Special Specification of Fire Protection 防火设计规范中英文版

Design Standard for Temporary Buildings and Structures of the World Expo (Special Specification of Fire Protection) 2007  Shanghai 1  General 1.0.1 This standard is formulated in order to prevent and reduce fire hazards of temporary World Expo buildings and structures (hereinafter temporary buildings) and protect personnel and property safety. 1.0.2 This standard should apply to newly built, reconstructed and expanded temporary buildings in the Expo Park with useful life below one year, which are 20m high at most, contains up to 4 floors and no basement. 1.0.3 After the Expo, national and municipal standards or codes of fire protection technology should apply to temporary buildings, if they will be still used or their functions be changed. 1.0.4 Temporary buildings applicable to this standard can be classified into 6 functional types: 1  Exhibition hall：self-built pavilion, leasing pavilion and joint pavilion； 2  Commerce and catering：souvenir shop, speciality shop, snack bar； 3  Recreation：performance, leisure facility, playground； 4  Traffic facilities：elevated walkway, entrance facilities, parking lot； 5  Operational management：post, banking facilities, environmental hygiene, management housing； 6  Security and support：medical service station, security guard station, fire service station. 2  Terminology 2.0.1    Duration of fire resistance Period of time in hours that elapses from the time when building component, fitting or structure starts to be affected by fire to the time when they lose their steadiness, completeness or heat insulation under standard conditions for fire resistance. 2.0.2    Non-combustible component Building component made of non-combustible materials. 2.0.3    Hard-combustible component Building component made of hard-combustible materials, or made of combustible materials with protective layers using non-combustible materials. 2.0.4    Combustible component Building component made of combustible components. 2.0.5    Safety exit Entrance/exit of staircase or outdoor stair for personnel safe evacuation , or exit for direct access to outdoor safe areas. 2.0.6    Enclosed staircase Staircase partitioned through building components/fittings that can prevent entry of smoke and hot air. 2.0.7    Fire compartment Local space that can prevent fire from spreading to other parts of the same building for a certain time, which is formed by partition inside the building through fire-proof walls, fire-proof floors and other fire separation s. 2.0.8    Fire separation distance Separation distance for preventing the radiant heat of a building on fire from inflaming adjourning buildings for a certain time, and which is also convenient for fire attack. 2.0.9    Smoke bay Space that can accumulate a certain amount of smoke, which is formed under the roof, top slab or suspended ceiling inside a building by partition through smoke blocking components or fittings. 2.0.10  Fire water supply system of high pressure Fire water supply system where the water pressure and flowrate at the most unfavorable location of the fire water supply network can meet the requirements for fire extinguishing at ordinary times and which does not include fire pumps or fire transfer pumps. 2.0.11  Fire water supply system of stable-high pressure Fire water supply system where the pressure maintaining facility of the system maintains the water pressure at the most unfavorable location of the system at ordinary times to meet the requirements for fire extinguishing, and which includes fire pumps. For fire extinguishing, the pressure linkage will start the fire pumps so that water pressure and flowrate at the most unfavorable location of the network can meet the requirements for fire extinguishing. 2.0.12  Fire water supply system of temporary high pressure Fire water supply system where the water pressure and flowrate at the most unfavorable location of the fire water supply network at ordinary times can not meet the requirements for fire extinguishing and which include fire pumps. For fire extinguishing, fire pumps will be started so that the water pressure and flowrate at the most unfavorable location of the network can meet the requirements for fire extinguishing. 2.0.13  Steady-pressure tank of fire water Pneumatic tank in a fire water system to ensure system water pressure or provide initial water consumption. 2.0.14  Pressure maintenance pump，jockey pump Water supply pump used in a fire water supply system to maintain steady pressure at the most unfavorable location at ordinary times. 2.0.15  Simple equipped sprinkler system Simplified wet pipe system of relatively short sprinkling time for partial use, which consists of fast response sprinklers of K coefficient 80/115, pipes and water supply devices, also called simplified fire sprinkler system. 2.0.16 Splashing sprinkler extinguishing device in large-space site Fire extinguishing device high in the air that can detect fire positions and start sprinklers to splash in round forms by centrifugal force to extinguish fire, which consisting mainly of infrared detectors, great current capacity water sprinklers and electromagnetic valve sets. 2.0.17  Distribution place of fire extinguisher Place where there exist inflammable gases, fluids or solids and where fire extinguishers need to be distributed. 2.0.18  Calculation unit Calculation area for distribution of fire extinguishers. 2.0.19  Travel distance Linear walking distance between distribution location of fire extinguishers to the most unfavorable location at distribution place of fire extinguishers. 2.0.20  Fire rating Expressing the efficacy of fire extinguishers in extinguishing different types of fire, it consists of the digit indicating fire-extinguishing efficacy and alphabet indicating fire-extinguishing type. 2.1.3    Smoke extraction system System that exhausts smoke to the outside of the building in the mechanical or natural exhausting way. 2.1.5    Mechanical smoke exhausting Smoke exhausting methods using smoke exhausting fans to exhaust smoke to the outside of the building. 2.1.6  Natural smoke exhausting Smoke exhausting methods using natural ventilations such as openable exterior windows or louvers. 2.1.7    Exhaust smoke window Openable exterior window or louver placed on the exterior wall or top of a building that can exhaust smoke effectively. Openable exterior window can be divided into auto exhaust smoke window and manual exhaust smoke window. 2.1.8    Manual exhaust smoke window Exhaust smoke window that can be easily opened by men without any tools. 2.1.9    Auto exhaust smoke window Exhaust smoke window that is linked to automatic fire alarm system or can be long distance controlled. 2.1.10  Smoke exhaust outlet Vent or smoke exhaust window in the smoke silo that is used for smoke exhausting. 