初中英语阅读能力培养校本课程

初中英语阅读能力培养校本课程 昌乐外国语学校 九年级一部 葛文清 高蕾 第一章、初中英语阅读——文体 【你知道吗?】 英语阅读有不同的文体,而一篇文章的设题是受其文体限制的。所以,首先应该从文体角度来训练。初中阅读理解常用的体裁有: (一)故事类。初中生接触到的阅读材料大都是故事类。阅读故事类的材料,应该抓住人物线索、地点线索、时间线索和情节发展线索。特别注意的是,以上线索往往是并存的。因为情节的发展总是涉及到人物的变化、时间的推移、场景的变换等。而阅读材料后的阅读理解往往会围绕这些内容 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 一些事实类的理解题。凡事实类的理解题都可以从阅读材料的表层文字中找到答案。在阅读故事类短文时,应指导学生理解文章的深层含义,也就是它的主题。在此需要注意的是,现在的阅读理解题在测试事实类的理解题的同时,往往有一道推理类理解测试题. (二)科普类。科普类的阅读理解包含介绍科学知识、社会知识的短文。阅读这类短文时,要以事实为中心进行思考,抓住事物的特征、用途、相互关系等.如果是介绍社会现象的文章,要掌握所谈现象的内涵。 (三)图表类。图表类短文是通过看图或表格等来了解某方面的情况。指导学生阅读这类材料时,主要从两方面入手;一是了解图表的主题,确定图表的主要内容,二是推敲本 论文 政研论文下载论文大学下载论文大学下载关于长拳的论文浙大论文封面下载 图画语言或数字,找出它们之间的关联或试图表达的含义。 (四)新闻类。报刊阅读应逐步成为中学生阅读的一个重要内容。由于新闻报道强调遵循 5 个 W 和 1 个 H的原则,学生在阅读时也要抓住这一点去理解。 【答题技巧】 1.记叙文—抓住人物,地点,时间,情节发展线索。 2.说明文—要以事物为中心进行思考。抓住事物的特征,用途,相互关系等。 【练一练】 In the early 1990s,the word“Internet”was strange to most people. But today, Internet has become a useful tool for people all over the world. Maybe Internet has been the greatest invention in the field of communication in the history of mankind (人类) Communicating with others on the Internet is much faster. We can chat with a person who is sitting in the other part of the world. We can e-mail our friends and they can read the e-mails within a minute. Giving all kinds of information is probably the biggest advantage of the Internet. We can use search engines to find the information we need. Just type in a keyword or keywords and the search engine will give us a list of suitable websites to look at. We can enjoy a lot on the Internet by downloading games, visiting chat rooms or surfing (浏览)websites. There are some games for free .We can meet new and interesting people in the chat now. We can also listen to music and see films. Now,there is a lot of service on the Internet such as online banking ,job finding and ticket buying. We can also do shopping and find nearly all kinds of goods. Sometimes we can find something that is quite good but very cheap. 1. How many main advantages of the Internet are talked about in the passage? A. Three. B. Four. C. Five. D. Six. 2. What fac t doesn’t the passage provide? 21世纪教育网 A. We can find almost anything we want to know on the Internet. B. Some games on the Internet are free. C. We can buy most things we need on the Internet. D. Goods on the Internet are more expensive than those in real shops. 3. Which title best gives the main idea of the passage? A. Online Shopping B. Exchanging Information on the Internet C. The Advantages of the Internet D. Surfing the Websites on the Internet 答案: BDC 【讨论交流】 以上阅读理解材料是什么题材?如何做这种类型的题目? 【小组评价】 你的表现怎么样?你明白了吗? 第二章、初中英语阅读——教学大纲对阅读理解的要求 【你知道吗?】 初中英语教学大纲对学生阅读上的基本要求: 1.能阅读难度相当于课文的材料,理解其大意。 2.能独立阅读所学语言知识范围内的材料,生词率不超过3%。 3.阅读速度要求每分钟50-70词。 【答题技巧】 1.快速浏览全文,掌握大意。 2.仔细审题,分析比较选项。 3.带着问题复读,捕捉关键信息,解答问题。 4.再读全文,核对答案。 【练一练】 People often say that the Englishman’s home is his castle. They mean that the home is very important and personal to him. Most people in Britain live in houses rather than flats, and many people own their homes. This means that they can make them individual(个体的);they can paint them, and change them in any way they like. Most houses have a garden, even if it is a very small one, and the garden is usually loved. The house and the garden are the private(私人的)space of the individual. People usually like to mark their space. Are you sitting now in your home or on a train? Have you marked the space around yourself as your? If you are on the train you may put your coat or small bag on the seat beside you. If you share a flat you may have one corner or chair which is your