回到书架上。
83、No larger alterations to the economy are made, because our economy, but for the occasional bump in the road, is fundamentally sound. This has been the drill in every recession since World War II. Republicans and Democrats argue over whose taxes should be cut the most and which projects should be funded, but, under public pressure to do something, they usually find some mutually acceptable midpoint and enact a stimulus package. 4、No larger alterations to the economy are made, because our economy, but for the occasional bump in the road, is fundamentally sound.
译:不需要对经济体制做重大的改革，要知道我们的经济固然偶尔会有一点
磕磕碰碰，从根本上说还是健康的。
在英语中，每个句子必须有完整“主谓”结构，对于本句的前半句“No larger
alterations to the economy are made”中的被动语态，翻译为汉语中的无主
句“不需要对经济体制做重大的改革”，本句中“economy” 需要将抽象名词具
体化翻译为“经济体制”。“ but for the occasional bump in the road”为一
个插入语，且为一个“the occasional bump in the road”名词性短语，需要
进行添加翻译为: 固然偶尔会有一点磕磕碰碰.
5、This has been the drill in every recession since World War II.
译:第二次世界大战以后，每次萧条一来，我们都这样如法炮制。
本句中的被动语态结构翻译为主动语态，添加主语“我们”。
6、Republicans and Democrats argue over whose taxes should be cut the most and which projects should be funded, but, under public pressure to do something, they usually find some mutually acceptable midpoint and enact a stimulus package.
译:关于哪个阶层应该减税最多，哪些
计划
项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载
可以得到政府资金援助，共和党
人和民主党人一直都争论不休。
不过，公众舆论自然会要求他们有所作为，因此他们也往往能找到双方都可
接受的折中路线，共同推动一个经济刺激的一揽子计划。
本句采用逆序翻译法，先从句尾，翻译两个并列的宾语从句，再将主句翻译
后跟在后面，这个符合汉语的表达习惯，汉语经常会将表明态度性的内容放在最
后面。“midpoint”n. 中点,在本句中依据语言表达需要和环境具体翻译为:折
中路线。
84、Even in today's hyper partisan Washington, the odds still favor such adeal. This time, though, don't expect that to be the end of the story --because the coming recession will not be normal, and our economy is notfundamentally sound. This time around, the nation will have to craft newversions of some of the reforms that Franklin Roosevelt created to steer thenation out of the Great Depression.
7、Even in today's hyperpartisanWashington, the odds still favor such a deal.
译:就算在今天的华盛顿，两党意见空前分歧，我们依然相信，这样的计划最终
一定会出台。
本句中。最难可能就属这个单词“hyperpartisan”难了点，该单词是个合成词，
其中“hyper” adj.高度紧张的;亢奋的,过度兴奋的;易激动的,为英语俚语用词，
“partisan” n. (党派等的)强硬支持者;党人，合成词在本文的语义环境中，。
单独译为一个句子:两党意见空前分歧
Odds:机会依然垂青于这样的计划(转译为我们依然相信”。
8、This time, though, don't expectthat to be the end of the story -- because the coming recession will not benormal, and our economy is not fundamentally sound.
译: 然而这次，我们不能指望事情就能就此了结――因为这一次到来的萧条非比
寻常，我们的经济从根本上说也已经不健康。
本句中，“don't expect that to be the end of the story”省略了主语，根
据上下文，需要添加主语“我们”。
9、This time around, the nationwill have to craft(制定)new versions of
some of the reforms that Franklin Roosevelt createdto steer the nation out of the Great Depression。
译: 这一次，这个国家需要一些富兰克林?罗斯福的改革手段，并将他们进行更
新。在当年的大萧条中，这些改革扭转了乾坤。
本句中“that Franklin Roosevelt created to steer the nation out of the GreatDepression.”修饰前文的“reform”，该定语从句翻译为后置定语，而对
于“reform”抽象名词进行具体化翻译为:改革手段。“new versions”进行词
类转换，翻译为:并将他们进行更新。
85、In a normal recession, the to-do list is clear. Copies of Keynes are dusted off, the Fed lowers interest rates, the president and Congress cut taxes and hike spending. In time, purchasing, production and loans perk up, and Keynes is placed back on the shelf. No larger alterations to the economy are made, because our economy, but for the occasional bump in the road, is fundamentally sound. This has been the drill in every recession since World War II. Republicans and Democrats argue over whose taxes should be cut the most and which projects should be funded, but, under public pressure to do something, they usually find some mutually acceptable midpoint and enact a stimulus package. Even in today's hyper partisan Washington, the odds still favor such a deal. This time, though, don't expect that to be the end of the story - because the coming recession will not be normal, and our economy is not fundamentally sound. This time around, the nation will have to craft new versions of some of the reforms that Franklin Roosevelt created to steer the nation out of the Great Depression.
