外文翻译--混凝土喷射机的概述及改进

外文翻译--混凝土喷射机的概述及改进 Summarization and improvement of concrete-ejecting machines Abstract :The text introduces the principle ,style and development process of dry and wet type concrete-ejecting machines. It analyzes domesticand foreign application instance ,allkindsofconcrete-ejecting machines mostly merit and flaw. Also it introduces somerepresentational wet con-crete-ejecting machines domestic developed. Some flaws of concrete-ejecting machines are improved. Keywords:concrete-ejectingmachines,frame characteristic ,operating principles , highway. Concrete is the use of compressed air jet, will be allocated a certain level and good water-cement ratio mixing concrete materials, through the pipeline by the jet nozzle, and high speed jet out to the surface by spraying a concrete suppor-t Layer is sprayed concrete construction equipment operations in the main. Asa concrete spraying technology saving concrete and steel, timber, labour-saving and improve construction efficiency and reduce costs, and other characteristics, the concrete applican of the jet increasingly common. Has now been widely us-ed in railway, highway, water conservancy, construction, coal and other buildi -ng works in construction, a tunnel solution, road slope, construction pit, unde-rground works of temporary and permanent care to support the construction m-achinery operations. [ 1 ] 1 The work of sprayed concrete mechanism and the development trend In sprayed concrete operations, the overwhelming majority of the use of concrete-rotor aircraft, such as jet structure is simple, reliable performance, a small, lightweight, easy to operate and maintenance。Dry jet principle and structure are: the rotor with a liner to a certain speed of rotation, and the combination of pressure plates fixed on the liner fixed, with a board connected into the wind pipe and discharging elbow, when Rotor equipped with materials in the various materials Cup rotation and into the wind to the elbow and discharging the same time, in the role of gas under pressure, and materials through the elbow and expected to lose the material transported to the nozzle a nd nozzle in the water Blasting away. Dry concrete jet of the main advantages is a long distance carrier, simple equipment, durable, but because it is so dry nozzles, mixing concrete mixed with water, and therefore the construction dust, are more resilient, dry spraying operations against workers in the dust Health, in particular the narrow roadway construction, dust pollution is more serious [2]。 From the 1960s onwards, in Western developed countries, wet spraying began gradually introducing the technology, all kinds of wet concrete Jets also be developed, sprayed concrete and dry the main difference is that enough (in water-cement ratio requirements should be The volume of) the opportunity to join the mixing of different water。