own. Once I was travelling on a train to London. I was in a section for four people and there was a table between us .The man on the space on my side of the table at all. I was angry. Maybe he thought that he owned the whole table. I had read a book about non-verbal communication, so I took various papers out of my bag and put them on his briefcase! When I did this he stiffened and his eyes nearly popped(瞪出)out of his head. I had invaded(侵犯)his space! A few minutes later I took my papers off his case in order to read them. He immediately moved his case to his side of the table. Of course, it is possible that he just wanted to be helpful to me! If you are visiting another country you may feel that you don’t have any private space. Hotel rooms look much the same in every country in the world. All day long , you share public spaces with other people. You see the local people in their private spaces and you feel lonely and “outside” .Local people can create their private spaces by talking about things you don’t know about .And you even feel that they like you to be outside them so that they will enjoy being inside even more! This is one of the difficulties of being a traveler! But if you understand it then it helps you .Haven’t you enjoyed being part of a group and “owning” a bit of space? 1.The writer was angry as he was travelling on a train to London because______. A. he had no place to sit. B. someone had invaded his “space” C. too many people shared a section with him D. some other people talked about things he didn’t know about 2. “… you feel lonely and ‘outside’” in paragraph 4 means that_______. A. you are alone outside the house B. you feel lonely because you travel on your own C. you are alone and therefore you go outside to have some fun D. you feel lonely and you don’t belong to that place or that group of people 3.In Paragraph 4 ,the pronoun “them” refers to(所指)“___________”. A. public spaces B. private spaces C. local people D. other countries 4. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. British people dislike marking their space. B. You always feel at home in another country. C. Most British people prefer living in houses to flats. D. You can’t mark your private space in a foreign country. 5. The main purpose of the passage is to tell readers to _______. A. own private spaces by living in houses B. have one corner of their own in public places C. realize the importance of “space” in communication D. create their private spaces by talking with local people 答案:BDCCC 【讨论交流】 做以上题目你要注意什么? 【小组评价】 你学到了什么? 第三章、初中英语阅读——题型 【你知道吗?】 从近几年的中考阅读理解情况看,短文体裁多样,题材各异,文章涉及科学知识、社会文化、政治历史、人文环境和日常生活等方面,充分体现其时代性、实用性。短文难度逐年加大。常见题型有主旨题、细节题、推断题、猜测词义题和正误判断题。 做阅读理解练习应先看问题,弄清考点。在阅读短文之前,快速浏览问题,以便在阅读短文时做到心中有数,快速、准确地捕捉所要信息。先易后难。做题时不必拘泥于书中所呈现的语篇顺序,应遵循先易后难的原则。如可先做细节题再做推断题,因为细节题大多能直接从文中找到答案,而推断题则需对短文进行深层理解,再作判断。 一、主旨题 主旨题主要考查学生对短文中心思想或作者意图的掌握。做此类题时,应通读全文,理解文章大意,充分理解主题句的意义。短文往往围绕主题句展开,主题句通常出现在短文第一句或最后一句。 二、细节题 细节题是用来进一步表达主题,体现中心思想的,往往针对短文某个细节来设题。做此类题时,应快速捕捉信息,可能是一些事例、数字等,阅读时要有针对性。 三、推断题 推断题就是根据某个事实推断结论,主要考查学生的理解力和推断力。这类推断通常包括:数据事实推断、常识推断以及作者的写作目的、态度和倾向等的推断。做此类题时,应根据短文中的相关语句,对与事实有关的细节加以分析,找出线索,悟出字里行间的意思,反复比较,从而作出合乎逻辑的判断。 四、猜测词义题 猜测词义题主要考查学生根据上下文正确判断灵活变化的词义能力。一般情况下,推断词义的题目中所出现的单词,大多数是学生未曾见过的生词,学生需要在该词出现的上下文中去寻找线索。通过阅读上下文,断定该词的真正含义,然后将这个释义代入文中,检查是否贴切,仔细比较直到得出该词的确切的含义。 五、正误判断题 正误判断题主要考查学生对文章的具体事实、信息的理解能力。一般是根据文章的事实或细节,给出一个句子,判断其正误。这类题比较直接,难度相对较小。做此类题时,应先看题,后带着“问题”快速阅读短文,寻找所需要的信息。在书写答案时,还要注意题目要 求的限制(如:最多不超过5个词),也须正确书写单词的大小写、名词的单复数、动词的人称、时态、语态等。 【答题技巧】 (一)细节题 细节题就是指那些针对文章细节描写或与文章情节发展相关的事实所设置的问题。这类题主要测试考生获取信息及对文章所提供信息的理解能力。 1.设题方式 此类题型多数以特殊疑问词设问,设问的检测点针对某一具体行为、地点、时间、原因、方式、数量等。