这后面的翻译就是在之前翻译的基础上改进的，不是要求同学们掌握，而是欣赏:
若只是寻常的经济萧条，那应对
方案
气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载
一目了然:翻出久违的凯恩斯著作，联邦政
府降低利率，总统及国会一面减税，一面增加财政支出。假以时日，购买力激升，
生产力急速飞涨，贷款数随之猛增。凯恩斯的作品重获关注。美国的经济并非一
帆风顺，但总的来说还不错，并不需要对经济体制做出大刀阔斧的改革。 所以
第二次世界大战之后，我们一直照此方案应对经济危机。
政府应为哪些阶层多减税，为哪些项目提供资助，这些是共和党和民主党长
期争论的话题。公众要求他们付诸于行动的舆论压力下，政府往往实施双方都可
接受的折衷方案，达到推动经济进步的目的。即使到了党派分歧严重的今时今日，
政府仍希望找到此种方案。
然而这次的萧条非比平常，所以事情就不那么简单。从本质上说，我们的经济确
有弊端。因此要动用一些富兰克林?罗斯福当年的改革措施，还需做到与时俱进。
才能力挽狂澜、扭转乾坤，最终拨得云开见日出。
86、Yet it was not until April that Romney finally dispatched(击败) Rick
Santorum, a militantly conservative former senator from Pennsylvania who lost his re-election bid in 2006 by 18 points, and Newt Gingrich, a mercurial former
speaker of the House of Representatives who had “more baggage than the
airlines”, as a pro-Romney ad memorably put it.
【 【翻译】但是直到4月，他才最终击败了强硬(militantly)保守的前宾夕法
利亚议员里克?桑托勒姆(他在2006的改选竞选中以18票之差落败)和雄辩机智
的前众议院发言人纽特?金利奇(就像一个亲(pro)罗姆尼的广告指出的一样，
此人的“精神包袱比航空公司的行李都多，”这个比喻令人过目不忘(将
memorably 单独成句翻译)。
【解析】句子中“not until„that”是一直固定搭配，表示“直到„„才”。句
子的主干是“it was not until April that he finally dispatched Rick Santorum„and Newt Gingrich„”。“A militantly conservative former senator from Pennsylvania”作Rich Santorum的同位语，“who lost his re-election
bid in 2006 by 18 points”是个定语从句用来修饰“A militantly conservative
former senator from Pennsylvania”也就是Rich Santorum。同样的，“a
mercurial former Speaker of the House of Representatives”是Newt Gingrich
的同位语，后面的“who had ‘more baggage than the airlines’”是定语从
句修饰“a mercurial former Speaker of the House of Representatives”。
“As a pro-Romney ad memorablyput it”是一个由as引导的状语，表示“像„„
一样”。这里是作补充说明，即他的 “精神包袱比航空公司的行李都多”出自一
家亲罗姆尼的广告公司之口。
87、Amid the recriminations and broken treaties after the failure of the European Union’s biggest economic project, wild currency swings between those in the core and those in the periphery would almost certainly bring
the single market to a shuddering halt.
【词汇突破】recriminations相互指责，吵架; 反诉; 揭丑;
例句:Their relationship deteriorates into an endless cycle of squabbling , jealousy and recriminations.