2.1.12  Smoke damper Damper installed on the ducts of the smoke extraction system that, in the case of fire, can be actuated and feed back damper’s signal according to fire protection signals so as to ensure effective smoke exhaust in corresponding smoke bays. 2.1.13  Smoke fire damper Damper installed on the ducts of the smoke extraction system, that in the case of fire, can be closed automatically when the temperature of gas in the pipes reach 280℃, and for a certain time can meet the requirement on fire proof steadiness and completeness and block smoke and fire. 3  Fire protection for buildings 3.1 Fire resistance rating, floor numbers and floor area of temporary buildings 3.1.1 Fire resistance ratings of temporary buildings can be divided into level 1, 2, 3 and 4, but level 1 and 2 shall be reached. As for corresponding building component of with different ratings, combustion performance and duration of fire resistance should not be lower than specified in Table 3.1.1. Table 3.1.1  Combustion performance and duration of fire resistance of building components（h）   Fire resistance rating Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Wall Fire-proof wall Non-combustible component 3.00 Non-combustible component 3.00 Non-combustible component 3.00 Non-combustible component 3.00 Bearing wall Non-combustible component 3.00 Non-combustible component 2.50 Non-combustible component 2.00 Hard combustible component 0.50 Non-bearing Exterior wall Non-combustible component 1.00 Non-combustible component 1.00 Non-combustible component 0.50 Combustible component Staircase wall Wall of elevator shafts Non-combustible component 2.00 Non-combustible component 2.00 Non-combustible component 1.50 Hard combustible component 0.50 Partition wall on both sides of evacuation walk Non-combustible component 1.00 Non-combustible component 1.00 Non-combustible component 0.50 Hard combustible component 0.25 Partition wall of rooms Non-combustible component 0.75 Non-combustible component 0.50 Hard combustible component 0.50 Hard combustible component 0.25 Column Non-combustible component 3.00 Non-combustible component 2.50 Non-combustible component 2.00 Hard combustible component 0.50 Beam Non-combustible component 2.00 Non-combustible component 1.50 Non-combustible component 1.00 Hard combustible component 0.50 Floor slab Non-combustible component 1.50 Non-combustible component 1.00 Non-combustible component 0.50 Combustible component Bearing component of roof Non-combustible component 1.50 Non-combustible component 1.00 Combustible component Combustible component Evacuation staircase Non-combustible component 1.50 Non-combustible component 1.00 Non-combustible component 0.50 Combustible component Suspended ceiling（including joists of suspended ceiling） Non-combustible component 0.25 Hard combustible component 0.25 Hard combustible component 0.15 Combustible component             Note： 1 For an building which use non-combustible materials for walls and be supported by wood columns, its fire resistance rating should take level 4； 2 Suspended ceilings of buildings of level 2 fire resistance rating, if made of non-combustible components, will be under no restriction with regards to duration of fire resistance； 3 In buildings of level 2 fire resistance rating, partition walls of an room under 100m2 area will use non-combustible components of at least 0.30h duration of fire resistance, if the specifications of this table are really difficult to implement； 4 Partition walls on both sides of evacuation walk of buildings of level 1 and 2 fire resistance rating, will use non-combustible components of at least 0.75h duration of fire resistance, if the specifications of this table are really difficult to implement. 3.1.2  If the roof slabs of a temporary building are used as a part of the roof-bearing components and made of hard-combustible materials, the building should be of level 3 fire resistance rating. If the walls and roofs of a temporary building are made of combustible materials, these components should reach the requirements on level 4 fire resistance rating. 3.1.3  If a temporary building adopts steel structure or uses steel structure components, such components should be covered with non-combustible component or spray-coated with fireproof paint, and their fire resistance ratings should not be lower than those stated in Table 3.1.1 as well as following regulations: 1  If those important public buildings in the Expo Park such as exhibition halls, commerce and recreation buildings adopt steel structure, then they should reach level 1 or 2 fire resistance rating; if those buildings are equipped with the sprinkler system for full protection, then the duration of fire resistance of their columns and beams will be 0.5h lower than those specified in Table 3.1.1. 2  The fire resistance rating of other temporary buildings of steel structure should not under level 2. If those buildings are equipped with the sprinkler system for full protection, then the duration of fire resistance of their building components will be lower than those specified in Table 3.1.1 by 50%. 3  If those important public buildings in the Expo Park such as exhibition halls, commerce and recreation buildings are equipped with the sprinkler system, then bearing components of roof will be under no fire protection. Bearing components of roof in other temporary buildings of steel structure will be under no fire protection. 4  Profiled steel sheets serving only as forms for floor slabs will be under no fire protection. Profiled steel sheets serving as bearing components in floor slabs should be under fire protection. 5  If bearing steel structures of a temporary building are poured with anti-freezing and anti-corrosive circulating solvents, and the building is equipped with the sprinkler system for full protection, then, other fire protection will be omitted for its bearing components. 3.1.4  Fire resistance rating, maximum permissible number of floors and maximum permissible floor area of fire compartments of temporary buildings should conform to the specifications in Table 3.1.4. Table 3.1.4  Fire resistance rating, max. permissible no. of floors and max. permissible floor area of fire compartments（m2） Fire resistance rating Permissible no. of floors Max. permissible floor area of fire compartments (m2) Remarks Level 1 and 2 4 2500 1. Max. permissible floor area of exhibition halls in an exhibition building will be larger to an appropriate extent; 2. Children’s activity area shall not exceed 3 floors or be arranged on floor 4; Level 3 4 1200 1. Children’s activity area and medical service stations shall not exceed 2 floors or arranged on floor 3 or above; 2. Catering facilities shall not exceed 2 floors, or arranged on floor 3 or above. Level 4 2 600 Children’s activity area, catering facilities and medical service stations shall not be arranged on floor 2.         Note：When a building is equipped with the automatic fire extinguishing system, the max. permissible floor area of the fire compartment will be double that stated in this table. When the system is adopted partially, then the max. permissible floor area of the fire compartment can be increased 1.0 times the said partial area. 3.1.5  When a business hall of a shop above the ground or exhibition hall of an exhibition building meets following requirements, the maximum permissible area of each fire compartment should not be larger than 10000m2： 1  Arranged in a single-storey building or on the first floor of multiple storey building of level 1 and 2 fire resistance rating； 2  Equipped with the sprinkler system, smoke exhaust facilities and automatic fire alarm system, as specified in this code； 3  Interior decoration design conforms to relevant regulations in Chapter 8 of this standard. 