细节题是用来进一步表达主题,体现中心思想的,往往针对短文某个细节来设题。做此类题时,应快速捕捉信息,可能是一些事例、数字等,阅读时要有针对性。 此类考查事实和细节的题目大多数是针对文章的细节设计的,其主要提问方式是: (1)Which of the following is right? (2)Which of the following is not mentioned? (3)Which of the following is Not True in the passage? (4)Choose the right order of this passage. (5)From this passage we know ________ 2.技巧点拨 仔细阅读文章后的问题,根据问题中的关键词或词组,以此作为线索,返回文章查找相关的句子,用相关的这个句子对照选项,意思一致的就是答案。 (1)题干定位法 细节题通常考查考生对于某些重要信息进行迅速、准确地寻找的能力。提问常常用特殊疑问词what,when,where,who,whose,how,why等引出。做这样的题,可以采用“题干定位法”,即先弄清楚题干问什么,然后直接到文中寻找相关信息。带着问题去读文章,目的明确,容易抓住文中与问题相关的信息点。 (2)跳读捕捉信息法 针对这样的题目,同学们只要运用Skimming(略读)的 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 ,先整体上阅读文章,然后从原文中找到相关语句进行理解分析,就可以确定答案。要注意的是,不要孤立地理解单个句子,而要结合上下文语境来理解。 (二)主旨题 主旨题主要考查学生对短文中心思想或作者意图的掌握。做此类题时,应通读全文,理解文章大意,充分理解主题句的意义。短文往往围绕主题句展开,主题句通常出现在短文第 一句或最后一句。主旨大意题旨在考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力,也就是考查考生的归纳概括和综合阅读能力。这类试题包括要求考生选出短文的标题(title,headline),短文或段落的主题(subject)、中心思想(main idea)等。 1.设题方式 此类考查主旨和大意的题大多数针对段落(或短文)的主题,主题思想,标题或目的,其主要提问方式是: (1) The main idea of the passage is . (2) The passage mainly tells about . (3) What is the main idea of this passage? (4) What is the passage mainly talking about? (5) What does the second paragraph mainly tell us? (6) Which of the following is the best title for the passage? (7) The writer’s purpose in writing this story is . (8) What is the author’s main purpose? (9) What is the advice given in the passage? 2.技巧点拨 这种题型要注意文章的首段和每段的首句或最后一句。一般说来阅读题没有标题,就会给学生了解文章的中心意思造成一定的困难,而文章的首段或每段的首句往往可能是文章或每段的中心,是作者要说明的对象或作者要阐述的观点,尾句是文章的结论或表达作者的意图、态度、目的。注意到这一点,才能抓住中心,为理解文章奠定良好的基础。 (三)推断题 推断题就是根据某个事实推断结论,主要考查学生的理解力和推断力。这类推断通常包括:数据事实推断、常识推断以及作者的写作目的、态度和倾向等的推断。做此类题时,应根据短文中的相关语句,对与事实有关的细节加以分析,找出线索,悟出字里行间的意思,反复比较,从而作出合乎逻辑的判断。 1.设题方式 常以infer(推断),imply(暗示),suggest, conclude(推断),learn, intend(意指),mean, describe, purpose等词提问。 (1) We can guess the writer of the letter may be a ______. (2) We can infer from the text that _______. (3) From the story we can guess ______. (4) What would be happy if …? (5) How did the writer feel at Vienna station? (6) The writer writes this text to ______. (7) The writer believes that ______. (8) The writer suggests that ______. 2.技巧点拨 (1)抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理 做此类试题要关于抓住某一段话中的关键信息,即抓住某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断、利用逆向思维或正面推理,从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。 (2)整合全文(段)信息进行推断 做推理题时,有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上,整合与题目相关的有用信息,综合起来去推理判断,确定最佳结论。 (3)利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断 认真阅读原文并找出反映语境褒贬性变化的标志性 词汇 英语3500词汇语境记忆pets3考试词汇二年级反义词和近义词初中词汇词汇大全考研英语二高频词汇表 或句子,对我们掌握文章主旨大意,了解主人公的心理特点及发展变化,从而正确地进行逻辑推断很有好处。 (4)根据上下文的逻辑得出结论 逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理,从而得出合乎逻辑的结论,而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。 (四)猜测词义题 猜测词义题主要考查学生根据上下文正确判断灵活变化的词义能力。一般情况下,推断词义的题目中所出现的单词,大多数是学生未曾见过的生词,学生需要在该词出现的上下文中去寻找线索。通过阅读上下文,断定该词的真正含义,然后将这个释义代入文中,检查是否贴切,仔细比较直到得出该词的确切的含义。 1.猜测词义的解题方法有下列几种: (1)通过因果关系猜生词词义,首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系,然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词(如because,as,since,for,so,thus,as a result,of course, therefore等等)表示前因后果。例如:You shouldn't have blamed him for that,for it wasn't his fault.通过for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错),可猜出blame的词义是"责备"。 (2)通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词 通过同义词猜词,一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组,如happy and gay,即使我 们不认识gay这个词,也可以知道它是愉快的意思;二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词,如Man has known something about the planets Venus,Mars,and Jupiter with the help of spaceships.