Wet sprayed concrete is expected lose their access to the former Mixture has added a foot of water mixing, the loser in the delivery of the cylinder is the wet concrete; dry sprayed concrete is lost in the transmission of the material did not join the mixing Water dry material (ground humidity mixing natural materials or drying materials), and in sufficient volume nozzle before mixing with water, dry mixture and mix quickly after the whole wet concrete delivered to the nozzle, speed up the coagulation of the doped Afte r the jet to beam a material of construction [3]. At the national level, as people's environmental awareness and enhance the quality of sprayed concrete requirements of the increase, an increasing number of wet concrete into the use of jet aircraft. In recent years, some domestic units also began to develop several wet concrete jet, but the scale of production is still to be expanded. To sum up, jet wet concrete of the main advantages are the following: 1) greatly reduced the plane and next to the nozzles of dust concentration and eliminate the health hazards to workers. 2) high productivity. Dry concrete Jets general no more than 53 m3 / h, and the use of jet wet concrete, artificial operations up to 103 m3 / h, a mechanical manual, up to 203 m3 / h. 3) The rebound was low. Jet Dry, concrete rebound of up to 15 percent to 50 percent, the wet spray technical rebound rate can be reduced to below 10%. 4) wet spray, easy to control because of water-cement ratio, a high degree of concrete hydration, it can significantly improve the quality of sprayed concrete and improve quality of the concrete absorbed. 2 Wet concrete Jets and the type of work principle Concrete Pumping main piston pump-jet spray and a wet-wet spraying machine screw pump two categories. Piston pump-jet aircraft will be wet plunger-wet concrete as a concrete pump the basic body jet, with the export pipeline to the nozzle and in this Access to compressed gas will jet out of concrete, wet spray such a heavy machine general However, long distance transmission, Second Beach, the Xiaolangdi Water Conservancy Project and other large-scale use of the aircraft's main disadvantage is that low productivity, and screw the stator sets of wear and tear more serious, there was little scope of application. 3 Domestic wet concrete Jets 3. 1 SPZ26-wet concrete Jets SPZ26-wet concrete jet sent to a gas-rotor aircraft wet concrete, and its working principle of Liwa 280 Ruishi A similar model, by its rotor rotary motor driven by reducer, the aircraft equipment less investment, high productivi ty, light weight , Good mobility [4]. 3. 2 PZ25B Concrete jet aircraft to spray dry, wet spray and spray tide. It automatically clean, non-stick block, cutting speed, little more than expected, h igh efficiency. 3.3 impeller wet concrete wet concrete impeller jet aircraft is a new wet spraying machine, it adopted a impeller feeding device, a reliable, long life, to aggregate size of the big advantages. At present, China's development of the wet concrete pumping and dual-use spray-spray-wet concrete tunnel construction is indispensable to engineering equipment, the main impeller and rotor piston-type pumps and wet spraying machine. Impeller and rotor piston wet spraying machine short-distance transportation, displacement of small, fragile pieces of short life, serious leakage pulp, cleaning a long time [5]. 