他们的关系陷入争吵、嫉妒、指责的恶性循环
Treaty 合约和条约;
Periphery边缘; 圆周; 外围; 边缘地带
Shuddering发抖的，震动的
Halt 停止
【主干识别】wild currency swings would bring the single market to a shuddering halt.
【其他成分】Amid the recriminations and broken treaties after the failure of the European Union’s biggest economic project, 状语
between those in the core and those in the periphery定语
【微观解析】介词短语:介词Amid +名词1the recriminations and名词2 broken
treaties
介词短语中的定语 after the failure of the European Union’s biggest
economic project,
【难点揭秘】长状语置于句首造成主干识别的困难，主语过长造成了翻译的难
【译文赏析】在欧盟最大的经济计划破产后的一片指责和违约之中，货币在欧盟
核心国家和边缘国家中肆意动荡，这足以使欧元区的单一市场走向毁灭。
【翻译点拨】将主语wild currency swings between those in the core and those in the periphery翻译为一个句子将名词swings 转译为动词。
88、EVEN as the euro zone hurtles towards a crash, most people are assuming that, in the end, European leaders will do whatever it takes to save the single currency. That is because the consequences of the euro’s
destruction are so catastrophic that no sensible policymaker could stand by and let it happen.
即便欧元迅速走向崩溃，大多数人还是认为欧洲的首领们最终将尽一切可能保证
单一货币的持续。这是因为欧元崩溃所造成的后果是灾难性的，理智的决策者不
可能袖手旁观，任由其发生。
A euro break-up would cause a global bust worse even than the one in 2008-09. The world’s most financially integrated region would be ripped apart by defaults, bank failures and the imposition of capital controls (see article). The euro zone could shatter into different pieces, or a large block in the north and a fragmented south. Amid the recriminations and broken treaties after the failure of the European Union’s biggest economic
project, wild currency swings between those in the core and those in the periphery would almost certainly bring the single market to a shuddering halt. The survival of the EU itself would be in doubt.
欧元的崩溃将导致全球性的危机，甚至比2008年那场危机更为猛烈。由于信用违
约，银行倒闭以及资本管制，世界上大多数地区的金融一体化都将支离破碎。欧
元区可能会被分割成多个不同的区域，或者一个北方大区域和多个分散的南方小
区域。在欧盟最大的经济计划破产后的一片指责和背约之中，货币在欧盟核心国
家和边缘国家中肆意动荡，这足以使欧元区的单一市场走向毁灭。欧盟本身的存
在将受到质疑。
Yet the threat of a disaster does not always stop it from happening. The chances of the euro zone being smashed apart have risen alarmingly, thanks to financial panic, a rapidly weakening economic outlook and pigheaded brinkmanship. The odds of a safe landing are dwindling fast. 然而，一场灾难的威胁并不总能阻止它的发生。由于金融恐慌，灰暗的经济前景
和执拗的边缘外交政策，欧元区分崩离析的可能性上升到了令人担忧的程度。安
全着陆的可能性正在快速下降。
89、看了IPHONE诉讼三星的一篇文章，其中有两个句子比较有意思，写给大家。
1.The iPhone represented innovation at its finest, making it the
top-selling smartphone soon after it came out and helping to turn Apple into the world’s most valuable company, with a market capitalization that now exceeds $630 billion.
【解析】句子主干是“The iPhone represented innovation at its finest”。
主句后面跟了两个动名词引导的状语“making it the top-selling smartphone”
和“helping to turn Apple into the world’s most valuable company。”“After
it came out”作时间状语从句，修饰“making it the top-selling smartphone
“With”结构做定语修饰company ; a market capitalization (that now exceeds $630 billion 定语从句修饰capitalization)
【翻译】iPhone在最好程度上代表着创新，这使它从面市后就成为智能手机中
销售最好的产品，也帮助苹果公司成为世界上最有价值的公司，其市场资本目前
已经超过了6300亿。
2.