此句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均为生词,但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于"行星"这一义域。通过反义词猜词,一是看表转折关系的连词或副词,如but,while,however等;二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语,如:He is so homely,not at all as handsome as his brother.根据not at all...handsome 我们不难推测出homely的意思,即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。 (3)通过构词法猜词 在阅读文章时,我们总会遇上一些新词汇,有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意,而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用,此时,如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀等语法知识,这些问题便不难解决了。 (4)通过定义或释义关系来推测词义 例如:But sometimes,no rain falls for a long,long time. Then there is a dry period,or drought. 从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨,于是便有一段干旱的时期,即drought,由此可见drought意思为"久旱","旱灾"。而a dry period和drought 是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is,or,that is,in other words,be called或破折号等来表示。 (5)通过句法功能来推测词义 例如:Bananas,oranges,pineapples,coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生词,我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples,coconuts和bananas,oranges是同类关系,同属fruit类,因此它们是两样水果,准确地说,是菠萝和椰子。 (6)通过描述猜词 描述即作者为帮助读者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如:The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly,it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。 (7)利用常识、自己的经验、经历及社会、科技等方面的知识猜词,即理解上下文,再运用常识或相关的知识,猜出生词的含义。 2.设题方式 常见的猜测词义题的设题方式有: (1) Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word? (2)The word … could be replaced by . (3)In the … paragraph , the word … means (refers to ) . (4) According to the passage,… probably means . 3.技巧点拨 (1)语境理解 [实例] The rose (玫瑰) is regarded as a symbol of love in both China and some western countries. People think the rose stands for love, peace , courage (勇气) and friendship. And the rose is the national flower of England ,America and many other countries. What’s the Chinese meaning of the underlined “stand for”? A.忍受 B.代表 C. 站立 D. 认为 [解析]答案B.从第一句可以知道“玫瑰”被视为爱情的象征,可以用排除法筛选答案。 (2)同义关系 [实例]The French ,proud of their delicious and high-class cuisine, don’t like fast food.81% of them think it is unhealthy, followed by 75 of the Japanese. The word “cuisine”in the passage means________. A. food B. house C. water D. country [解析]答案A。从下文的fast food和提示中可以判定cuisine和food是同一种意思。 (3)因果关系 [实例]Angela didn’t know it would be so hard to turn singing into a career. She went to many different record companies. But she was always turned town for looking too young and small. The underlined word in the passage means________. A承认 B拒绝 C开除 D雇用 [解析]答案B。根据hard和 for looking too young and small是被拒绝的原因。 (4)解释说明 [实例]I came to Mount Isa six months ago. It’s a long way from Brisbane---- about 2000km.It is a small city, which has population of 21000,but it has all the basic facilities such as a base hospital ,six schools, supermarkets and many government offices. The underlined word in the passage means________. A 工厂 B 设施 C 游乐场 D街区 [解析]答案D。根据such as后面的解释可以确定其答案。 英语阅读具有鲜明的英语语言文化特点,有较丰富的文化蕴涵。它重视社会的热点问题,追踪科技前沿,具有浓厚的时代气息及生活气息。它是语言学习中不可缺少的重要一环。如果考生掌握了阅读理解的解题技巧,那么他们的合语言运用能力也就得到了很大的提高。 (五)正误判断题 正误判断题主要考查学生对文章的具体事实、信息的理解能力。一般是根据文章的事实或细节,给出一个句子,判断其正误。这类题比较直接,难度相对较小。做此类题时,应先看题,后带着“问题”快速阅读短文,寻找所需要的信息。在书写答案时,还要注意题目要求的限制(如:最多不超过5个词),也须正确书写单词的大小写、名词的单复数、动词的人称、时态、语态等。 第一类题:可以直接从原文中找到答案的题。这类题是拿分题。其丢分的原因:第一,凭印象做题,准确率低。第二,时间把握最容易出问题:忘记内容的时候往往会回到文章中去找答案,一篇文章往往要读好几遍。这类题的解题技巧:看清题目所问的内容之后,要在原文中划出原句,并标上题号。这样做的目的是:做到万无一失,保证把该拿到的分数拿到手;减少阅读文章的次数,争取宝贵的时间。 第二类题:不能够从原文中直接找到答案的题。这类题需要经过分析、判断、推理之后才能解答。这类题是失分题,往往是出题老师用来拉开学生梯度和层次的题。