4 Jet promote the use of wet concrete in some of the issues to be resolved At present, due to wet jet technology has obvious advantages, wet concrete Jets in the project is also an increasing number of applications, but because there are some outstanding issues, the wet concrete to promote the use of jet played a certain obstacles Role, even in China, currently the main sprayed concrete operations is still dry spray. 1) use of wet concrete jet of liquid condensate, a joint venture of imports and higher prices (up to 6000 yuan / t ~ 8 000元/ t), and domestic liquid condensate of no production, should be relatively dry Spray of powder and quick-setting low price (more than 1000 yuan / t). 2) low labor costs and people's environmental awareness to be increased. 3) wet concrete jet operations, more complex equipment, operation and maintenance of jet aircraft for less than dry. 4) the use of wet concrete jet operations, higher equipment investment. 5 Improvement of concrete-ejecting machines 5.1 After the concrete improvement of the characteristics of a jet 1) dust better. The improved use of the seal can not be dust, has greatly improved the working conditions of workers, increased labor productivity. 2) increase the flexibility of high-adhesive rubber material cavity. Concrete can be an effective solution to the problem of bonded easily, remove the concrete to reduce the number of bonded and improve labor efficiency. 3) use of wear-resistant rubber pads. Rubber mats more than double the wear resistance, a decrease of rubber pads to reduce the frequency of the use of replacement cost. 4) the overall change from the original drive shaft composed of three parts, not easy to solve the demolition, the problem of maintenance. 5.2 Improve the difference between before and after the concrete Jets 1) the original concrete jet rotating body formed by the wear-resistant cast iron foundry, without treatment, after the rust-bonding, improved after the jet cavity spraying anti-rust treatment and greatly reduce the possibility of a bond. 2) the original concrete jet rotation of direct contact with the material I, Mifengbuyan; feed mouth without sealing device, improved to increase a wear-res istant rubber pads and mouth and feed ring. 3)In rotating body and mouth spray to increase flexible rubber material, and the rotation of the original concrete jet spray and a flexible rubber mouth cavity. Concrete work of a high-pressure jet of air cavity, flexible rubber in the air cavity under the pressure of being compressed, rotating body is constantly rotating, when the rotation of the chamber passed a flexible rubber pressure zone, the pressure disappeared, flexible Rubber cavity in the stretch under its own restitution due to the high flexibility of rubber attached to the cavity on the concrete and scattered by squeezing down, automatic removal of the concrete bonding, in order to facilitate maintenance and replacement of the rotating flexible rubber Liu cavity, the overall 12 will be split into four cavity, each of the three cavity. The same token, I expected to increase in a flexible rubber material cavity. 