3.1.6  For components of a wood structure building, if the combustion performance and duration of fire resistance of them can meet the requirements of the specifications in Table 3.1.6, the wood structure will undergo architectural fire protection design according to the regulations. Table 3.1.6  Combustion performance and duration of fire resistance of components in a wood structure building Name of component Combustion performance and duration of fire resistance（h） Fire-proof wall Non-combustible component 3.00 Bearing wall, wall of staircase and elevator shaft Hard-combustible component 1.00 Non-bearing exterior wall, partition walls on both sides of evacuation walks Hard-combustible component 1.00 Partition wall of room Hard-combustible component 0.50 Multiple-layer bearing column Hard-combustible component 1.00 Single layer bearing column Hard-combustible component 1.00 Beam Hard-combustible component 1.00 Floor slab Hard-combustible component 1.00 Bearing component of roof Hard-combustible component 1.00 Evacuation staircase Hard-combustible component 0.50 Indoor suspended ceiling Hard-combustible component 0.25     Note： 1  The surface of roof should adopt non-combustible materials； 2  If a wood structure building includes different heights, the bearing components of roof of a lower part should not use combustible components; if use hard-combustible component, its duration of fire resistance should not be lower than 1.00h. 3.1.7  The wood structure building should not exceed 3 floors, and maximum areas of fire compartments and permissible lengths of buildings of different numbers of floors should not exceed the specifications in Table 3.1.7. Table 3.1.7  No. of floors, lengths and areas of wood structure buildings No. of floors Max. permissible length （m） Max. permissible area/ floor（m2） 1 100 1200 2 80 900 3 60 600       Note：For a wood structure building equipped with the sprinkler system, the max. permissible length and area will be double that stated in this table. When the system is adopted partially, the max. permissible floor area of the fire compartment can be increased 1.0 times the said partial area. 3.1.8  For natural fibers used for building components, relevant requirements on temporary wood structure buildings will apply. 3.1.9  When openings through floors exist in a temporary building for escalators, open staircases, etc., the area of its fire compartments should be the sum of the upper and lower floors linked with each other. When the sum of the floor areas is larger than the specifications stated in 3.1.4, fire compartments should be defined. 3.1.10  When an atrium or overhanging space exists in a temporary building, the area of its fire compartments should be the sum of the upper and lower floors linked with each other. If the maximum permissible floor area of a fire compartment is surpassed, following regulations should be observed: 1  Openings of rooms that are linked with the atrium or overhanging space should adopt self-closing grade A fire-proof doors/windows； 2 Hallways and passages linked with the atrium or overhanging space should adopt grade A fire-proof doors or fire-proof rolling shutters, which should be able to be closed or fall automatically in the case of fire； 3  The atrium or overhanging space should adopt smoke exhaust facilities. 3.1.11 Fire compartments shouls be partitioned through fire-proof walls. If it is really difficult to do so, partitions will be implemented through fire-proof rolling shutters. 3.1.12  No category A or B fire hazard articles will be stored inside an exhibition building. 3.1.13 Fuel/gas boilers in a temporary building should not be arranged in a floor just above or below, or next to densely populated locations such as exhibition hall or waiting lounge, and should be partitioned through partition walls and floor slabs of at least 2.00h and 1.50h duration of fire resistance respectively. Such partition walls should adopt grade A fire-proof doors.  3.1.14  If a fuel storage room is arranged, its total storage capacity should not exceed 1.00m3，and it should be partitioned through fire-proof wall and grade A fire-proof doors from the the fuel equipment room. 3.1.15  Kitchens using fuels and gas shall be arranged close to the exterior wall, and should be partitioned through partition walls of at least 1.50h duration of fire resistance from the exhibition hall . Temporary open type food processing areas in the exhibition hall should adopt electrical heating. 3.1.16  Following locations with enclosed spaces in a temporary wood structure building should adopt measures for fire separation： 1  For light wood structure, the bottom of beams under the roof and floor between wall columns in the case of floor height being not bigger than 3m; in the case of the floor height exceeding 3m, every 3m along the wall height between wall columns, and bottom of beams under the roof and floor between wall columns； 2   Joints of horizontal components (including roof and floor) and vertical components (wall)； 3   Joints between the floor and the first tread at both ends of the staircase. 3.2 Fire separation distance 3.2.1  The fire separation distance between temporary buildings should not be smaller than the specifications in Table 3.2.1. Table 3.2.1  Fire separation distance between temporary buildings (m) Fire resistance rating Level 1 and 2 Level 3 Level 4 Levels 1 and 2 6 7 9 Level 3 7 8 10 Level 4 9 10 12         Note： 1  The fire separation distance between two adjoining buildings will be under no limitation, if the exterior wall of the higher one is a fire-proof wall, or its exterior wall extending up to 15m above the roof of the lower one of level 1 or 2 fire resistance rating is a fire-proof wall with no door/window openings； 2  The fire separation distance between two adjoining buildings should not be smaller than 3.5m, if the fire resistance rating of the lower one with no skylight is not below level 2, and the bearing components of roof and the roof-slab have at least 1.00h duration of fire resistance and in addition to that, the lower adjoining exterior wall is a fire-proof wall； 3  The fire separation distance between two adjoining buildings should not be smaller than 3.5m, if the fire resistance rating of the lower one is not below level 2, and the openings in the higher adjoining exterior wall adopt standardized grade A fire doors/windows, fire separation water curtain or fire-proof rolling shutters； 4  The fire separation distance between two adjoining buildings will be reduced by 25% on the basis of this table, if the adjoining exterior walls are made of non-combustible components with no exposed eaves of combustible components, and non-fireproof door and window openings on each exterior wall are not opposite to each other and the sum of their areas is smaller than or equal to 5% of the respective exterior wall; 5  The fire resistance rating of an existing building with its fire resistance rating below level 4 can be defined as level 4; a building having wood bearing columns and walling of non-combustible materials should be defined as level 4 fire resistance rating； 6 The fire separation distance should take the shortest distance between the exterior walls of adjoining buildings. If exterior walls have extruding combustible components, the distance should be calculated from the external fringe of the extruding part. 3.2.2  A number of temporary buildings of level 1 and 2 fire resistance rating will be arranged in group if their total plot area is not bigger than 2500 m2, but the distance between the buildings of a group shall not be smaller than 4 m. 3.2.3 Fire separation distances between wood structure buildings or between them and civil buildings of other fire resistance ratings should not be smaller than the specifications in Table 3.2.3. Table 3.2.3  