这类题包括:文章主题和中心大意等,一般都是主旨题。其解题技巧: 1.以原文为依据,不参杂个人意见,要客观不要主观,要克服“我认为…怎么样”的观点。 2.答案是比出来的。答案不选对的,只选最好的。因为,有时候四个答案都是对的。所以,当看到第一答案是正确的时候,也要看后面的答案。遇到这种情况,往往有学生钻牛角尖。老师给学生解释的时候,也可以这样说:你的答案没错,但是另一个答案更好,更全面。答案不选对的,只选最好的。比答案的原则是:好的>不知道的;不知道的>不对的。 3.注意绝对化的词。 如果答案选项中出现绝对化的词,比如:all,always,never,nothing,every 等等,除非文章当中使用了该类词汇,否则,一般都要排除。 比如,原文中出现了这样一个句子:Almost everyone likes the music. 答题时,要你判断 如下这个句子正误(True or False):Everyone likes the music. <——该句子应该是错误的。 4.答案要避免以点带面,以偏盖全。 尤其是多个选项都有道理,难以挑选正确答案的时候,要注意选择最符合题目要求的一个。 5.“傻瓜”原则。 文章中没有提到的就当时不知道,不要枉自猜测,自作聪明。一切以文章内容为准。 【练一练】 When I was a foreign teacher in China, every day I taught English to my students and they taught me about China. One day the topic turned to saying “I love you”. I was shocked to learn that not one of my students had said this to their mothers, nor had their mothers said it to them. “Does your mom love you?” “Of course.”they answered. “How do you know?” was my logical question. They responded that their moms cooked and always told them what they were doing wrong to show their caring. I was stunned .So mom’s cooking and critic izing read out as “I love you”. “Then how do you say ‘I love you ’to her?”They agreed that getting good grades, followed by god jobs would be how they showed their love. I come from a culture where most people are expressive enough, so I repeated these queries in classes over time. Gradually,I began to get different response. Some of them had exchanged those sentiments with their moms. One of my favorite stories of change came from a girl .When she came home from university, her mother met her at the door and hugged(拥抱)her. This had never happened before, but her mom said, “Now that you have gone I have more time to myself. I noticed that in some places mothers and children hug each other and I decided it was a good idea and that I would begin hugging you.” In my fam ily we all say “I love you” a lot .While it is true that we often say the words without having great depth of feelings at that moment, it is almost like a blessing we give each other. Those three little words carry a world of meaning , even when said as a greeting, but most especially if they are the last words we say to or hear from those we love. 1. The foreign teacher_______. A. comes from America B. is a young woman C. is expressive enough D. knows much about China 2. Chinese people prefer to show love by________. A. saying “I love you” B. cooking C. getting good grades D. doing something helpful; 3. In paragraph 4, what’s the real meaning of the mom’s hugging? A. She is meeting her daughter at the door. B. She loves her daughter and misses her. C. She is glad that she has more time to herself D. She finds it interesting to hug her daughter. 4. What’s the main idea of the passage? A. Say “I love you” more to your family. B. Say “I love you” a lot to Chinese people. C. Say “I love you” as a greeting to others. D. Say “I love you” without great depth of feelings. 答案:CDBA 【讨论交流】 以上材料考察的是什么题型? 【小组评价】 你明白了吗?你的表现怎样? 第四章、初中英语阅读——完型填空的特点及解题技巧 【你知道吗】 完形填空的特点 完形填空题是一种综合性很强的测试题型,它在中考英语试卷中一般不少于部分值的百分之十。题型可以根据测试的需要,将一篇短文中的十至十五个单词或短语去掉,要求考生从所提供的三个或四个选项中选出一个最佳选项,使短文中的句子通顺,意思完整。完形填空题的测试目的是考查考生借助短文保留部分、运用所学词汇、语法和其他知识重现短文愿意的综合运用英语能力。当考生阅读该题型时,必须运用所学到的各种相关知识,并以自己的生活经验,所掌握的语言知识、习惯表达等为依据,对自己在短文中获得的信息进行分析和判断,选出正确的选项,完成填空。 完形填空题通常有语言知识、判断推理和综合运用等题型。语言知识型以考查考生对各种语法规则、句型和句式等在文章中的正确运用为主。判断推理题型以考查对篇章的整体理解,上下文段落的衔接,逻辑思维与判断推理能力为主。综合型是对考生所掌握的知识和能力的综合考查。 目前,全国各地的中考完形填空呈现以下特点:完形填空题 1.以考查考生对语篇理解题型增多。 2.考查动词、形容词和副词用法与辨析的比例在逐渐加大。 3.对连词的考查题也在增加,主要考查考生对行文逻辑的掌握及文句之间关联词的理解。 4.对时态和冠词用法的考查在逐年减少。 【答题技巧】 通读全文,了解大意。完形填空题与单项选择题不同,它给的是一篇意思较为完整的短文。