The much bigger questions raised by this case are whether all Apple’s
innovations should have been granted a patent in the first place; and the degree to which technology stalwarts and start-ups alike should be able to base their designs on the breakthroughs of others.
【翻译】而由这宗诉讼案引发的更大的问题是是否苹果公司所有的创新都应该
第一时间获批专利。除此之外，技术中坚分子和创新企业之类在多大程度上可以
把自己的设计建立在他人的突破性进展上也是一个问题。
【解析】这是一个长句，句子主语是“The much bigger questions，”谓语动
词是系动词“are，”表语比较长，第一部分是一个由“whether”引导的表语从
句。第二部分是短语“the degree，”其后面紧跟的由“which”引导的限制性定
语从句。to 常与degree连用，如to some degree表示“某种程度上”。 在这
里，to 是一个介词，需放在which前面。
90、“Sofew authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end upin journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define
‘journalism’ as ‘aterm of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’”
主干识别:Newman wrote+宾语从句
其他成分:So few authors have brainsenough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism that I amtempted to define ‘journalism’
as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers whoare not read to writers who are.
主干:
So few authors havebrains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism
结果状语从句:
I am tempted todefine ‘journalism’ as a term of contempt applied by
writers who are not readto writers who are.
翻译点拨:词汇的处理:
brains 智慧
literary gift 文学天赋
keep one’s own endup in„在„中站住脚跟
Be tempted to 倾向于„
Journalism 新闻写作
a term of contempt轻蔑之词
主句的处理:
Newman wrote
Newman 曾写道
宾语从句的处理:
So few authors have brains enough orliterary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism
由于几乎没有作家能拥有足够的智慧或文学天赋以保证他们在新闻报纸写作中
站稳脚跟”
I am tempted to define ‘journalism’as a term of contempt
我倾向于把‘新闻写作’定义为一个轻蔑之词
定语的处理:
a term of contempt applied by writerswho are not read to writers who are. a term of contempt applied by A to B
被A 用到B身上的轻蔑之词
A= writers who are not read (不被人读的作家=不受欢迎的作家)
B= writers who are (read)(被人读的作家=受欢迎的作家)
参考译文:Newman 曾写道，“由于几乎没有作家能拥有足够的智慧或文学天赋以
保证他们在新闻报纸写作中站稳脚跟”，我倾向于把‘新闻写作’定义为不受读
者欢迎的作家用来嘲讽受读者欢迎的作家的一个‘轻蔑之词’”
91、“Sofew authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end upin journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define
‘journalism’ as ‘aterm of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’”
主干识别:Newman wrote+宾语从句
其他成分:So few authors have brainsenough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism that I amtempted to define ‘journalism’
as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers whoare not read to writers who are.
主干:
So few authors havebrains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism
结果状语从句:
I am tempted todefine ‘journalism’ as a term of contempt applied by writers who are not readto writers who are.
翻译点拨:词汇的处理:
brains 智慧
literary gift 文学天赋
keep one’s own endup in„在„中站住脚跟
Be tempted to 倾向于„
Journalism 新闻写作
a term of contempt轻蔑之词
主句的处理:
Newman wrote
Newman 曾写道
宾语从句的处理:
So few authors have brains enough orliterary gift enough to keep their
own end up in journalism
由于几乎没有作家能拥有足够的智慧或文学天赋以保证他们在新闻报纸写作中站稳脚跟”
I am tempted to define ‘journalism’as a term of contempt
我倾向于把‘新闻写作’定义为一个轻蔑之词
定语的处理:
a term of contempt applied by writerswho are not read to writers who are.