Fire separation distances between wood structure buildings or between them and civil buildings of other fire resistance ratings（m） Building fire resistance rating or type Level 1 and 2 Level 3 wood structure building Level 4 wood structure building 8 9 10 11           Note：The fire separation distance should take the shortest distance between the exterior walls of adjoining buildings. If exterior walls have extruding combustible components, the distance should be calculated from the external fringe of the extruding part. 3.2.4  When there is no door/window openings on the exterior walls between two wood structure buildings or between them and adjoining civil buildings of other structure, their fire separation distance should not be smaller than 4m. When the sum of the areas of door/window openings on the exterior wall does not exceed 10% of the area of the exterior wall between two wood structure buildings or between them and civil buildings of other fire resistance ratings, their fire separation distance should not be smaller than the specifications given in Table 3.2.4. Table 3.2.4       Fire separation distance in the case of the opening rate of exterior wall being below 10％（m） Building fire resistance rating or type Level 1, 2 and 3 wood structure building Level 4 wood structure building 5 6 7         3.2.5 When elevator walkways with combustible or hard-combustible components are linked with temporary buildings, the joints of the former should adopt at least 6m non-combustible components to avoid fire spreading. 3.3 Safety evacuation 3.3.1 For each fire compartment in a temporary building or for each floor of a fire compartment, the number of safety exits should be determined through calculation, and should not be less than two. One safety exit or evacuation staircase will be permitted when one of the following conditions is satisfied: 1  Single-storey building that its area not exceeding 200m2 and number of persons inside it not exceeding 50, except children’s activity space； 2  Two or three-storey buildings conforming to 3.3.1, except children’s activity space and medical service stations. Table 3.3.1  Conditions for setting up one evacuation staircase in a temporary building Fire resistance rating Max. no. of floors Max. floor area/ floor（m2） No. of persons Level 1 and 2 3 500 No. of persons on floor 2 and 3 not exceeding 100 Level 3 3 200 No. of persons on floor 2 and 3 not exceeding 50 Level 4 2 200 No. of persons on floor 2 not exceeding 30         3.3.2 Safety exits of a temporary building should be arranged in a scattered way. For each fire compartment or for each floor of a fire compartment, the horizontal distance between the closest fringes of two adjoining safety exits should not be smaller than 5m. 3.3.3 For a temporary building of level 1 or 2 fire resistance rating with at least two evacuation staircases, if the top floor partially raises no more than two stories, and the sum of persons inside does not exceed 50, and the floor area of each floor is not bigger than 200m2，such partially extruding parts will have one evacuation staircase having direct access to lower staircase of the main parts, but should have at least another safety exit having direct access to the accessible flat roof of the main parts. Such accessible flat roof should conform to the requirement on personnel safe evacuation. 3.3.4 Evacuation staircases of following temporary buildings should be enclosed indoor staircases (including first-floor expanded enclosed staircase) or outdoor evacuation staircases： 1 Medical service station； 2  Buildings of densely populated having more than 2 floors for the purpose of exhibition, commerce and catering. 3.3.5 No escalators or elevators should be used for the purpose of safety evacuation. 3.3.6 The number of emergency doors of the rooms in a temporary building should be determined through calculation, and should not be less than two. The horizontal distance between the closest fringes of adjoining two emergency doors of a room should not be smaller than 5m. One door will be permitted when one of the following conditions is satisfied： 1 The room is located between two safety exits with its floor area not bigger than 120m2，and the net width of the emergency door is not smaller than 0.9 m； 2  Except children’s activity space and medical service station, the room is located at the end of the walkway, and the linear distance between any points in the room to the emergency door is not bigger than 15m, and the net width of the emergency door is not smaller than 1.4m. 3.3.7 Safety evacuation distances of a temporary building should conform to the following regulations： 1 The distance between one room’s emergency door having direct access to an evacuation walk and the nearest safety exit should conform to the regulations of Table 3.3.7； 2 The distance between one room’s emergency door having direct access to the evacuation walk and the nearest non-enclosed staircase should be 5m less than what is specified in Table 3.3.7 if the room is located between two staircases, or 2m less if located on one side or end of a dead-end walk； 3 The first floor of a staircase should have a safety exit for direct outdoor access or adopt an expanded enclosed staircase. In the case of number of floors not exceeding 4, the safety exit with direct outdoor access will be arranged at a location 15m or less distant from the staircase； 4 The distance between any points in the room to its emergency door with direct access to the evacuation walk should not be larger than the maximum distance between the emergency door at either side or end of the dead-end walk and the safety exit, as specified in Table 3.3.7. Table 3.3.7  Max. distance between the room’s emergency door having direct access to the evacuation walk and the nearest safety exit（m）   emergency door between two safety exits emergency door on either side or end of a dead-end walk Fire resistance rating Fire resistance rating Level 1 and 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 1 and 2 Level 3 Level 4 Buildings for the aged and children 25 20 - 20 15 - Medical assistance 35 30 - 20 15 - Other buildigns 40 35 25 22 20 15               Note： 1.  For an exhibition hall, multi-purpose hall, restaurant, business hall and reading room in a building of level 1 and 2 fire resistance rating, the linear distance between any points in the room to the nearest safety exit shall not be larger than 30m. 2.  The max. distance between the room’s emergency door of an open gallery type building and the safety exit will be larger than what is specified in this table by 5m. 3.  For a building fully equipped with sprinkler system, the safety evacuation distance will be increased by 25% according to the regulations in this table and its note 1. 3.3.8  For evacuation walks, safety exits, evacuation staircases and room emergency doors in a temporary building, their respective total widths should be determined through calculation. Net width of a safety exit or room emergency door should not be smaller than 0.9m, while that of an evacuation walk or evacuation staircase should not be smaller than 1.1m. 3.3.9  Emergency doors in densely populated buildings such as exhibition halls, catering  and children’s activity space should have no door-sill, their net width should not be smaller than 1.4m ,and there should be no step in the range of 1.4m inside or outside of the door. The outdoor evacuation walk should have a width of at least 3m and should lead directly to a spacious place. 