做该题型题型时,首先应跳过空格通读全文,了解全文大意。这样可以对文章的体裁,事件的前因后果有个大致的了解。由于完形填空题完形填空题是一种有较高的障碍性阅读理解,所以通读一遍仍有模糊感觉,这是很正常的。考生切不可急躁,尽量稳定自己的情绪,再快速读一至二遍,注意短文中的关键词和中心句。 领会句义,斟酌选项。考生应以全文为背景,联系句子的上下文进行推理和判断,从而正确理解每个句子的句义及其相互间的联系。然后,综合运用语言知识,从4个选项中选出一项进行试填。试填时应做到:瞻前顾后、综合分析、多角度思考。考生可以从词义用法、固定搭配、逻辑推理和上下文的联系等方面去考虑。 复读全文,验证答案后,应再把全文通览一遍。细心检查所选答案能否使短文上下连贯, 前后呼应,词句通顺,使短文意思完整。检查时还应从语法、惯用法、逻辑推理和事情发生的情节等方面进行考虑,以达到准确无误之目的。 考生在做完形填空题时,还应把握先易后难的原则。完形填空题的10至15个空中,一般难度较大的有2至4个。在答题的过程中也要注意答题的速度,不要为一个小题去冥思苦想,该跳过的先跳过,把有把握的空先填上。随着信息量的增加,思考范围的缩小,剰下的难题便会迎刃而解。 【练一练】 Mark Twain was pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens. He was born on November 30, 1835, in a small town in Florida ,the USA, He ____1____a few naughty boys who later ___2__ in his stories. At the age of 12,his father died, and he began to work ,first as a printer, th en on a river boat .Those years on the boat went into his book “Life _____3____the Mississipi”。 ____4___the Civil War he worked as a reporter and used Mark Twain as his pen name .The stories he wrote in this period ___5___him famous and popular. He made lot of money by writing ,lecturing and running ____6_____publishing house .But he spent all of it on high living and _____7_____ business. Mark Twain __8____as a “funny man ”.But in fact he took a serious view of life .Many sad things happened in his own life .All his _______9________ helped to shape his stories ____10____ showed the dark side of society. He died as an old man of 75 in 1910. 1. A. grew B. grew up C. grew up with D. grew up in 2. A. turned B. became C. appeared D. disappeared 3. A. on B. in C. at D. for 4. A. While B. During C. For D. Since 5. A. made B .kept C .served D. encouraged 6. A .him B .himself C. his D .his own 7. A .success B .successful C .successfully D. unsuccessful 8. A. knew B. was known C. was knowing D. was to be known 9. A. challenges B. experiences C. happiness D. sadness 10. A. who B .where C .which D. in which 【讨论交流】 做完型填空应注意什么?你采用了那些答题技巧? 【小组评价】 你的表现好吗? 第五章.初中英语阅读——阅读理解主要考查6种能力: 【你知道吗】 一、掌握所读材料的主旨和大意的能力。 此类考查主旨和大意的题大多数针对段落(或短文)的主题,主题思想,标题或目的,其主要提问方式是: 1. Which is the best title of the passage? 2. Which of the following is this passage about? 3. In this passage the writer tries to tell us that______. 4. The passage tells us that______. 5.This passage mainly talks about_______. 二、把握文章的事实和细节的能力。 此类考查事实和细节的题目大多数是针对文章的细节设计的,其主要提问方式是: 1.Which of the following is right? 2. Which of the following is not mentioned? 3. Which of the following is Not True in the passage? 4. Choose the right order of this passage. 5.From this passage we know ________. 三、根据上下文猜测生词的含义的能力。 此类猜测词义的题目要求考生根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。其主要提问方式是: 1. The word “” in the passage probably means ________. 2. The underlined word “It” in the passage refers to _______. 3. In this story the underlined word “” means ________. 4. Here “it” means________ 四、对阅读材料全篇的逻辑关系的理解,对文章各段,各句之间的逻辑关系的理解能力。 此类题目主要考查的是句语句之间,短语短之间的逻辑关系,其主要提问方式是: 1.Many visitors come to the write’s city to ________. 2.Some shops can be built Dongfeng Square so that they may _____. 3. Air pollution is the most serious kind of pollution because _____. 4. Why did the writer get off the train two stops before Vienna station? 五、依据短文内容和考生应有的常识进行推理和判断的能力。 此类题目文章中没有明确的答案,需要考生再理解全文的基础上进行推理和判断。其主要提问方式是: 1.We can guess the writer of the letter may be a ______. 2.We can infer from the text that _______. 3.From the letters we’ve learned that it’s very ___ to know something about American social customs. 4. From the story we can guess ______. 5. What would be happy if …? 六、推断作者意图和态度的能力。 此类题目的主要提问方式是: 1. How did the writer feel at Vienna station? 