4) the original concrete jet drive shaft for the overall structure, cleaning up the rotating body cavity or replacement work flexible rubber material cavity, to be screened in Shangzuo body and can also Xiediao, will improve the entire shaft is divided into three parts , The middle of a connecting shaft, through the home side, connecting shaft, the pin will be linked to the two- axis, demolition, only to tear down the shaft can be connected in blocks of lift, the replacement of flexible rubber body cavity or clean-up rotation, Province when the effort, boosted by increasing the flexibility of rubber rubber seal cavity and the drive shaft connected to the body structure and effective solution to the dust and inconvenience to the demolition of concrete and bond issues, some use from the scene, has been made Good results. 6 The end conclusion of a wave while spraying can reduce dust concentration and reduce the rate of rebound, but the dust hazard still exists, still higher rates rebound from the required standard there is still a considerable distance. All countries in the world of wet concrete of the jet at the same time, developed a jet of wet concrete, and increasingly mature, many countries have started to use a lot. China's current wet-spray method is still in testing stage and not yet fully promote the application level. Mainly wet spraying machine size, complexity of the aggregate demand high, and China's production of liquid condensate, the admixture of poor, the impact of the wet jet promotion and application. In this regard China's many units have begun research, and has made big progress [7]. Development of reliable performance, small size, for the scene to promote the use of the wet spraying machine is still the future of sprayed concrete technology one of the main direction. [1] Xu Tianen. Concrete Jets the status quo and development trend of [J]. Coal Science and Technology, 1997, 25 (9): 30231. [2] Liu Yun Kai. Concrete dust and jet-bonded improvements [J]. Jiangsu coal, 2003 (4): 61262. [3] Wang Xiaobao. Wet concrete Jets and the type of development [J] . Engineering machinery, 2004 (11): 48249. [4] Chen Hui-Han. Improve rotor aircraft service life of concrete technical means [J]. Well built, 2003 (8): 36237. [5] Fan Guang-qin, Zeng Kang Sheng, Xu Long Wharf, etc. jet fly ash concrete support of the pilot study [J]. Well built, 1993 (2): 66267. [6] Yi Gong initiatives, Han Jun, ZHANG Ren-water. High Strength of sprayed concrete [J]. Coal Science and Technology, 1993, 21 (2): 40242. [7] Wang Fangrong. Analysis of China's concrete spraying technology and equipment [J]. Well built, 1996, 79 (5 ): 45,246 中文译文 混凝土喷射机的概述及改进 摘 要:介绍了干式和湿式混凝土喷射机的工作原理、类型、发展过程,分析了国内 外应用情况和各类混凝土喷射机的优缺点,并对近年来国内研制开发的几种 具有代 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 性的湿式混凝土喷射机作了介绍,对混凝土喷射机的问题进行了技 术改进。 关键词:混凝土喷射机,结构特点,工作原理,公路 混凝土喷射机是利用压缩空气,将按一定级配和水灰比拌和好的混凝土料,通过输送管经喷射机的喷嘴,并以很高的速度喷射出去,从而在受喷面上形成混凝土支护层,是目前喷射混凝土 施工 文明施工目标施工进度表下载283施工进度表下载施工现场晴雨表下载施工日志模板免费下载 作业中的主要设备。由于混凝土喷射技术具有节约混凝土和钢材、木材,节省劳动力,提高施工效率,降低 工程 路基工程安全技术交底工程项目施工成本控制工程量增项单年度零星工程技术标正投影法基本原理 费用等特点，因此混凝土喷射机的应用越来越普遍。目前已被广泛地应用于铁路、公路、水利、建筑、煤炭等建筑工程的施工中,成了解决隧道、道路护坡、建筑基坑、地下工程的临时和永久支护理想的施工作业机械[ 1 ] 。 1(目前在喷射混凝土作业中,绝大多数是使用转子式混凝土喷射机,因为这种喷射机结构简单、工作性能可靠、外形小、重量轻、维修和操作方便。干式喷射机工作原理和结构特征是:带有衬板的转子以一定的转速旋转,而结合板压在衬板上固定不动,结合板上连接有进风管和出料弯头,当转子中装有物料的各个料杯转动到与进风管和出料弯头相通时,在压气的作用下,物料通过出料弯头和输料管输送到喷嘴,并在喷嘴处加水喷射出去。 干式混凝土喷射机的主要优点是输送距离长、设备简单、耐用,但由于它是使干拌和混凝土喷嘴外与水混合,故而施工粉尘,回弹均较大,干喷作业产生的粉尘危害工人健康,尤其是窄小巷道工程施工中,粉尘污染更为严重[ 2 ] 。 