3.3.10 For evacuation walk, safety exits, evacuation staircases and room emergency doors in exhibition halls and catering buildings, their respective total widths should be determined through calculation in accordance with following regulations： 1  For evacuation walk, safety exits, evacuation staircases and room emergency doors on each floor, their net widths/100 persons should not be smaller than those specified in Table 2.3.10. When persons are not evenly distributed among the floors, the total width of evacuation staircases will be calculated by floor. The total width of evacuation staircases on middle or lower floors in a building above the ground should be calculated by using the maximal number of persons on the floor above the said floor； 2 The total width of the exterior door on the first floor should be determined through calculation by using the maximal number of persons on such floor or above it. For exterior doors on the first floor that are not used for evacuation by people upstairs, the width can be determined by using the number of persons on such floor； 3 Number of persons for evacuation from an exhibition hall should be determined by multiplying its floor area by 0.70 person/m2； 4  Number of persons for evacuation from shops should be calculated by multiplying the floor area of the business hall on each floor by area conversion factor and the conversion coefficient for number of persons for evacuation. Shops above the ground should use 70% as the area conversion factor. The conversion coefficient for number of persons for evacuation will take those specified in Table 3.3.10-2. Table 3.3.10-1  Net width /100 persons for evacuation walk, safety exits, evacuation staircases and room emergency doors（m） No. of floors Fire resistance rating Level 1 and 2 Level 3 Level 4 Floor 1 and 2 above ground 0.70 0.80 1.00 Floor 3 above ground 0.80 1.00 － Floor 4 above ground 1.00 1.25 －         Table 3.3.10-2  Conversion coefficient for number of persons for evacuation from the business hall of a shop Location of the floor Floor 1 and 2 above ground Floor 3 above ground Floor 4 above ground Conversion coefficient 0.85 0.77 0.60         3.3.11 Densely populated buildings such as exhibition halls, catering facilities and children’s activity space shall not have metallic railings at windows or balconies. When they are necessary, devices should be provided to open them easily from inside. Auxiliary escape facilities shall be provided at balconies and other locations. 3.3.12 At 80m distances on elevated walkways there shall be stairways or ramps leading to spacious areas on the ground, which should have the function of emergency evacuation in addition to traffic function at ordinary times. In the case of emergency, visitors on the terrace of the elevated walkway have to be evacuated to a safe place on the ground. For elevated walkways as densely populated locations, their capacity for emergency evacuation should be verified by using formula 3.3.12, based on a number of units which  the elevated walkway is divided into according to the arrangement of vertical transportation: D＝N·C/A(T-S/V)                        （3.3.12） where D——width of evacuation walk（m）； N——number of persons for evacuation in the verified unit； C——passage width for single flow of persons，0.6m； A——passage capacity for single flow of persons，50 persons/min； T——required evacuation time（min），normally 3-4min； S——evacuation distance from the most distant passage in the unit（m）； V——evacuation speed of persons，10m/min。 Verified width of evacuation walk D should be not bigger than the design width of the stairway and (or) ramp. Escalators and elevators can not be counted as safety exits. 3.4 Setup of firefighting vehicle access 3.4.1 Roads in the Park should be constructed under consideration of passage of fire engines. The distance between the center lines of roads shall not be larger than 160m. 3.4.2 When a building with an enclosed inner court or courtyard is located along the street, a pedestrian passage linking the street with the inner court shall be set up (by using staircases, for example), with the distance being not over 80m. 3.4.3 On either side of a firefighting vehicle access passing through a building or entering its inner court, there should be no facilities affecting passage of fire engines or personnel safe evacuation. 3.4.4 An exhibition building of plot area over 3000m2 shall have loop type firefighting vehicle accesses. The joint between the middle firefighting vehicle access and the loop type firefighting vehicle access should meet the requirement on 8m turning radius. 3.4.5 Either net width or net clearance height of a firefighting vehicle access should not be smaller than 4.0m. Spaces for parking firefighting vehicles shall not have a gradient over 3%. Between firefighting vehicle access and buildings, there should be no barriers to interfere with operations of fire engines. 3.4.6 The loop type firefighting vehicle access should have at least two linking points  with other traffic lanes. Dead-end firefighting vehicle accesses should have a return lane, or a return space having an area of at least 12 m×12 m. The surface of firefighting vehicle roads, attack operation space as well as pipes and covered trenches under them should be able to bear the pressure of large fire engines. Firefighting vehicle accesses will use traffic roads, but should meet the requirements on passage and parking of fire engines. 4  Building construction 4.1 Fire-proof wall 4.1.1  A fire-proof wall should be arranged directly on the temporary building’s  foundation or bearing structures such as reinforced concrete frames and beams, and light fire-proof wall will be under no such restriction. The fire-proof wall should stand from the base course of floor or ground up to the base course of the bottom of the top slab or to the bottom of the roof structure. 4.1.2 When the horizontal distance between the center line of the cross section of a fire-proof wall and the end surface of the skylight is smaller than 4 m, and the end surface of the skylight adopts combustible components, then, measures should be adopted to prevent fire spreading. 4.1.3 When the exterior wall of a temporary building adopts hard-combustible components, the fire-proof wall should extrude from the exterior surface of the exterior wall by over 0.4m, and exterior walls on both sides of the fire-proof wall should adopt non-combustible components of a width of at least 2m, with their duration of fire resistance being not lower than that of the exterior wall. When the exterior wall of a temporary building adopts non-combustible components, the fire-proof wall need not extrude from the external surface of the wall. The horizontal distance between the nearest fringes of the closest door/window openings on the two sides of the fire-proof walls should not be smaller than 2m, but it can be under no limitation if there are fixed windows or grade B fire-proof windows that can be closed automatically in the case of fire. 4.1.4  The fire-proof wall in a temporary building shall not be arranged at corners. If it is done, the horizontal distance between the nearest fringes of the door/window openings on both sides of the wall on the internal turning corner should not be smaller than 4m. 4.1.5 A fire-proof wall should have no door/window opening. When such openings are necessary, grade A fire-proof doors/windows should be adopted that are fixed or can be closed automatically in the case of fire. Pipes of inflammable gas or category A, B and C fluids should never pass through a fire-proof wall in any case. Other pipes shall not pass through a fire-proof wall. When necessary, the gap between the wall and pipe should be filled in compactly with fireproof filling materials. When the pipe is of hard-combustible or combustible materials, the pipes on both sides of the fire-proof wall should be under fire protection. Inside the fire-proof wall there should be no air exhaust ducts. 