2.The writer writes this text to ______. 3. The writer believes that ______. 4.The writer suggests that ______. 【答题技巧】 一、可以直接从原文中找到答案的题目 A类题是拿分题。 丢分原因:1.凭印象做题,准确率低。2.时间把握最容易出问题:忘记内容的时候往往会回到文章中去找答案,一篇文章往往要读好几遍。 A类题解题技巧:看清题目所问的内容之后,要在原文中划出原句,并标上题号。 这样做的目的:1.做到万无一失,保证把该拿到的分数拿到手。2.减少阅读文章的次数,争取宝贵的时间。类题:不能够从原文中直接找到答案的题,需要经过分析、判断、推理之后才能解答的题。该类题是失分题,往往是出题老师用来拉开学生梯度和层次的题。 B类题包括:文章主题和中心大意等,一般都是主旨题。 B类题解题技巧: 1.以原文为依据,不参杂个人意见,要客观不要主观。要克服“我认为…怎么样”的观点。 2.答案是比出来的。答案不选对的,只选最好的。因为,有时候四个答案都是对的。所 以,当看到第一答案是正确的时候,也要看后面的答案。遇到这种情况,往往有学生钻牛角尖。老师给学生解释的时候,也可以这样说:你的答案没错,但是另一个答案更好,更全面。答案不选对的,只选最好的。比答案的原则是:好的>不知道的;不知道的>不对的。 3.注意绝对化的词。如果答案选项中出现绝对化的词,比如:all,always,never,nothing, every 等等,除非文章当中使用了该类词汇,否则,一般都要排除。 比如,原文中出现了这样一个句子:Almost everyone likes the music. 答题时,要你判断如下这个句子正误(True or False):Everyone likes the music. <——该句子应该是错误的。 4.答案要避免以点带面,以偏盖全。尤其是多个选项都有道理,难以挑选正确答案的时候,要注意选择最符合题目要求的一个。 5.“傻瓜”原则。文章中没有提到的就当时不知道,不要枉自猜测,自作聪明。一切以文章内容为准。 【练一练】 More and more people like bicycling and it is no surprise. It is fun, healthy and good for the environment. Maybe that’s why there are 1.4 billion bicycles and only 400 million cars on roads worldwide today. Bikes can take you almost anywhere, and there is no oil cost! Get on a bicycle and ride around your neighborhood. You may discover something new all around you. Stopping and getting off a bike is easier than stopping and getting out of your car. You can bike to work and benefit (受益) from the enjoyable exercise without polluting the environment. You don’t even have to ride all the way. Folding (折叠) bikes work well for people who ride the train. Just fold the bike and take it with you. You can do the same on an airplane. A folding bike can be packed in a suitcase. You can also take a common bike with you when you fly. But be sure to look for information by getting on airline websites. Not all airlines are bicycle-friendly to travelers. Health Benefits of Bicycling: It helps to prevent heart diseases. Bicycling helps to control your weight. A 15-minute bike ride to and from work three times a week burns off five kilos of fat in a year. Bicycling can improve your mood (心情). Exercise like bicycling has been shown to make people feel better, more relaxed and self-confident. Bicycling is healthier than driving. 1. From the passage, we know that bicycling is becoming very . A. surprising B. exciting C. expensive D. popular 2. When you are riding your bicycle around your neighborhood, you may . A. pollute the environment around B. find something you didn’t notice C. go everywhere and use a little oil D. get off your bike and begin to work 3. If you travel with a folding bike, you can fold it and _ . A. get out of the car B. take it onto a train C. put it in your purse D. go on airline websites 4. One of the benefits from bicycling is that . A. you can fold the bicycle B. you will be friendly to others C. you will be more relaxed D. you may get fatter and fatter 5. Which is TRUE according to the passage? A. Bicycling is enjoyable exercise for people. B. Driving cars is healthier than riding bikes. C. Riding a bike pollutes your neighborhood. D. Common bikes are welcomed by all airlines. 【答案】DBBCA 【讨论交流】 以上材料考察你哪方面的阅读能力? 【小组评价】 你提高了吗? 第六章、初中英语阅读——阅读方法 【你知道吗】 提高学生英语阅读能力要讲究对学生阅读方法的指导。古人云:“授之以鱼,不如授之以渔。”现代教育更重视培养学生的自我发展能力,这就要求教师不仅要教学生“学会”,而且还要教学生“会学”。要用各种方法教会学生“怎样学”,使学生具备学习和运用英语的能力。在阅读过程中根据不同的阅读目的和要求, 采取不同的阅读方式和策略,遵循由浅入深, 由表及里, 由具体到概括的顺序要求阅读。 常见的阅读方式有: 1.略读:通过整体粗读,领略内容大意,帮助理解,为细读作准备。 2.跳读:寻找所需信息,如年代、数字、人名、地名等,把握住关键词,利用语法过渡词,语气转折词及时态等,抓住文章脉络。 3.细读:分段细读,注意细节,注意语言结构,分析语言点,抓住主要事实,关键信息,揭示文章结构的内在联系,帮助深化理解。 4.