从20 世纪60 年代起,在西方发达国家中,湿喷技术开始逐渐推行,各种湿式混凝土喷射机也陆续开发出来,与干法喷射混凝土的主要区别在于足量(按水灰比要求应加的量) 拌合水的加入时机不同;湿式喷射混凝土是在其进入输料管前混合料中已加了足量的拌合水,输料管中输送的是全湿混凝土;干式喷射混凝土是在输料管中输送未加入拌合水的干料(地面自然湿度拌合料或烘干料) ,而在喷嘴前再加足够量拌合水,与干混合料迅速混合为全湿混凝土后输送至喷嘴处,经掺加速凝剂后形成料束喷至施工面[ 3 ] 。 在国内,随着人们环保意识的增强以及对喷射混凝土质量要求的提高,已有越来越多的湿式混凝土喷射机进入使用。近几年来,国内一些单位也开始开发研制出几种湿式混凝土喷射机,但生产规模尚有待于扩大。概括起来,湿式混凝土喷射机的主要优点有以下几方面: 1) 大大降低了机旁和喷嘴外的粉尘浓度,消除了对工人健康的危害。 2) 生产率高。干式混凝土喷射机一般不超过53 m3/ h ,而使用湿式混凝土喷射 机,人工作业时可达103 m3/ h ,采用机械手工作业时,则可达203 m3/ h。 3) 回弹度低。干喷时,混凝土回弹度可达15 %,50 % ,采用湿喷技术回弹率可 降低到10 %以下。 4) 湿喷时,由于水灰比易于控制,混凝土水化程度高,故可大大改善喷射混凝土 的品质,提高混凝土的匀质性。 2 湿式混凝土喷射机的种类及工作原理 随着混凝土湿喷技术的应用,各国分别开发出一系列的湿式混凝土喷射机根据湿 式混凝土喷射机的工作原理,可分为泵送型及气动型两大类[ 3 ] 。 2. 1 泵送型湿式混凝土喷机 泵送型混凝土喷射机主要有柱塞泵式湿喷机和螺杆泵式湿喷机两类。柱塞泵式湿喷机是将柱塞式混凝土泵作为湿式混凝土喷射机的基本机体,在输送管出口装以喷嘴并在此通入压缩空气,将混凝土喷射出去,这类湿喷机一般较笨重,但输送距离长,在二滩、小浪底等一些大型水利工程中使用,该机型的主要缺点是生产率低,螺杆和定子套的磨损较严重,故而应用范围不大。 2. 2 气送式湿式混凝土喷机 这类湿喷机是利用压缩空气将物料在软管中以“稀薄流”的形式输送至喷嘴直接喷出,该机为并排的两个罐,一个喷射,一个备料,罐的底部各有一个横卧的螺旋输送器,喷射罐内通入压缩空气,湿拌合料经螺旋送进输料管,在喷嘴处,通过气环引入的压缩空气使拌合料喷射出去,机动性差。 3 国产湿式混凝土喷射机 3. 1 SPZ26 型湿式混凝土喷射机 SPZ26 型湿式混凝土喷射机是一种气送转子式湿式混凝土喷射机,其工作 原理与瑞士阿利瓦280 机型相似,其转子由电动机经减速器带动旋转,该机 设备投资少,生产率高,重量轻,机动性好[ 4 ] 。 3. 2 PZ25B 型混凝土喷射机该机适用于干喷、潮喷和湿喷。它能自动清洗,不 粘堵,下料速度快,余料少,效率高。 3. 3 叶轮式湿式混凝土喷射机 叶轮式湿式混凝土喷射机是一种新型湿喷机,它采用了一种叶轮喂料装置, 具有工作可靠、使用寿命长、适应骨料粒径范围大等优点。目前我国研制 的混凝土泵送和湿喷两用机混凝土湿喷机是隧道施工中不可缺少的工程设 备,目前主要有叶轮式、转子活塞式及泵式湿喷机。叶轮式和转子活塞式 湿喷机的输送距离短、排量小、易损件寿命短、漏浆严重、清洗时间长 [ 5 ] 。 4 湿式混凝土喷射机推广应用中需解决的一些问题 目前,由于湿喷技术具有明显的优势,湿式混凝土喷射机在工程中的应用亦越来越多,但是,由于存在着一些尚待解决的问题,对湿式混凝土喷射机的推广应用起到了一定的阻碍作用,以至于在我国,目前主要的喷射混凝土作业方式仍是干喷。 1) 湿式混凝土喷射机多采用液体速凝剂,进口及合资产品售价较高(达6 000 元/ t,8 000 元/ t ) ,而国产液体速凝剂尚无生产,相对应的干喷粉状速凝剂售价低(1 000 多元/ t) 。 2) 劳动力成本低及人们的环保意识尚待提高。 3) 湿式混凝土喷射机作业时,设备较为复杂,操作及维修不及干喷机方便。 4) 使用湿式混凝土喷射机作业时,设备投资较高。 5 喷射混凝土机的改进 5. 1 改进后混凝土喷射机的特点 1) 防尘效果更好。采用改进后的密封装置可以做到不扬尘,大大改善了工人的劳动条件,提高了劳动生产率。 2) 增加防粘结高弹性橡胶料腔。可有效解决混凝土易粘结的问题,减少了清除混凝土粘结的次数,提高了劳动效率。 3) 运用耐磨橡胶垫。橡胶垫的耐磨性提高一倍以上,减少了橡胶垫的更换次数降低了使用成本。 4) 将原传动轴由整体改为三部分组成,解决了不易拆卸、维修难的问题。 5. 2 改进前后混凝土喷射机的区别 1) 原混凝土喷射机旋转体由耐磨铸铁铸造而成,未经处理,生锈后易粘结,改进后将喷射腔进行喷涂防锈处理,大大降低了粘结的可能性。 2) 原混凝土喷射机旋转体直接与出料口接触,密封不严;进料口无密封装置,改进后增加一层耐磨橡胶垫并在进料口加密封圈。 3) 在旋转体上和喷射口增加高弹性橡胶料,而原混凝土喷射机旋转体和喷射口无高弹性橡胶腔。混凝土喷射机工作时形成高压空气腔,高弹性橡胶腔在空气的压力下被压缩,旋转体是不停转动的,当旋转体上的高弹性橡胶腔转过压力区后,压力消失,高弹性橡胶腔将在自身的弹力作用下恢复原状,而使附着在高弹性橡胶腔上的混凝土受到挤压而散落下来,自动清除了混凝土粘结,同时为了便于维修和更换旋转体上的高弹性橡胶料腔,将整体十二个腔分割成四件,每件三个腔。同样道理,在出料口增加一高弹性橡胶料腔。 4) 原混凝土喷射机传动轴为整体结构,清理旋转体上的工作腔或更换高弹性橡胶料腔时,须将上座体和筛体同时卸掉才可,改进后将整轴分为三部分,中间加一连接轴,通过方母,连接轴,销轴将两轴连在一起,拆卸时只须拆掉连接轴就可以将中座体抬起,更换高弹性橡胶腔或者清理旋转体,省时又省力,通过增加橡胶密封垫高弹性橡胶腔以及将传动轴改为分体连接式结构,有效地解决了扬尘和混凝土粘结及拆卸不便的问题,从一些使用现场来看,取得了良好的效果。 6 结语 采用潮喷工艺虽然可降低粉尘浓度和减少回弹率,但粉尘的危害依然存在,回弹率仍然较高,距要求的 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 还有相当大的距离。世界各国在探讨湿法喷射混凝土工 艺的同时,研制了湿式混凝土喷射机,并日趋成熟,许多国家已开始大量采用。我国目前湿喷法仍处在试验研究阶段,还未达到全面推广的应用水平。主要是湿喷机体积庞大,工艺复杂,对集料要求高,而我国生产的液体速凝剂、外加剂性能较差,影响了湿式喷射机的推广和应用。在这方面我国很多单位已经开始了研究,并取得了不小的进展[ 7 ] 。研制性能可靠、体积小,可供现场推广使用的湿喷机仍是今后喷射混凝土技术的主攻方向之一。 参考文献: [1 ]许天恩. 混凝土喷射机现状和发展趋势[J ] . 煤炭科学技术, 1997 ,25 (9) :30231. [2 ]刘运启. 混凝土喷射机防尘和防粘结的改进[J ] . 江苏煤炭, 2003 (4) :61262. [3 ]王小宝. 湿式混凝土喷射机的类型及发展[J ] . 工程机械,2004 (11) :48249. [4 ]陈恢翰. 提高转子式混凝土喷射机使用寿命技术途径[J ] . 建 井技术,2003 (8) :36237. [5 ]范广勤,曾康生,徐龙仓,等. 喷射粉煤灰混凝土支护的试验研 究[J ] . 建井技术,1993 (2) :66267. [6 ]易恭猷,韩立军,张仁水. 高强度喷射混凝土的研究[J ] . 煤炭 科学技术,1993 ,21 (2) :40242. [7 ] 王方荣. 浅析我国混凝土喷射技术及装备[ J ] . 建井技术, 1996 ,79 (5) :45246.