4.1.6 The construction of a fire-proof wall should make the fire-proof wall not collapse, when the roof truss, beam or floor slabs on either side of the fire-proof wall are damaged by the fire. 4.2 Buiding component and pipe shaft 4.2.1 Partition walls of following temporary buildings or positions should adopt non-combustible components with not below 2.00h duration of fire resistance, and doors and windows on the partition walls should be grade B fire-proof ones： 1  Lobbies of buildings of level 1 and 2 fire resistance rating; 2 Kitchens in a catering building. 4.2.2 Partition walls in a temporary building should stand from the base course of the floor or ground up to the base course of the bottom of top slab. 4.2.3 The fire control room, equipment room of the fixed fire extinguishing system, fire pump room, air-conditioning plant attached in a temporary building should adopt partition walls of at least 2.00h duration of fire resistance and floor slabs of at least 1.5h for separation from other positions. Unless otherwise specified in this code, doors on the partition walls should all be grade B fire-proof ones. 4.2.4 Fire protection design of curtain walls of a temporary building should comply to the following regulations： Filling materials for window sill walls or walls between windows should be non-combustible. When external wall surface uses non-combustible components of at least 1.00h duration of fire resistance, the filling material for the wall will be hard- combustible material.； For curtain walls with no pier between windows and no window sill wall, along the external fringe of each floor there should be non-combustible solid dados of at least 1.00h duration of fire resistance and at least 0.8m height； Gaps between the curtain walls and each floor slab or partition wall should be filled in with fire-proof filling materials. 4.2.5 Where pipes in a temporary building that are likely to deform due to high temperature or flames pass through floor slabs or walls of at least 2.00h duration of fire resistance, fire resisting measures shall be adopted on both sides of the joints. 4.2.6  Elevator shafts should be set up separately. In such shafts there should have no pipes of inflammable gas or category A, B and C liquids at any case, and should have no cables and wires that are not related to elevators. Walls of elevator shafts should have no other openings than those for elevator doors and ventilation purpose. Elevators should not adopt a fence gate. Vertical pipe shafts such as cable shaft, pipe shaft, smoke exhaust duct, air exhaust duct and garbage chute should be set up separately, their walls should be non-combustible components of at least 1.00h duration of fire resistance, and the inspection doors on the shaft walls should be grade C fire-proof ones. 4.2.7  Cable shafts and pipe shafts in a temporary building should be filled at each floor with non-combustible components having at least the duration of fire resistance of the floor slab or fire-proof filling materials. Openings linking a cable shaft or pipe shaft with the rooms or passages in a temporary building should be filled in with fire-proof filling materials. 4.2.8 Exterior walls of air pipes between fire dampers or smoke fire dampers located on both sides of walls and floor slabs should be fire protected. 4.3 Roof, loft and building gap 4.3.1 When combustible materials such as saw dust are used as heat-insulating layer in the loft of a temporary building of level 3 or 4 fire resistance rating, cold-formed tiles should not be used on the roof. In the range of 0.5m and 0.7m around a non-metallic chimney and metallic chimney in the loft respectively, non-combustible components should be used as the heat- insulating layer. 4.3.2 A temporary building of over two storeys with level 3 fire resistance rating, when equipped with a loft, should adopt dormers at a distance below 50m in each fire compartment. 4.3.3 A building with combustible materials in its loft should have entrances of at least 0.7m x 0.7m to the loft in each fire compartment, and the number of such entrances in each fire compartment shall be at least two. Such entrances shall be arranged at a position close to the staircase in the corridor. 4.3.4 Pipes of wires/cables, combustible gases and category A, B, and C liquids shall not pass through movement joints in the building. When necessary, pipe sleeves of non-combustible materials or other anti-deformation steps should be taken at the positions they pass, and such positions should be filled in with fire-proof filling materials. 4.3.5 Gaps at positions where pipes of smoke exhaust, ventilation and air conditioning systems pass through a partition wall, floor slab or fire compartment, should be filled in with fire-proof filling materials. 4.4 Staircase, stair and door 4.4.1 Evacuation staircases should comply to the following regulations： 1  Staircases shall have natural lighting and natural ventilation, and shall be arranged close to the exterior wall； 2  Boiling water room, combustible material storage room or garbage chute should not be arranged inside staircase； 3  Extruding article or other barrier affecting evacuation should not be arranged inside staircase； 4  Pipes for category A, B and C liquids should not be layed inside staircase； 5 Pipes of combustible gases should not be layed inside staircase. 4.4.2 In addition to the regulations in 4.4.1 of this code, enclosed staircases should comply to the following regulations： 1 The first floor of a staircase will include passages and lobby to form an extended staircase, but grade B fire-proof doors should be adopted in staircase to separate from other passages and rooms； 2 Except staircase doors, the interior wall of a staircase should not have other door/window openings； 3 If enclosed staircases are arranged in a densely populated public building, doors leading to a staircase should adopt grade B fire-proof ones that can only be opened toward the evacuation direction； 4 Doors of enclosed staircases in other buildings will adopt double-acting doors. 4.4.3 Layout of evacuation staircases on each floor of a temporary building should not be changed. 4.4.4 Outdoor stairs will serve as evacuation stairs when they satisfy following regulations： 1 The height of the handrail of the banisters should not be smaller than 1.1m，and the net width of stairs should not be smaller than 1.1m； 2 Inclination should not be over 45°； 3 The flight and landing should both be made of non-combustible materials. The landing should be of not lower than 1.00h duration of fire resistance, and the flight not lower than 0.25h； 4 Doors leading to outdoor stairs shall adopt grade B fire-proof ones, and should be opened towards outdoor； 5 Except evacuation doors, the wall surface in the radius of 2m from the staircase should have no door/window opening. Evacuation doors should not be arranged against flight. 