a term of contempt applied by A to B
被A 用到B身上的轻蔑之词
A= writers who are not read (不被人读的作家=不受欢迎的作家) B= writers who are (read)(被人读的作家=受欢迎的作家) 参考译文:Newman 曾写道，“由于几乎没有作家能拥有足够的智慧或文学天赋以保证他们在新闻报纸写作中站稳脚跟”，我倾向于把‘新闻写作’定义为不受读者欢迎的作家用来嘲讽受读者欢迎的作家的一个‘轻蔑之词’” 92、英语正能量之:在一起，不分离
动词有两种，一种是及物动词，一种是不及物动词;
如果后面加宾语就有两种加法:
1.及物动词+宾语
2.不及物动词+介词+宾语
但是在阅读的过程中我们常常会被这样的行文所干扰:
第一种方式:
动词+介词+名词1+名词2
那我们就要让该在一起的在一起，只是不能乱点鸳鸯谱哦: 介词会带上自己的宾语:名词1
那名词2也得更一个词吧，那就只能是:
1. 动词+名词2;
2. 介词+名词1(状语);
同样的道理:
第二种方式:
动词+介词1+名词1+介词2+名词2+介词3+名词3+名词4
这样配对下来:
介词1+名词1(状语)
介词2+名词2(名词1的定语)
介词2+名词3(名词2的定语)
动词+名词4
第三种方式:
还有一种结构是:
系动词+介词+名词+形容词
注解:形容词作定语应该放在名词前，但是这里放到了名词后说明不可能是做定语只能做表语。
所以:1. 系动词+形容词
2. 介词+名词(状语)
当然还有一种结构是:
动词+(副词)+形容词+名词
其中有一种被大家忽略的可能是:
动词+名词
(副词)+形容词 (宾补)
来同学们给下面的句子配对吧:
he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics.
接下来希望同学们把你们在阅读中遇到的这样的句子发到留言板。我来帮大家看看是不是哈～
93、在阅读句子的过程中，最核心的就是动词，动词前是主语，动词后世宾语，只有把主语，动词和宾语能理出来其他成分才能明朗
昨天的一个句子是这样的:
he did not accept(认为) as well founded the charge made by some of his
critics
accept (动词)+ as well founded (宾补)+the charge(名词宾语)+ made by some of his critics (定语)
同时我们还可以在后面加上一句同位从句解释这个指责是什么:
that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.
那么在翻译的时候我们就可以先翻译这个同位语从句，和定语，同时把charge翻译为名词:
他的一些批评者指责他虽然是一个好的观察者，但是却没有推理的能力，他不认为这些指责是有根据的。
he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics
that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.
他的一些批评者指责他虽然是一个好的观察者，但是却没有推理的能力，他不认为这些指责是有根据的。
再看这个句子:
he must reveal in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning
which led him to his decision. reveal(动词)+ the course of reasoning(名词2)
in(介词)+ a manner(名词)=状语
as obvious as possible(定语修饰manner)
明天继续这样的结构，先翻这个句子，晚安～
坚持才会有力量～
94、1.His finding reflects the fact that a long but inequitable period
of economic growth has lifted many developing countries into middle-income status but left a minority of their populations mired in poverty.
【翻译】他的发现反映了一个事实，即一个长期不平衡的经济增长让许多发展中
国家晋身到中等收入的地位，但却也使他们中的一小部分人深陷于贫困之中。
【解析】句子主语是“His finding，”谓语动词是“reflects，”宾语“the fact”，
“the fact”后面是一个由that引导的同位语从句构成。这个从句是一个简单
句，从句中的主语是“a long but inequitable period of economic growth，”
并列谓语“has lifted„”，“(has) left„”由“and”连接。
2.As early as next year, the number of poor in what are sometimes called FRACAS (fragile and conflict-affected states) could be greater than the number in stable ones.
【翻译】早在去年，在有时被称为“脆弱和受冲突影响国家”的穷人数量就要
比稳定的国家的多。
【解析】这是一个简单句。句子的主语是“the number of poor，”“in what are
sometimes called FRACAS”是定语修饰“the number of poor”。这个定语中，
what引导了一个主语从句。what是一个比较特殊的连词，与which等不同，不
需要使用先行词。这里由what引导的从句可以替换为“in countries which are
sometimes called FRACAS。”
同时还需要的是关注昨天的句子结构哦，再上一个，也是真题中的句子。
it is easy to ignore in ourcontact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition(性情)
找出主谓宾哦:)
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