推读:推测未直接写明的含义、因果关系以及词义猜测对学生在自学过程中遇到的新的单词、表达法或语法,引导学生学会根据上下文进行推定。 5.概读:要求学生从每篇标题,到各个部分都进行概读、以归纳出要点, 概括作者的主旨、意图、观点、态度,这样就能了解全文的概貌。 【提高能力】 1.加强课外阅读,扩大知识面 常言说:厚积薄发,熟能生巧。没有大量的阅读输入,就不可能有大量的语言输出。课程 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 要求初中一年级课外阅读达到4万词以上,二年级达到10万词以上,三年级达到15万词以上。这就需要拓展课外阅读面,只有大量阅读,才能更好地掌握阅读技巧,才能广泛涉猎,才能开阔学生们的眼界,学到新的知识。教师可根据所教的每一单元的主要话题及内容选择一些思想内容健康、贴近学生的生活和语言水平的短文,有计划地布置给学生阅读,以提高其阅读水平,巩固本单元的内容及词汇。 2.定时定量阅读,提高阅读速度 教师在上课前或每星期安排一两节课,精心选择有关英语社会文化、科学技术、风土人情、 风俗习惯、思维方式等风趣幽默的短文。在规定时间内让学生完成阅读任务。要求快速、准确。如在课前25分钟,要求学生完成一篇完形填空,三篇阅读理解。完成之后马上分析讲解,指导一些阅读方法和技巧。这样不仅能培养学生阅读时注意力集中的好习惯,同时也能使学生提高阅读速度,掌握阅读技巧,从而提高阅读水平。 3.培养阅读习惯,提高阅读效率 阅读习惯的好坏直接影响着阅读的效率。对于初学者来说,这一点尤为重要。然而好的阅读习惯并非一下子就能养成,只有在正确的指导下,在阅读实践过程中逐步培养。因此,每次进行阅读训练,都要向学生提出一些具体的要求。例如: (1)阅读时不要出声,要默读。默读是通过视觉器官直接感知文字符号,速度要比出声的阅读快得多。 (2)不要逐字逐词地读,而要以意群或句子为单位。如果逐字逐词的阅读过多地把注意力放在单词上,不仅影响阅读速度,而且往往影响对文章的整体把握。 4.培养词意推断能力 我们在阅读中难免会遇到生词,如果每次遇到不认识的单词都去查字典,则会影响阅读速度和理解效果。因此,在阅读中要善于根据上下文,推断某些单词和短语的意义。 【练一练】 Every morning, the newspaper chief editor(主编) holds a meeting with the reporters. They discuss the main events(事件) of the day. Reporters are then sent to cover the events. As soon as the reporters know what to write about, they get down to work. They telephone people and fix a time for a face-to-face interview with them. Sometimes they do telephone interviews. Checking information is very important. They go to the newspaper’s own library to look up any information that they need. This is called “doing one’s homework”. At the same time, the picture editor decides which photographs will be used for the next day’s paper. All the people who work on a newspaper must be able to work fast. Reporters have to stop working on one story and start working at once on the important new one. They must find out the new information as quickly as possible. Later in the day, everything is put together at the news desk. Reporters return, type their stories into the computer and hand them to the editor. The chief editor decides which will be the most important story on the front page. Sometimes this will have to be changed if something more important happens late in the day. Other editors read the stories which the reporters have written and make any necessary changes. Finally, there is no more time left for adding new stories, and the time for printing(印刷) the newspaper has come. This is done on fast-moving printing machines. The newspapers are then delivered(发送) by truck, plane or rail. Speed is important. People want to buy the latest newspaper; nobody wants to buy yesterday’s. 1. What is the work in a newspaper office like? A. Interesting and confusing B. Important and patient. C. Particular and necessary. D. Fast and busy. 2. According to the passage, the right order for a reporter’s work is ____________. a. writing stories b. doing interviews c. joining in a discussion d. doing homework e. handing stories to the editor A. cbade B. cdeab C. cbdae D. cadbe 3. The front page contents(内容) are decided by ___________. A. the importance of the events B. how well the stories are written C. the knowledge of the chief editor D. whether they are the latest 4. Word editors’ work is to ____________. A. help the chief editor with the morning discussion B. decide when and how the papers can be printed C. read the stories and make necessary changes D. get together information from reporters and photographers 5. The best title for this passage is “____________”. A. How a newspaper is produced B. How newspapers are delivered C. What kind of papers readers like D. Whose work is more important 【答案】 DCACA 【讨论交流】 阅读以上材料你采用了什么阅读方法? 【小组评价】 你采用的阅读方法合理吗?