4.4.5 Evacuation stairs and stairs on evacuation walks shall not adopt spiral stairs or wheel steps. When necessary, the angle between the planes of two adjoining steps should not exceed 10°，and the depth of each step from the handrail to 250mm distance should not be smaller than 220mm. 4.4.6  The net horizontal distance between handrails of two flights of an indoor evacuation stair in a temporary building shall not be smaller than 150mm. 4.4.7  Over 10m high temporary buildings of level 3 fire resistance rating should have an outdoor fire ladder leading to the roof. An outdoor fire ladder should not be arranged against dormers, its width should not be smaller than 0.6m，and it shall be set from a level of 3.0m from the ground. 4.4.8  Enclosed stairs in a temporary building should not adopt rolling shutter doors. Evacuation walk should have normally open grade A fire-proof doors at the location of a fire compartment. 4.4.9  Evacuation doors in a temporary building should meet the following regulations： 1  They should be opened toward the evacuation direction. There will be no such directional restriction for a room of less than 60 persons if the average number of persons to be evacuated through each door does not exceed 30； 2 They should use side hung doors instead of sliding door, rolling shutter, overhang door or revolving door； 3 Evacuation doors of densely populated locations with necessary control of access should be able to be opened from inside without use of any tool such as keys in the case of fire, and should adopt signs and prompting of use at a distinct position. 4.5 Fire-proof door and fire-proof rolling shutter 4.5.1  In terms of the duration of fire resistance, fire-proof doors will be classified into grade A, B and C fire-proof doors, with their duration of fire resistance not below 1.50h, 0.90h and 0.60h, respectively. 4.5.2  Fire-proof doors should be arranged in conformity with following regulations： 1 They should be self closing. Double-panel fire-proof doors should have the function of sequential closing； 2  Generally open fire-proof doors should be able to close automatically in the case of fire, and should have the function of signal feedback； 3 Fire-proof doors should be able to be manually opened on both sides； 4  If a fire-proof door is arranged at a position close to a movement joint, its panel should not come over the movement joint when opened, and it should be arranged at the side with more floors. 4.5.3  When fire compartments are separated through fire-proof rolling shutters, following regulations should be complied with： 1 Fire-proof rolling shutters should be adopted in a temporary building equipped with a fire alarm system, and should be set along with sprinkler system； 2  Fire-proof rolling shutters should be smoke-proof, and the gap between shutters and floor slabs, beams, walls or columns should be filled in with fire-proof filling materials. 5  Fire water supply and fire extinguishing facilities 5.1  General regulation 5.1.1  Fire servive water supply and fire extinguishing facilities in temporary buildings of the Expo should be designed under consideration of general factors such as building usage and importance, fire characteristics and fire hazards, and the safety, reliability and economic rationalization of the fire servive water supply and fire extinguishing system should be guaranteed. 5.1.2  Outdoor fire servive water supply pipes shall adopt plastic tubes meeting design pressure requirement, water supply pipes of spheroidal cast iron which are internally coated with cement mortar, or steel pipes with internal and external anti-corrosion treatment. 5.1.3  Indoor fire servive water supply pipes shall adopt internally and externally hot-galvanized steel tubes or those internally coated with epoxy resin. Furthermore, they should be connected by threaded or furrow type joints (clamping band), or flange. Indoor fire servive water supply pipes should not use plastic ones. 5.1.4  Fire servive water supply pipes in temporary buildings will not need to be protected against freezing during the period of the Expo. 5.2  Setting of the fire hydrant system 5.2.1  The fire servive water supply system should be designed during the planning and architectural design of the buildings of the Expo. Temporary buildings of the Expo should be provided with outdoor fire hydrants. 5.2.2  The indoor fire hydrant water supply system should be provided in a temporary building in any of the following cases： 1  Exhibition hall (including self-built pavilion, leasing pavilion and joint pavilion), commercial facility (souvenir shop, speciality shop, etc.), medical service station and recreation building of a volume exceeding 5000m3； 2 Other civil buildings such as office building, catering building (restaurant, snack bar, etc.) and management and operational buildings (post office, banking facility, facilities of environmental hygiene, management room, etc.) of a volume exceeding 10000m3； 3 A building of brick-and-timber structure or wood structure having a plot area over 500m2； 4 Other temporary buildings that the construction unit or exhibitors consider as necessary from the safety point of view. Note：1  Outdoor fire hydrants boxes will be set, when a commercial building in need of an indoor fire servive water supply system is a souvenir shop and specialty shops and the floor area of the shop unit is not over 500m2. 2  A building storing goods that will give rise to combustion and explosion when in contact with water, will have no indoor fire hydrant. 5.2.3 A temporary building should have an indoor fire hydrant water supply system in any of the following cases： 1 Elevated walkways and densely populated temporary buildings for recreation or other purposes with an indoor fire hydrants； 2 Commercial service outlets with over 200m2 floor area should adopt a coil for fire hoses； 3  Other temporary buildings of a scale below what is stated in 5.2.2 shall adopt a coil for fire hoses. 5.2.4  For a catering space with a business area over 500m2 in a temporary building, the smoke hood and cooking position in the kitchen shall adopt an automatic fire extinguishing device, and the gas/fuel pipes shall be equipped with an automatic cut-off device in emergencies. 5.3  Setting of the sprinkler system 5.3.1  Following temporary buildings should adopt the sprinkler system except for those that shall not use water for fire protection or fire extinguishing： 1 Exhibition hall or pavilion (including self-built pavilion, leasing pavilion and joint pavilion) or medical service station with over 1500 m2 floor area of any storey or with over 3000m2 total floor area； 2 An office building equipped with the centralized air conditioning system with air supply and return air ducts (pipes) and with over 3000m2 total floor area； 3  A densely populated temporary building such as shops, catering and public recreation facilities (except playground) with over 1000m2 floor area； 4 A store of empty post bags with over 500m2 floor area； 5  Other temporary buildings which the construction unit or the exhibitor considers necessary from the safety point of view. 6 For the locations in need of the sprinkler system, if the maximum indoor net height is over 12m, the sprinkler system with extended area of sprinkler’s operation or splashing sprinkler extinguishing device in large-space site will be adopted. 5.3.2  The simple equipped sprinkler system should be adopted in a temporary building in any of the following cases： 1 A densely populated temporary building such as shops, catering and public recreation facilities (except playground), with floor area being over 300m2 but not exceeding 1000m2； 2   Other temporary buildings with floor area not over 1000m2 which the construction unit or exhibitor considers as necessary from the safety point of view. 5.3.3  The deluge system should be adopted where fire spreads so quickly in the horizontal direction and the opening of closed sprinkles can not lead to effective coverage of the area under fire by sprinkled water. 5.3.4  The drencher system shall be adopted at the following locations： 1  Positions of partial openings where fire-proof walls or other fire separators should, but can not be set up； 2  Upper part of a fire-proof rolling shutter or fire curtain that need to be cooled. 5.4  Fire servive water supply and fire servive water supply system 5.4.1 The source for fire servive water will adopt municipal running water. 5.4.2 Fire servive water inlet pipes from different municipal roads will be used as two water sources. When the diameter of such pipes can all meet the requirement on the maximum water consumption of the temporary buildings, fire cistern will be omitted. The min. water pressure from municipal works will be defined as 0.16MPa. 5.4.3  An outdoor fire servive water supply system will adopt a fire servive water supply system of low pressure or stable-high pressure. 5.4.4  For outdoor fire servive water supply using a high pressure or temporary high pressure water supply system, the water pressure from the pipes should ensure that the water guns at any of the highest point in an building have at least 10.0m plenum filled water column when the total water consumption reaches the maximum. When a low pressure water supply system is adopted, the water pressure at the ports of outdoor fire hydrant should not be smaller than 0.1MPa from the outdoor design ground. Note：1  For calculation of water pressure, one should use parameters for water guns of 19mm nozzle caliber and fire servive water bands of linings having 65mm diameter and 120.0m length, and the flowrate of each gun should not be smaller than 5L/s； 2  The design flowrate of the water supply pipes for fire hydrants shall be larger than 2.5m/s. 5.4.5  The outdoor low-pressure fire servive water supply system of a temporary building will be combined with the domestic water supply system. When the maximum hourly consumption of domestic water is reached (15% for shower, water consumption for irrigation and washing not included), the combined system should still meet the demand for full fire servive water consumption. 5.4.6  Total fire servive water consumption of a temporary building should be the sum of its interior and exterior fire servive water consumptions. Exterior fire servive water consumption of a temporary building should be the sum of water consumption of all exterior fire servive water supply systems which are in operation at the same time. Interior fire servive water consumption of a temporary building should be the sum of all indoor fire hydrants, automatic sprinkler and other fire extinguishing systems which are in operation at the same time. Note：When fire extinguishing systems above need to be in operation at the same time, the consumption for indoor fire hydrants will be reduced by 50%, but should not be smaller than 10L/s. 5.4.7  The indoor fire servive water supply system should adopt a stable-high pressure fire servive water supply system or temporary high-pressure fire servive water supply system. 5.4.8  For a temporary building adopting the indoor high-pressure water supply system which can guarantee the water consumption and water pressure of the fire hydrant and sprinkler system at the most unfavorable point, fire servive water tanks will be omitted. When an indoor stable-high pressure fire servive water supply system is adopted, the fire hydrant water supply system should have a steady-pressure tank of at least 300L effective volume. Furthermore, when the sprinkler system should be equipped with a steady-pressure tank of at least 150L effective volume, the fire servive water supply system will contain no high-level fire servive water tanks. A temporary indoor high-pressure fire servive water supply system should have high-level gravity fire servive water tanks arranged at the highest position of the building or structure. 5.4.9  Positions of fire servive water tanks should comply with following requirements： 1  A high-level fire servive water tank should store 10min fire servive water consumption. When indoor fire servive water consumption is smaller than or equal to 25L/s, if the calculated water storage needed by the fire servive water tank is larger than 12m3, 12m3 is still valid. When the indoor fire servive water consumption is larger than 25L/s, if the calculated fire servive water storage needed by the high-level fire servive water tank is larger than18m3, 18m3 is still valid; 2  Water tanks shared between fire prevention and other usages should be handled technically so that fire servive water will not be used for other purposes； 3  In the case of fire, fire servive water supplied through fire pump systems should not enter high-level fire servive water tanks； 4  High-level water tanks shall be adopted for the purpose of steady pressure of sprinkler system. 5.4.10  Fire servive water consumption of a temporary building should be determined according to the number of fire at the same time and the water consumption needed for once fire extinguishing. The number of fire at the same time will take 1, and the water consumption should not be smaller than the figures given in Table 5.4.10－1 and Table 5.4.10－2. Table 5.4.10-1 Water consumption of fire hydrant water supply system Name of buildings Construction scale height(m), spot area S(m2) and volume V(m3) Water consumption of hydrants (L/s) Min. flowrate of each riser pipe (L/s) Outdoor Indoor Exhibition hall（including self-built, leasing and joint pavilion） h≤20，5000＜V≤25000 h≤20，25000＜V≤50000 h≤20，V＞50000 20 25 30 10 15 20 10 10 15 Commercial or catering building h≤20，5000＜V≤10000 h≤20，10000＜V≤25000 h≤20，V＞25000 20 25 30 10 15 20 10 10 15 Medical service station h≤20，5000＜V≤10000 h≤20，10000＜V≤25000 h≤20，V＞25000 20 25 30 5 10 15 5 10 10 Building of brick-and-timber structure or wood structure h≤20，S＞500，V≤10000 h≤20，S＞500，V＞10000 20 25 20 25 10 15 Recreation/management building, supportive building (except for medical service station), and other civil buildings h≤20，V＞10000 20 15 10           Note：Water consumption for outdoor fire hydrants should be calculated according to the temporary building having the largest fire servive water consumption. As for temporary buildings arranged in groups, the water consumption should be calculated according to the two adjourning ones with relatively high water consumption. Table 5.4.10-2 Water consumption of the sprinkler system Item Hazard grade of the site Designed sprinkling strength (L/min·m2) Area of operation (m2) Working pressure of sprinkler (MPa) Min. design water consumption of the system （L/s） Sites of net height <8m Low hazard grade 4 160 0.1 14 Medium hazard grade Grade I 6 160 0.1 21 Grade II 8 160 0.1 28 High hazard grade Grade I 12 260 0.1 Determined through calculation Sites of net height >8m except warehouses Site Net height H（m） Designed sprinkling strength (L/min·m2) Area of operation (m2) Working pressure of sprinkler (MPa) Min. designed water consumption for the system （L/s） Atrium, recreation site 8